二、研究结论
(1)本研究根据实验特点,对Vandle Walle开发的成就目标定向三因素量表和O'Neil,Abedi开发的状态元认知量表进行修订。并利用测试结果进行了验证,经探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析。结果显示,修订后的量表与原量表结构一致,量表具有较高的信度、效度。成就目标定向三个分量表的内在一致性系数分别为0.729、0.728和0.708,总量表的内在一致性系数为0.739,量表解释方差率为55.35%。状态元认知四个分量表的内在一致性系数分别为0.789、0.827、0.657和0.608,总量表的内在一致性系数为0.798,量表解释方差为56.523%。
(2)Sweller、Paas等人提出的认知负荷理论和结构模型认为,任务特征、个体特征以及两者的交互作用对认知负荷产生影响。本研究通过实验研究证实,任务特征中的任务复杂性、时间压力和个体特征中的作业自我效能、状态元认知各自对不同的认知负荷评估指标值表现出显著影响。其中任务复杂性对心理努力、任务主观难度、注视时间、注视次数、主任务反应时、主任务正确率等指标存在直接的影响和总体影响;任务复杂性还对心理努力产生显著的间接影响。时间压力对心理努力、任务主观难度、主任务反应时、主任务正确率、注视时间和注视次数的总体影响显著,其中对心理努力、任务主观难度、主任务反应时、主任务正确率、注视时间和注视次数产生显著的直接影响;对心理努力产生显著的间接影响。作业自我效能对心理努力、任务主观难度、瞳孔直径、主任务正确率的影响显著。但自我效能与心理努力、任务主观难度和主任务正确率等的关系是一种曲线关系,因而表现在直接影响因子或总影响因子的大小上并不显著。状态元认知对心理努力、任务主观难度、主任务正确率、瞳孔直径也产生显著的影响,但表现在影响因子上,状态元认知仅对瞳孔直径有显著的直接影响。认知风格和成就目标定向则对认知负荷评估指标值总体上没有显著的影响。任务特征与个体特征还存在交互作用,进而对认知负荷产生影响,如任务复杂性对作业自我效能、状态元认知产生显著的直接影响,时间压力对状态元认知产生显著的直接影响。因此,本研究结果从实证角度对Sweller,Paas等人提出的认知负荷理论和结构模型提供支持。本研究结果也为Valcke得出的状态元认知是有效认知负荷的一种观点提供了实证的依据。
(3)认知负荷评估指标的敏感性不同。本研究共测评了主观评估、绩效和生理共9种认知负荷评估指标。其中,心理努力、任务主观难度、注视时间、注视次数、瞳孔直径、主任务反应时、主任务正确率共7种指标分别对不同的任务特征和个体特征的变化表现出敏感性。心理努力、任务主观难度、注视时间、注视次数、主任务反应时和主任务正确率对任务复杂性和时间压力变化敏感;心理努力、任务主观难度、瞳孔直径和主任务正确率对自我效能变化敏感;心理努力、注视时间、瞳孔直径和主任务正确率对状态元认知中的知觉变化敏感;而心理努力、任务主观难度和瞳孔直径对状态元认知中的认知策略变化敏感。眼跳距离和次任务正确反应时变化对任务特征和个体特征的变化不敏感。
【注释】
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