国际模拟法庭的法庭陈述

实训项目四:国际模拟法庭的法庭陈述

一、实训目标

通过实训，学生应掌握法庭陈述的基本技巧，并运用这些技巧，结合自己的法律知识和英语能力，作出合格的法庭陈述。实训应培养学生在限定时间内整合观点、陈述最重要部分的能力。实训应促使学生充分合理地运用法律知识，代表己方当事人提出有说服力的主张。实训应提高学生随机应变的能力，使之能够自如地应对模拟法庭法官所提出的任何有关案件的问题，或者至少能够得体地处理法官提出的任何质疑或意见。实训应塑造学生的法庭礼仪并提高学生的法律修养，使学生能够像一个合格的法律人那样，在法庭上举止得当地作出陈述，不因一时一事的得失而作出影响法庭秩序的行为。

二、实训原理

法庭陈述是法庭中最为重要的阶段，不仅在模拟法庭中是如此，在真实的法庭中也是如此。因为对于多数案件来讲，需要经过一个开庭审理的阶段，而这一阶段中代表不同当事方的律师所做的陈述是最为重要的内容。法庭陈述不仅可以将书状中的主要内容直截了当地向法官表达——通常来讲，对于开庭审判的案件，法官更乐于在陈述阶段直接听取当事人的主张而非自己在下面仔细研究诉状;其中的内容也是接下来的法庭辩论的出发点——通常来讲，辩论与反驳都是建立在对方当事人已经作出的陈述的基础之上的。

法庭陈述应当注意以下技巧:

第一，法庭陈述不是照念有关的书状。在有的模拟法庭中，法庭陈述的时间限制不严，故而有的学生就直接拿着有关的书状从头念到尾。然而，这样的做法是徒劳无益的，否则，法官为何要坐在庭上听陈述而不是自己看诉状呢?而在某些对陈述时间有严格限制的模拟法庭中(比如曼弗雷德·拉克斯模拟法庭将一名队员陈述的时间限制在15分钟左右)，这样做更容易顾此失彼，前面的内容念完了，后面的就没有时间再念下去了。

第二，法庭陈述应当高度概括要点，并对重要的论点作出论证。法庭陈述不应该也不可能像书状那样面面俱到，因此，学生应当在做法庭陈述的时候有取有舍。一般来讲，应当高度概括所有要点，同时对于重要的论点作出论证。学生可以在一开始的时候就提纲挈领地将己方的主要观点陈述出来，然后就其中的某一些特别重要或者特别需要解释的内容陈述给法庭。

第三，法庭陈述应当合理安排时间。在时间有限的情况下，如何有效地安排时间，既使得所有要点都被清晰地点明，又使得重点内容得到仔细地梳理，就是一个非常关键的问题。在国内的模拟法庭比赛中，一个突出的情况就是，很多学生无法合理安排陈述的时间，导致其他队员的陈述时间被挤占或者整个陈述超时。尽管有的学生认为说得仔细一点、说得多一点，可能会带来好处，然而事实却是，法官会认为这是没有进行充分准备的体现，对超时的评价往往都是消极的。因此，学生应当首先简明扼要地概括己方观点，之后就集中时间论证重要观点而不再反复提及之前的概括，避免唆与重复;而在论证重要观点的时候，学生应当实际测算所需的时间，并将时间控制在规则要求的范围之内;论证完重要观点之后，学生应当直接提出己方的要求，不做多余的说明。

第四，法庭陈述应当讲究配合。在多数情况下，法庭陈述并非由一名律师或者一名队员来完成，而是由两名以上的律师或者队员来完成。如何才能够让两名律师或者队员最大程度地利用有限的时间、作出最具说服力的陈述、维护当事方的权益呢?显然，默契的配合是完成上述任务的关键。就曼弗雷德·拉克斯模拟法庭而言，每一方的上场队员均为两名，队员必须充分合作，就论证要点与论证时间的分配、论证的相互补充与呼应，以及两段陈述的衔接等方面达成高度的默契，才能够顺利完成法庭陈述。

第五，法庭陈述应当提前准备发言稿，并对其内容了然于心。一份系统的发言稿对于做好法庭陈述是非常重要的。有的学生认为，既然陈述不是要念稿子，那么就把各种资料、文书搬上去，记住几个要点，边说边看，现场组织语言，就可以了。这种做法尽管算是可行的，但却是低标准的，在模拟法庭竞赛中难以取得优势。因为，在时间被严格限定的情况下，法庭不可能给陈述人专门查阅资料文书的时间;而现场组织语言的做法在氛围严肃、竞争激烈的模拟法庭竞赛中往往效果不佳——如果法庭所使用的语言为非母语，这一情况将更加明显。因此，提前组织好陈述内容与语言，将其做成发言稿并对其内容了然于心，是最好的做法。在多数的时候，学生可以不看稿子，流利地陈述;遇到需要的时候，则可以看一下发言稿，继续按照既定的思路讲下去。一般来讲，采取这种做法，事先安排好陈述时间，就不会出现超时的问题。

第六，法庭陈述要准备回答法官所提出的任何相关问题。在曼弗雷德·拉克斯模拟法庭中，三名法官可以随时打断队员的陈述，并就案件提出自己关心的问题。从某种程度上讲，对于法官所提问题的回答以及回答的质量，将极大地影响竞赛的结果。如果两支队伍都对书状和陈述做了充分的准备，难分高下的话，那么提问就是打破这种僵局的有效方式。因为能够有条不紊地回答那些专业知识扎实、法庭经验丰富的法官所提出的问题的队员，必定是更为优秀的、准备更为充分的。而要做到这一点，就要求学生在准备发言稿的时候，积极思考自己所陈述的内容可能引发何种争议或问题，并试图作出理性的解答;同时，学生应不仅将自己局限在发言稿预定陈述的范围内，而要更为全面地梳理案情要点与所适用的法律，为尽可能回答任何法官提出的问题而提前准备。从这一意义上说，法庭陈述应当准备发言稿，但绝不仅仅限于准备发言稿，在发言稿的每一个要点中，都潜藏着很多的问题，学生应当尽可能予以全面的思考。

第七，法庭陈述应当注重法律人应有的礼仪。法庭是一个严肃的场所，法律人是一项严肃的职业，因此在法庭陈述的时候，必须注重应有的礼仪。学生应尊重法官(在英文模拟法庭中一般尊称法官为Your Honor或Your Excellency)并耐心回答法官所提出的问题，尊重对方当事人及其代理律师并与之进行有理有利有节的对抗，同时尊重听众。学生应当举止得当，不作出任何过激或失礼行为。学生应当着正装出庭，在陈述时适当运用手势，不可过度，也不要过于僵硬。

三、实训要求与过程

总的来说，实训要求学生在充分熟悉案情要点、所适用的法律的基础上，根据书状的既定内容，准备法庭陈述的发言稿、准备回答法官提出的任何与案件有关的问题;要求学生在法庭上高度概括要点，合理配置时间，作出令法官印象深刻的陈述;要求学生默契配合，紧密衔接，将己方的重要主张完整有效地表达出来。

就具体的步骤与过程来讲:首先，学生应熟悉书状的全部内容，透彻理解己方主张及其法律依据;其次，学生应尝试概括己方主张的要点，并选择一两个关键点作为突破口，下大力气准备论证;再次，学生应准备法庭陈述的发言稿，对照发言稿反复练习，控制好陈述时间;复次，学生应与同组队员密切配合，合理分配发言时间与发言要点，并做到两段陈述衔接得当;最后，学生应就回答法官提出的任何有关案件的问题做充分的准备，这一准备不仅仅局限于发言稿本身，而应覆盖整个案情及其所适用的法律。

四、实训材料

以下是武汉大学代表队针对2009年曼弗雷德·拉克斯空间法模拟法庭竞赛试题，为代表起诉方The Principality of Fornjot作法庭陈述的第一位队员所准备的发言稿，以及为代表应诉方The Republic of Telesto作法庭陈述的第一位队员所准备的发言稿。请以此为模板，分别为代表起诉方、应诉方作法庭陈述的第二位队员准备一份发言稿，并注意与各自第一位作法庭陈述的队员的发言稿之间的配合与衔接。

Fornjot:

Thanks your honor，we're now representing the Principality of Fornjot.Our contestations include 4 points，there are:first，Telesto's refusal to return the Bergelmir，its cargo and its crew promptly to Fornjot is contrary to the Outer Space Treaty and the Rescue Agreement.Second，the military use of the satellite system by Telesto itself contravened the UN Charter and the Outer Space Treaty.Third，Telesto contravened the UN Charter and the Outer Space Treaty by giving Daphnis access to the military use of Telesto's satellite systems pursuant.Fourth，Telesto is liable for the destruction of most of the satellites of the Rhea and Ijiraq systems.

First of all，we advocate that Telesto's refusal to return the Bergelmir，its cargoand its crew promptly to our state，Fornjot，is contrary to the Outer Space Treaty and the Rescue Agreement.We'll demonstrate this into details.

At first，as the crew on Bergelmir is a group of 9 astronauts who are protected specially by the Outer Space Treaty and the Rescue Agreement.We contend that Telesto contravened ArticleⅤof the Outer Space Treaty，Article 2 of the Rescue Agreement and Article 4 of the Rescue Agreement.

Telesto should treat the Bergelmir astronauts as the envoy of mankind according to the obligation under ArticleⅤof the Outer Space Treaty.Following this principle，the last part of this article recounts the responsibility every State Party should undertake when astronauts make emergency landing that is to“render all possible assistance”and“safely and promptly return to the State of registry of their space vehicle”.Simultaneously，Article 2 of the Rescue Agreement explicitly states the“rescue and necessary assistance”duty and Article 4 of the Rescue Agreement depicts the“safely and promptly return”liability.In this case，astronauts of Bergelmir made an emergency landing at an air force base in Telesto where definitely belongs to Telesto's jurisdiction.Unfortunately，Telesto didn't observe its due obligation for refusing to send the astronaut back to the State of registry of Bergelmir，we Fornjot.

Pursuant to Article 5 of the Rescue Agreement，whenever the launching authority found its objects beyond its territorial limits，it has the right to get its objects back.On the contrary，Telesto neglected Fornjot's request for Bergelmir's return.Thus Telesto absolutely violate Article 5 of the Rescue Agreement.

In this case，Telesto should exactly follow the legal steps that the Rescue Agreement speculates.Firstly，when Telesto discovered the emergency landing of Bergelmir in territory under its jurisdiction，it is Telesto's obligation to notify immediately Fornjot and the Secretary-General of the United Nations.Secondly，Telesto has the obligation to render all necessary assistance to the crew of the Bergelmir with the close and continuing consultation with Fornjot.Moreover，Telesto is obliged to take necessary steps to recover the Bergelmir and its component parts. Thirdly，Telesto is obliged to return the 9 crew members and the cargo of Bergelmir safely and promptly to Fornjot.

Besides，Fornjot，as the state of registry of Bergelmir，retain jurisdiction and control over the Bergelmir，entitled by ArticleⅧof the Outer Space Treaty.Pursuantto this article，Fornjot still enjoys the ownership and jurisdiction of the Bergelmir. For this entire means Telesto does not have jurisdiction over the Bergelmir，its cargo and its crew.Thus，Telesto should return the Bergelmir to Fornjot to comply its action to ArticleⅧof the Outer Space Treaty.What's more，Telesto's trial on Bergelmir's astronauts is entirely illegal and lack of foundations.

As we have analyzed，Fornjot is entitled to retain its jurisdiction and control over the Bergelmir according ArticleⅧof the Outer Space Treaty.As a result，Fornjot has the right to claim its ownership of the Bergelmir.

Secondly，let's come to the point that the military use of the satellite system by Telesto itself contravened the UN Charter and the Outer Space Treaty.

At this stage，let's face the fact that Telesto never stops investing and developing its military use of satellites systems first.Telesto is one of the worlds most powerful and advanced military powers.It has kept investing heavily in the deployment of governmental satellite constellations in low Earth orbit.In particular，it's the Tarvos，Narvi and Paaliaq systems.Originally，Telesto uses the 3 satellite systems exclusively for its own use，including both non-military and military applications.At the first sight，the Telesto's satellite systems are only military support missions which can't directly make harm as weapons do because they themselves don't have destructive power.In fact，the military used satellite systems contribute a lot to the fatalness and aggressiveness of Telesto's military power and threaten greatly to the peaceful use of the in outer space and the security of the world.In recent years，Telesto deployed more ground-based anti-missile rocket systems and even short-range nuclear missiles in Daphnis under the condition that its original missile from ground-based missiles located in Telesto.

Base on this fact，we argue that Telsto's action is totally contravened the UN Charter and the Outer Space Treaty.

Pursuant to the principle stipulated in Article 2 Principle 4 of the UN Charter，Telesto shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.Meanwhile，at the very beginning，as Article 1 Principle 1 of the UN Charter stipulates，the first purpose of the United Nations is“to maintain international peace and security”.Obviously，Telesto's energetically developing its military used satellite systems is not conformance to this trend.What's worse，Telesto never stops its steps.The nature andcharacteristics of those satellite systems which can play an influential negative role if used in irrational and illegal way because that their powerful capability and much advanced technology power do great threat and disastrous effect to peace，especially reflected by the series of armed conflicts between Fornjot and Telesto.

In addition，ArticleⅢof the Outer Space Treaty states clearly that States Parties to the Treaty shall carry on activities in the exploration and use of outer space，in accordance with international law，including the Charter of the United Nations.As demonstrated in just a few minutes ago，Telesto's action were contrary to Article 2 Principle 4 of the UN Charter.As a result，Telesto violated Article 3 of the Outer Space Treaty.Moreover Telesto as a member of the Outer Space Treaty has the obligation to respect the interest of maintaining international peace and security. Telesto's activities were not comply it.

Furthermore，Telesto's activities in the exploration and use of outer space were not carried out“for the benefit and in the interests of all countries”which is required by ArticleⅠof the Outer Space Treaty.This requirement is a significant limitation for the right of free exploration and use by all States.The military use of satellite systems by Telesto disobeys the above requirements.It did harm to the international collaboration between nations.

On 29 November 2015，Telesto deployed anti-missile rocket systems and shortrange nuclear missiles in Daphnis.This is a violation of ArticleⅣof the Outer Space Treaty which states clearly that States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons.

Thus，Telesto badly violated its duty required by the international law.

Telesto:

Thanks your honor，we're now representing the Republic of Telesto.Our contentions include 4 points，there are:first，Fornjot's deployment of the Hyperion and the Rhea satellite systems in low Earth orbit contravenes the UN Charter and the Outer Space Treaty.Second，Fornjot is liable for the destruction of the Janus and the deaths of the individuals on board the Janus.Third，Fornjot is liable for the destruction of the Tarvos-9 and Tarvos-24 satellites.Last but not the least，Fornjot is liable for the destruction of the seven Tarvos satellites.

First of all，we advocate that Fornjot's deploying the Hyperion and the Rhea satellite systems in low Earth orbit is illegal.We'll demonstrate this into details.

A.Fornjot's activities violate the UN Charter.Fornjot's deploying the Hyperion and the Rhea satellite systems violated Article 2(4)of the UN Charter because it threatened Telesto's territorial integrity and was not consistent with the purpose of the United Nations.

Article 2(4)explicitly obligates states“shall refrain in their international relations from the threat against the territorial integrity”.This principle of territorial integrity means that a state is entitled to be free from outside interference or invasion into its national borders.

However，Fornjot，as one of the UN members，its actions went against the international law.The Hyperion，with the capability of destroying the Tarvos，Narvi and Paaliaq satellite systems，is an anti-satellite weapon system.The Rhea is a space-based missile warning and defence system.The Hyperion and the missile defence component of Rhea are designed to lock onto missiles heading towards Fornjot and destroy them with a combination of laser and projectile weapon systems.Both of these two systems put Telesto's territory integrity into an extremely dangerous situation.Thus，it's obvious that Fornjot was using these military weapons to threat Telesto.Besides，the most significance purpose of the UN is the maintenance of international peace and security.Accordingly，any actions that threat the peace of international world should be prohibited.For the forgoing reasons，Fornjot's deployment of the Hyperion and the Rhea satellite systems，the two military weapons with the capability of causing mass destructions，in low Earth orbit，should definitely be treated as a breach of the purposes of the United Nations.

B.Fornjot's activities violate the Outer Space Treaty.ArticleⅢof the Outer Space Treaty demands that，states shall carry on activities in outer space in accordance with international law，including the UN Charter.As the prior analyzed，Fornjot's activities contravene the UN Charter means that its conducts had not comply with ArticleⅢof the Outer Space Treaty.Moreover，Fornjot violated ArticleⅢof the Outer Space Treaty by its activities of deployment against the international peace and security.The Hyperion and the Rhea satellite systems，as two military weapons，once used must cause a catastrophe.Therefore，it could potentially threaten the word's harmonious order.

In addition，ArticleⅣparagraph 1 of the Outer Space Treaty imposes a responsibility that state is prohibited to place any kinds of weapons of massdestruction in orbit around the Earth.According to the authentic interpretation，weapons of mass destruction means:any weapon or device that is intended，or has the capability，to cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people.Now，considering the Hyperion and the Rhea，it's obvious that Fornjot didn't perform its due duty.It's undoubtedly that they are just kinds of weapons that can cause mass destruction，therefore both of these two satellite systems should not exist in the outer space.Also，this article demands all of outer space beyond Earth orbit is to be used for exclusively peaceful purposes.This provision implies a prohibition of all military activities.What's more，the peace of outer space means more than the absence of the war.Any action that will threaten the outer space's peace should be prohibited according to this purpose.However，the fact tells us that the deployment was contrary to this article.

What's more，Fornjot violated its duty to conduct all outer space activities with due regard to the corresponding interests of all other parties to the Treaty pursuant to ArticleⅨof the Outer Space Treaty.Fully considering all the factors including the aim of deploying，the nature and way of functioning and the massive destruction capability of the Hyperion and the Rhea satellite systems，as if the conflict between Fornjot and Telesto become serious，these two satellite systems will in a large degree be used to destroy the Tarvos，Narvi and Paaliaq satellite systems.The direct result will lead to the tremendous loss of Telesto's property which would affect the development of the economy.Fornjot deliberately ignores the legitimate interests of Telesto.It's not allowed.Whereas，the deployment of the Hyperion and the Rhea satellite systems in low Earth orbit makes outer space no longer a harmonious environment for mankind to use and explore，harming not only the corresponding interests of Telesto，but also of the whole mankind.Consequently，Fornjot's deployment of the Hyperion and the Rhea satellite systems in low Earth orbit completely violated the international law.

Next，let's come to the point that Fornjot is liable for the destruction of the Janus and the deaths of the individuals on board.As a common sense，every state should refrain from damaging other nation's interest and international responsibility combines the responsibility caused by national activities.ArticleⅥof the Outer Space Treaty requires all states shall bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space.The Hyperion and the Rhea satellite systems in low Earthorbit were deployed by Fornjot for its own national interest.That means Fornjot should undertake its due observations.According to international law，the result and effect of the use of these two satellites are attributable to Fornjot.Thus Fornjot should bear the international liability.

ArticleⅡof the Liability Convention stipulates an absolute liability on launching States in the situation that damage caused by space object on the surface of the Earth. On the flip side，ArticleⅢof the Liability Convention imposes a fault liability in the case that damage being caused elsewhere than on the surface of the Earth.Thus，it's crucial to tell the difference between these two liabilities.Although there is no provision on the precise boundary between outer space and airspace，we can figure out this problem according to the authoritative theories.That's activities taken place above 100 kilometres above the land should regarded as outer space activities.We can also use the functional approach to decide.In this case，Fornjot destroyed the Janus during its re-entry through the Earth's atmosphere.Images from both the Paaliaq and the Bebhionn systems at the time revealed that the Janus was destroyed one hundred(100)kilometres directly above the large island of Mundilfari in Fornjot.It's evident that Fornjot's fire on the Janus took place on the surface on the earth.Besides，the Janus was taking its function as an aircraft when the accident happened.Hence，the principle of absolute liability can be and must be applied here，meaning that Fornjot should bear the compensation for damage of the Janus and individuals on board the Janus.What's more，although ArticleⅥof the Liability Convention has granted exonerations from absolute liability，Telesto has never done anything that should take the responsibility for this accident.No negligence and intentions to these damages.Thereby，no exoneration can be claimed by Fornjot in this case.Consequently，pursuant to ArticleⅠandⅧof the Liability Convention，Telesto，as the state suffering damage，can present to Fornjot，the launching State，a claim for compensation for the destruction of the Janus and the deaths of the individuals on board the Janus.

五、延伸思考与习题

1.为什么要为法庭陈述准备发言稿?

2.在法庭陈述中应注意哪些礼仪?

3.怎样保证两名队员所作法庭陈述之间的良好衔接?

4.如何准备回答法官提出的任何与案件有关的问题?

5.如果法官的问题超出准备范围，应当如何应对?