四、德国法院对国际体育仲裁院的看法
从德国法院对Baumann一案的判决中可以了解德国对国际体育仲裁的态度。前已述及,Baumann是一个中长跑运动员,他被国际田联的成员德国田协(DLV)取消了所谓的服用兴奋剂的指控,因此国际奥委会允许他参加悉尼奥运会。国际田联认为在涉及对兴奋剂的控制方面德国田协的做法是错误的,因此把该争议上诉到在悉尼的国际田联仲裁小组。仲裁小组认为他确实服用了兴奋剂,根据国际田联的规范第60.2条的规定对他适用2年的禁赛处罚,因此推翻了德国田协的裁决。应国际田联的请求,国际奥委会取消了该运动员的参赛资格。Baumann不是国际田联仲裁的一方当事人,但他向悉尼特别仲裁庭提交了申诉请求,而根据奥运会报名表的规定该院对Baumann具有管辖权。国际田联提出了一个初步反对意见,对特别仲裁庭的管辖权提出质疑,因为国际田联章程里没有规定国际体育仲裁院仲裁条款,而且它的仲裁小组刚刚作出了一个最终的和有约束力的裁决。特别仲裁庭驳回了该反对意见,裁定它对该参赛资格的决议具有管辖权,并且认为取消Baumann的参赛资格是合法的。[223]
需要注意的是,尽管国际田联已对该运动员实行了禁赛处罚,但是他却在德国法兰克福州高级法院提起诉讼并得到了可以参加比赛的判决。他随后参加了包括德国室内田径锦标赛在内的一系列比赛。国际田联的反应是适用第53.1条规范来处罚与Baumann同场竞技的运动员。该条规定,任何运动员如果与其已经知道的不具有参赛资格的其他运动员同场竞技,该运动员也不具有参赛资格。当时该规范适用的是8名运动员。[224]
从上所述可以看出,当事人就CAS的裁决向法院提起的上诉无非是基于以下几点理由,即所谓的Baumann缺乏一个真正的仲裁组织所具有的独立性、其裁决违反公共政策、其没有尊重当事人要求公平听证的权利、其对有关的争议不具有管辖权等几个方面。这也说明总体上法院还是对Baumann的运作是持支持态度的。除了某些程序上的问题或者公共政策问题外,法院是不愿意对Baumann的裁决提出质疑的。如果裁决确实涉及上述的某些问题,可以相信的是运动员不再会担心向法院提起诉讼。
这些裁决也表明,国内法院的指令尽管对于非本国的当事人没有拘束力,但却对受到国内法院管辖的当事人具有拘束力,而且国内法院的指令可以影响国际仲裁的进行。
【注释】
[1]See Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅢ(2001-2003).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2004,at126.
[2]参见[西]萨马兰奇:《奥林匹克回忆》,孟宪臣译,世界知识出版社2003年版,第61页。
[3]See Joseph de Pencier.Law and Athlete Drug Testing in Canada.4 Marq.Sports L.J.259,259(Spring 1994).
[4]See FF Tri and ITU,Advisory Opinion CAS 93/109,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at471.
[5]See European Olympic Committees,Advisory Opinion CAS 95/144,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 526.
[6]Art.22,World Anti-doping Code,http://www.wada-ama.org,2003-08-01.
[7]See Comment:World Anti-doping Code,http://www.wada-ama.org,2003-08-01.
[8]See 186 Governments Have Signed the Declaration as of June 8,2006,http:// www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.id=391,2006-10-13.
[9]See UNESCO General Conference Adopts International Convention Against Doping in Sport,http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30253&URL_DO=DO_ TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html,2005-10-23.
[10]See USA Shooting & Q.v.UIT,arbitration CAS 94/129,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 194,para.16.
[11]需要注意的是,在《世界反兴奋剂条例》生效之前,包括奥运会在内的奥林匹克运动中适用的主要是《奥林匹克运动反兴奋剂条例》,而且有些体育组织还有自己专有的兴奋剂规则。本书中的许多裁决所依据的不是当前的《世界反兴奋剂条例》,而是《奥林匹克运动反兴奋剂条例》以及其他的反兴奋剂规则,而且不同体育组织制定的规则内容可能也不一致。
[12]See V.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 95/150,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at271,para.13;A.C.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 96/149,ibid.at257,paras.14 and 15;N.,J.,Y.,W.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 98/208,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 247-248,para.15.
[13]See Andreea Raducan v.IOC,arbitration CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney) 2000/011,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 671-673,paras.18,20 and 29.
[14]See Ms Torri Edwards v.IAAF & USATF,CAS OG04/003,para.5.11.
[15]See AOC v.FIBT,CAS OG06/010,para.4.3.
[16]See H.v.FIM,arbitration CAS 2000/A/281,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at417,para.19.在该争议中,一个摩托车选手在同一天的第二次比赛中被查出服用了兴奋剂。该争议的事实是该运动员只是在第二次的比赛中服用了兴奋剂,因此只有该次比赛的成绩是无效的。
[17]See C.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 95/141,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at 220-221,paras.16 and 19.
[18]See H.v.FIM,arbitration CAS 2000/A/281,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at418,para.25.
[19]See H.v.FIM,arbitration CAS 2000/A/281,ibid.at 422,paras.45 and 47.
[20]See N.v.FEI,arbitration CAS 92/73,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at159,para.15.
[21]See Vassilios Demetis v.FINA,arbitration CAS 2002/A/432,para.9.5.6.
[22]Aanes v.FILA,arbitration CAS 2001/317.See Richard H.McLaren.Doping Sanctions:What Penalty?2(2)Int'l Sports L.Rev.23,31-32(2002).
[23]根据国际体育仲裁院体育仲裁规则第58条的规定,仲裁庭在进行仲裁的时候可以适用瑞士民法典的规定。
[24]See Vassilios Demetis v.FINA,arbitration CAS 2002/A/432,paras.9.1.4 and 9.1.5.
[25]See Prusis v.IOC,arbitration CAS OG02/001,paras.31-33.
[26]See FFTri and ITU,advisory Opinion CAS 93/109,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at475.
[27]See European Olympic Comms.,advisory Opinion CAS 95/144,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 526.
[28]See European Olympic Comms.,advisory Opinion CAS 95/144,ibid.at528-529,paras.5-6.
[29]See B.v.IJF,arbitration CAS 98/214,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 316,para.8.
[30]See USA Shooting&Q.v.UIT,arbitration CAS 94/129,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 198,para.34.
[31]See A.C.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 96/149,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).ibid.at 262,para.32.
[32]See A.C.v.FINA,ibid.at.259,para.22.
[33]See Frank Oschutz.Harmonization of Anti-doping Code through Arbitration:The Case of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.675,683(Spring 2002).
[34]See USA Shooting&Q.v.UIT,arbitration CAS 94/129,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 196,para.28.
[35]See A.C.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 96/149,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 262,para.34.
[36]See USA Shooting&Q.v.UIT,arbitration CAS 94/129,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 194,para.18.
[37]See F.v.FEI,Arbitrage TAS 95/147,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 249,para.10.
[38]See Frank Oschutz.Harmonization of Anti-doping Code through Arbitration:The Case of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.675,681(Spring 2002).
[39]See Int'l Olympic Comm.,advisory Opinion No.86/02(CAS 1986),in CAS Compilation 61(1993).Frank Oschutz,ibid.
[40]See L.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 95/142,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at232,para.19.
[41]See USA Shooting&Q.v.UIT,arbitration CAS 94/129,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 194,para.21.
[42]See M.v.FIC,arbitrage TAS 97/169,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 541,para.12.
[43]See R.v.IOC,arbitration CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Nagano 1998)002,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at419-425.
[44]See NWBA v.IPC,arbitration CAS 95/122,ibid.at178,para.12.
[45]See A.C.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 96/149,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 259,paras.27 and 28.
[46]See G.v.FEI,arbitration CAS 91/53,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 87,para.11.
[47]See USA Shooting&Q.v.UIT,arbitration CAS 94/129,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 203,para.58.
[48]See Jonathan Fitchen.The Court of Arbitration's Appellate Doping Cases:Analysis and Evaluation.5(2)Sports Law Bulletin 10,11(March/April 2002).
[49]See B.v.ITU,arbitration 98/222,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 337 et seq.
[50]See Prusis v.IOC,CAS OG02/001,para.35.
[51]See Frank Oschutz.Harmonization of Anti-doping Code through Arbitration:The Case of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.675,685(Spring 2002).
[52]See Gregory Ioannidis.A Postscript to Brian Doyle's Article.1(5)Sports Law Bulletin 13(Sep./Oct.1998).
[53]See Gregory Ioannidis.New Law in France.1(6)Sports Law Bulletin 12(Nov./ Dec.1998).
[54]See Klaus Vieweg&Christian Paul.TheDefinition of Doping and the Proof of a Doping Offence.2(1)Int'l Sports L.J.3(2002).
[55]See G.v.FEI,arbitration 91/53,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest ofCAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 87,para.14.
[56]See V.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 95/150,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at271,para.13;A.C.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 96/149,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at257,paras.14 and 15.
[57]See L.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 95/142,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 230-231,paras.13 and 14.
[58]See Frank Oschutz.Harmonization of Anti-doping Code through Arbitration:The Case of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.675,686(Spring 2002).
[59]See C.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 95/141,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at220,para.15.
[60]See USA Shooting&Q.v.UIT,arbitration CAS 94/129,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 193-194,paras.14 and 15.
[61]See C.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 95/141,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at220,para.14.
[62]See C.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 95/141,ibid.at220,paras 13 and 14.
[63]See B.v.ITU,arbitration CAS 98/222,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 337,para.17.
[64]See B.v.ITU,arbitration CAS 98/222,ibid.at337,para.18.
[65]See L.v.FINA,arbitration CAS 95/142,ibid.at231,para.14.
[66]See Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at775-782.
[67]See Aaron N.Wise.“Strict Liability”Drug Rules of Sports Governing Bodies:Are They Legal?Defensor Legis 119(1997).
[68]See G.v.FEI,CAS 91/53,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 87,para.16.
[69]See S.v.FEI,No.91/56(CAS 1992),ibid.at95-96,para.4;see also N.v.FEI,CAS 92/73,ibid.at11;G.v.FEI,CAS 92/63,ibid.at 12.,para.13.
[70]See G.v.FEI,CAS 92/63,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at 121,para.13;N.v.FEI,Arbitration CAS 92/73,ibid.at157,para.11.
[71]See H.v.FIM,CAS 2000/A/281,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 417,para.18.
[72]See IAAF v.CBAt & Ms.Fabiane dos Santos(Brazil),CAS 2002/A/383,para.82.
[73]See Vassilios Demetis v.FINA,CAS 2002/A/432,paras.9.2.3,9.2.4 and 9.2.5.
[74]See S.v.FEI,CAS 91/56,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 95-96,para.4;H.v.FIM,CAS 2000/A/281,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 416,paras 3.13 and 16.
[75]See Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at335-337.
[76]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Atlanta et l'Arbitrage ou les Premieres Experiences de la Division Olympique de Tribunal Arbitral du Sport.Ass'n Suisse d'Arbitrage Bull.445-47(1996).
[77]See G.v.FEI,CAS 91/53,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 88,para.18.
[78]See C.v.FINA,CAS 95/141,ibid.at 221,para.17.
[79]See Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland: Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at574.
[80]See Frank Oschutz.Harmonization of Anti-doping Code through Arbitration:The Case of the Court of Arbitration forSport.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.675,692(Spring 2002).
[81]See G.v.FEI,CAS 92/63,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 122,para.15;SJ.v.FEI,arbitration 92/71,ibid.at 142,para.17;N.v.FEI,arbitration CAS 92/73,ibid.at 158,para.13.
[82]See Frank Oschutz.Harmonization of Anti-doping Code through Arbitration:The Case of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.675,693(Spring 2002).
[83]See SJ.v.FEI,arbitration 92/71,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 142,para.17.
[84]See Baumann v.IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney 2000)006,award of 22 September,2000,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).CAS Decisions-Sydney(2000).Lausanne,ICAS,2000,at 70.
[85]See W.v.FEI,CAS 92/86,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at 164-165,para.12.
[86]See N.,J.,Y.,W.v.FINA,CAS 98/208,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at251-252,paras.30-36;Dieter Baumann v.IOC,arbitration CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney)2000/006,ibid.at639,paras.25-26.
[87]See IAAF v.CBAt & Ms.Fabiane dos Santos(Brazil),CAS 2002/A/383,para.85.
[88]See IAAF v.CBAt & Ms.Fabiane dos Santos(Brazil),CAS 2002/A/383,para.84.
[89]See J.W.Soek.The Legal Nature of Doping Law.The Int'l Sports LawJ.,2002/ 2,at2-7.
[90]See B.v.ITU,CAS 98/222,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at341,para.43.
[91]See Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at781,para.3(d).
[92]C.v.Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur(FINA),CAS 95/141,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at223,paras.27 and 28.
[93]N.v.FEI,CAS 91/56,award of June 25,1992,ibid.at 97,para.7.
[94]See C.v.FINA,CAS 95/141,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 223,para.30.
[95]See B.v.IJF,CAS 99/A/230,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at375,para.10.
[96]这种对服用兴奋剂的运动员进行处罚的两分命名方法首次出现在国际体育仲裁院1996年作出的一个涉及国际泳联的裁决中。See C.v.FINA,CAS 95/141,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at220-221,paras.15-19.
[97]See USA Shooting&Q.v.UIT,CAS 94/129,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 193,para.12;C.v.FINA,CAS 95/141,ibid.at220,para.15;Prusis v.IOC,CASOG 02/001,para.40.
[98]See Richard H.McLaren.Doping Sanctions:What Penalty?2(2)Int'l Sports L.Rev.23,24(2002).
[99]See C.v.FINA,CAS 95/141,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at220,para.15;B.v.IJF,CAS 98/214,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at319,para.16.
[100]See NWBA v.IPC,CAS 95/122,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 184-185,paras.36 and 37.
[101]See B.v.IJF,CAS 99/A/230,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 374-375,para.10.
[102]See H.v.FIM,CAS 2000/A/281,ibid.at 411.
[103]See H.v.FIM,CAS 2000/A/281,ibid.at 421,paras.42 and 43.
[104]See Alan Tzagazv v.IWF,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney)2000/010,ibid.at663,para.22.
[105]See Richard H.McLaren.Doping Sanctions:What Penalty?2(2)Int'l Sports L.Rev.23,29(2002).
[106]See C.v.FINA,CAS 95/141,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 221-224,paras.17-31.
[107]譬如国际举重联合会2001-2004反兴奋剂规范第14.2条指出,“对初次服用蛋白酮化作用物(anabolic agents)、缩氨酸激素(peptide hormones)等的运动员的处罚是禁赛两年”。“如果是第二次服用则终生禁赛。”国际举联的规范是除了禁赛两年的处罚外不允许实施其他的处罚措施,也根本不考虑运动员的过错程度。See Richard H.McLaren.Doping Sanctions:What Penalty?2(2)Int'l Sports L.Rev.23,25(2002),note 19.
[108]See Federation Francaise de Triathlon&International Triathlon Union,Advisory Opinion,No.93/109(CAS 1994),ibid.at 471.
[109]See N.,J.,Y.,W.v.FINA,CAS 98/208,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at253,paras.40 and 42.
[110]See N.,J.,Y.,W.v.FINA,CAS 98/208,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 253,para.40.
[111]See IAAF v.CBAt & Ms.Fabiane dos Santos(Brazil),CAS 2002/A/383,para.194.
[112]See Jovanovic v.USADA,CAS 2002/A/360,para.59.
[113]See C.v.FINA,CAS 95/141,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at 223,para.29.
[114]See V.v.FINA,CAS 95/150,ibid.at 273,para.19.
[115]See A.C.v.FINA,CAS 96/149,ibid.at 260,paras.26-29.
[116]See V.v.FINA,CAS 95/150,ibid.at 265-274.
[117]See L.v.FILA,CAS 2000/A/312,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅢ(2001-2003).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2004,at 148.
[118]See UCI v.A.,CAS 97/175,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at158-170.
[119]See UCI v.M.&FCI,CAS 98/212,ibid.at274-282.
[120]See IRB v.Keyter,CAS 2006/A/1067.
[121]See UCI v.C.&FFC,TAS 2000/A/289,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).DigestofCAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 428-29,para.12.
[122]See UCI v.M.&FCI,CAS 98/212,ibid.at282,para.25.
[123]See FFTri and ITU,advisory Opinion CAS 93/109,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at475.
[124]See Richard H.McLaren.Doping Sanctions:What Penalty?2(2)Int'l Sports L.Rev.23,29(2002).
[125]See Richard H.McLaren.Doping Sanctions:What Penalty?2(2)Int'l Sports L.Rev.23,32(2002).
[126]See Frank Oschutz.Harmonization of Anti-doping Code through Arbitration:The Case of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.675,701-702(Spring 2002).
[127]See USA Shooting & Q.v.UIT,CAS94/129,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at197,para.34.
[128]See UCI v.C.&FFC,TAS 2000/A/289,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).DigestofCAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 428,para.10.
[129]See Frank Oschutz.Harmonization of Anti-doping Code through Arbitration:The Case of theCourt ofArbitration forSport.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.675,702(Spring 2002).
[130]该条规定:“在奥林匹克运动会和受国际奥委会赞助的地区的、洲的或世界性的综合性体育竞赛中,国家奥委会唯一有权代表各自国家。此外,各国奥委会有义务选派运动员参加奥林匹克运动会。”
[131]See Gaia Bassani-Antivari v.IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(OGSalt Lake City)02/ 003,para.4.16.
[132]See A.,W.and L.v.NOC Cape Verde(NOCCV),CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Atlanta)1996/005,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at400,para.7.
[133]See Chiba v.JASF,CAS 2000/A/278,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 538-539,para.10.
[134]See A.,W.and L.v.NOC Cape Verde(NOCCV),CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Atlanta)1996/002,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at392,para.10.
[135]See Samoa NOCand Sports Federation Inc.v.IWF,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney 2000)002,award of 12 September,2000,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).CAS Decisions-Sydney(2000).Lausanne,ICAS,2000,at 27-28.
[136]See COA v.FIS,CAS ad hoc Division(OGSalt Lake City)02/002,para.3.1.
[137]See US Swimming v.FINA,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Atlanta)1996/001,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at380,para.13.
[138]See Czech Olympic Committee,Swedish Olympic Committee and S.v.IIHF,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Nagano)1998/004-005,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at435 et seq.
[139]See Matthieu Reeb.TheCourt of Arbitration for Sport.Olympic Review,April-May 1998,No.20,at 52.
[140]See COCet Jesus Kibunde c/AIBA,TAS(J.O.Sydney 2000)004,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).CAS Awards!Sydney(2000).ICAS,2000,at50-52,para.12.
[141]See Troy Billington/FIBT,CAS ad hoc Division(OWG Salt Lake City 2002) 005,award of 18 February 2002,ibid.at 600,para.23.
[142]See FIBA v.FINA,CAS 96/157,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 358-359,para.22.
[143]See B.v.FIBA,CAS 92/80,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at 304,para.13.
[144]See Arturo Miranda v.IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney)2000/003,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 612,para.21.
[145]See Angel Perez v.IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney)2000/005,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.),ibid.at631,para.27.
[146]See Ibid.at 631,para.32.
[147]See Arturo Miranda v.IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney)2000/003,ibid.at614-615,paras.36-37.
[148]该条规范在适当的时候能够确保参加比赛的运动员都是代表某国的运动员。该条的规定是为了避免一国允许其他国家的运动员代表本国参加比赛。
[149]See KOC v.ISU,CAS ad hoc Division(OGSalt Lake City)02/007,para.4.8.
[150]See M.v.AIBA,arbitration CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Atlanta)1996/006,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at415,para.13.
[151]See M.v.AIBA,arbitration CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Atlanta)1996/006,ibid.at415,para.13.
[152]See Bernardo Segura v.IAAF,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney)2000/013,ibid.at682,para.17.
[153]See KOC v.ISU,CAS ad hoc Division(OG Salt Lake City)02/007,para.5.2.
[154]See KOC v.ISU,CAS ad hoc Division(OG Salt Lake City)02/007,paras.5.2 and 5.7.
[155]See Rumyana Dimitrova Neykova v.FISAand IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.S.Sydney)2000/012,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 677,para.13.
[156]See COA v.ISU,CAS ad hoc Division(O.S.Salt Lake City)2002/004.See Gerry Tucker,etc..Sports Arbitration for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.69(2)Arbitration 184,189(2003).
[157]See David Calder&Christopher Jarvis v.FISA,CAS OG04/005,para.6.2.
[158]See Ms Isabella Dal Balcon v.CONI&FISI,CAS OG06/008,para.5.12.
[159]See Richard H.McLaren.Introducing the Court of Arbitration for Sport:The Ad Hoc Division at the Olympic Games.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.515,524(Fall 2001).
[160]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track DisputesResolution and Sports Law.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2001,at 99.
[161]《奥林匹克宪章》第61条对此问题作了规定。该条指出:“1.在奥林匹克区域内不准许进行任何形式的示威或政治、宗教或种族性的宣传。在体育场或其他被视为奥林匹克场所一部分的比赛区域内及其上空不准进行任何形式的宣传。在体育场或其他运动场地不准有商业装置和广告牌。2.只有国际奥委会执行委员会有权确定准许进行任何形式宣传的原则和条件。”
[162]See FF Gv.SOCOG,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney)2000/014,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 685 et seq.
[163]See US Swimming v.FINA,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Atlanta)1996/001,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at377 et seq.
[164]See W.v.X.S.A.,Arbitration CAS 91/45,M.v.AIBA,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Atlanta)1996/006,ibid.at 40-42,paras.18-27.
[165]See AEK Athens and SK Slavia Prague v.UEFA.Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,at51-61.
[166]See Celtic Plc v.UEFA,CAS 98/201,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,at 106-121.
[167]See Hamburger Sport-Verein e.V.v/Odense Boldklub,CAS 2003/O/527.
[168]See Fulhamvs.Olympique Lyonnais,CAS 2003/O/486.
[169]See Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht v.UEFA,CAS 98/185,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,at471,para.1.
[170]See Real Madrid v.UEFA,arbitration CAS 98/199,ibid.at 493,paras.7 and 10.
[171]See CAS Press Release,PSV Eindhoven c/UEFA(03.06.03),http://www.tas-cas.org/en/membres/frmmemb.htm,2003-10-01.
[172]参见央视国际(2004年8月8日):《伊万·斯拉夫科夫:保加利亚国际奥委会委员被停职》,http://www.cctv.com/program/qqzxb/20040808/100566.shtml,2006-03-31访问。
[173]Slavkov v.IOC,CASOG04/002.See also Richard McLaren.The CAS ad hoc Division at the Athens Olympic Games.15 Marq.Sports L.Rev.175,190(Fall 2004).此案的最终进展是,雅典奥运会期间,国际奥委会决定暂时搁置此案的调查,等到奥运会结束后再进行处理。国际奥委会道德委员会也开始调查此事。2004年9月6日,国际奥委会宣布将在11月召开的国际奥委会执委会上审理保加利亚奥委会主席斯拉夫科夫涉嫌受贿案。如果在11月的国际奥委会执委会上不能对贿赂案作出判决,此案将延缓到2005年7月在新加坡举行的执委会上再做审理。国际奥委会执委会在2005年底认定,斯拉夫科夫已严重玷污了奥林匹克运动的声誉,建议第117届全会将其开除。2005年7月7日下午,在举行国际奥委会第117届全会的瑞士饭店,斯拉夫科夫在全会上作了20分钟的自我辩护,随后全体委员进行不记名投票,结果有84票赞成12票反对,有超过2/3的委员对这一决定投了赞成票,已达到开除委员资格必须过半数的要求。表决结果是,保加利亚奥委会主席兼足协主席斯拉夫科夫因“全景门事件”引发的受贿嫌疑而被开除出国际奥委会。参见新华网(2005-07-08):《国际奥委会正式开除保加利亚籍委员斯拉夫科夫》,http://www.sport.org.cn/newscenter/ zhonghe/2005-07-08/612637.html,2006年4月1日访问。
[174]See NOCCS & other Claimants v.IOC,CAS 2002/O/372.
[175]See COC & Scott v.IOC,CAS 2002/O/373,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅢ(2001-2003).The Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2004,at 17-35.
[176]See Advisory opinion,CAS98/215,International Baseball Aassociation(IBA),in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 698 et seq.
[177]See KOC v.ISU,CAS ad hoc Division(OGSalt Lake City)02/007,para.5.3.
[178]See Rumyana Dimitrova Neykova v.FISA and IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.S.Sydney)2000/012,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS AwardsⅡ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 677,para.13.
[179]See W.v.FEI,CAS 99/A/246,ibid.at511,para.14.
[180]See T.v.FEI,CAS 99/A/253,ibid.at 522,para.10.
[181]See A.,C.,F.and K.v.FEI,CAS 96/159&96/166,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 455,para.16.
[182]See W.v.FEI,CAS 99/A/246,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at510,paras.6-9.
[183]See Real Madrid v.UEFA,CAS 98/199,ibid.at494,para.14.
[184]See AEK Athens and SK Slavia Prague v.UEFA,CAS 98/200,ibid.at 64,para.58.
[185]See A.,W.and L.v.NOCCape Verde(NOCCV),CAS ad hoc Division(OG Atlanta)1996/005,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at 400,paras.7-9.
[186]See NZOC v.SLOC,CAS ad hoc Division(OWGSalt Lake City 2002)006,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅲ(2001-2003).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2004,at 609,para.19.
[187]See Càdiz C.F.,SAD v.FIFA and Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol,CAS 2005/ A/955; Carlos Javier Acu n槇a Caballero v.FIFA and Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol,CAS 2005/A/956.
[188]See Richard H.McLaren.Sports Law Arbitration by CAS:Is it the Same as International Arbitration?29 Pepperdine L.Rev.101,104(2001).
[189]该条规定:“(1)仲裁裁决自通知当事人之日起即为终局的。(2)有下列情形之一时,始得申请撤销仲裁裁决:(a)独任仲裁员的指定不当或仲裁庭的组成不当;(b)仲裁庭错误地宣称自己有管辖权或者没有管辖权;(c)仲裁庭超出其所受理的请求的范围进行裁决,或未能就请求的要点之一作出决定;(d)当事人的平等或其在辩论程序中进行陈述的权利未受到尊重;(e)仲裁裁决与公共秩序不相容。(3)在仲裁庭作出初步裁决的情况下,只有依据前述第2款a项和b项所规定的理由始得提出撤销初步裁决的申请;其期限自该初步裁决通知当事人之日起起算。”参见陈卫佐:《瑞士联邦国际私法法典研究》,法律出版社1998年版,第319页。
[190]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track DisputesResolution and Sports Law.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2001,at 20.
[191]《联合国国际商事仲裁示范法》第20条规定:“(1)当事各方可以自由地就仲裁地点达成协议。如未达成此种协议,仲裁地点应由仲裁庭确定,但应考虑到案件的情况,包括当事各方的方便。(2)虽有本条第(1)款的规定,除非当事各方另有协议,仲裁庭可以在其认为适当的任何地点会晤,以便在其成员间进行磋商,听取证人、专家或当事各方的意见或检查货物、其他财产或文件。”参见宋连斌、林一飞译编:《国际商事仲裁新资料选编》,武汉出版社2001年版,第469~470页。
[192]See Excerpt of the Judgment of 1 September 2000,delivered by the New South Wales Court of Appeal(Australia)in the case Angela Raguz v Rebecca Sullivan&Ors(CA 40650/00).In Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 783-807,para.102.
[193]尽管该问题没有在Raducan争议中出现过,但是应当注意的是没有符合《瑞士联邦国际私法》第192条要求的排外协议可以约束当事人。的确,奥运会报名表中的排外协议的规定目的仅仅在于提供当地救济并且是为防止当地法院不承认洛桑为仲裁所在地。另外,奥运仲裁规范第21条规定的排外协议也不太明确,根据《瑞士联邦国际私法》第192条的规定,这不足以构成放弃撤销仲裁裁决的诉讼请求。
[194]See Arrêt du 4 Décember 2000,IIe Cour Civilé,Andreea Raducan c/Le ComitéInternational Olympique,19 ASA Bulletin 508(2001).因为很明显该诉讼在法律方面的根据不充分,瑞士最高法院甚至没有让被诉人出庭就撤销了该申请。在瑞士最高法院所作的119Ⅱ271/280的判决中,法院判定当被诉人为某一国际单项体育联合会的时候国际体育仲裁院的裁决为一个真正的仲裁组织的裁决。然而,该判决却对被诉人为国际奥委会的情况未作说明,只是认为有必要增加国际体育仲裁院对国际奥委会的独立性。在该裁决后,国际体育仲裁院进行的改革符合最高法院的观点。不过,在Raducan案中,法院对该问题还是没有明确回答。
[195]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Identifying and Applying the Law Governing the Arbitration Procedure—The Role of the Law of Arbitration.In A.J.van Berg(ed.).ICCA CongressSeries no.9.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,1999,at348.
[196]《奥林匹克宪章》适用于奥林匹克运动的所有成员,而不用考虑他们是在什么地方成立、居所或住所位于何处、国籍属于哪国等。所适用的规范主要是组织比赛的国际单项体育联合会的规范。这些规范适用于参加特定体育运动比赛的所有运动员,不管他们的住所或国籍均是如此。而一般法律原则明显是统一适用的。
[197]参见屈广清、周清华、吴莉婧:《论仲裁制度中的第三人》,载《中国海商法年刊》2000年第11卷。
[198]See B.Hanotiau.Complex-Multicontract-Multiparty-Arbitration.14 Arb.Int'l(1998),at 369 and 384.
[199]Richard H.McLaren.Introducing the Court of Arbitration for Sport:The Ad Hoc Division at the Olympic Games.12 Marq.Sports L.Rev.515,528(Fall 2001).
[200]See USOC and USA Canoe/Kayak v.IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.S.Sydney) 2000/001,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at 595 et seq.;Angel Perez v.IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney)2000/005,ibid.at625 et seq.;Arbitration CAS ad hoc Division(O.S.Sydney)2000/009,in the matter of Angel Perez,ibid.at651 et seq.
[201]See Angela Raguz v.Rebecca Sullivan&Ors(CA40650/00),2000 NSWCA290(NewSouthWales Ct.App.2000),ibid.
[202]See Decision of1 September 2000,2000 U.S.App.Lexis22692.上诉法院指出国内体育主管部门也为未参加仲裁的获胜运动员的利益进行辩护。
[203]Decision of 24 August2000,2000 U.S.App.Lexis 21754.
[204]根据既判之案的原则,一个已经裁定的问题不能够重新进行审理。
[205]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track DisputesResolution and Sports Law.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2001,at 35.
[206]See COC and Beckie Scott v.IOC,TAS 2002/O/373.
[207]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track Disputes Resolution and Sports Law.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2001,at 36.
[208]See Angel Perez v.IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney 2000)005,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).CAS awards-Sydney(2000).ICAS,2000,at62,para.32.
[209]See Arturo Miranda v.IOC,arbitration CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney 2000) 003,ibid.,at 40,para.44.
[210]譬如Raducan、Rebagliati等争议。
[211]See Mendy v.AIBA,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland:Editions Stēmpfli SA,1998,at 409;Bernardo Segura v.IAAF,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney 2000)013,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).CAS awards-Sydney(2000).ICAS,2000,at 134-137,paras.17-23;Rumyana Dimitrova Neykova v.FISA and IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney 2000)012,ibid.at 127-128,para.12.
[212]See Lindland v.USA Wrestling Ass.Inc.and USOC,24 August 2000,2000 U.S.App.LEXIS21754;Lindland v.USA Wrestling Ass.,Inc.and USOC,25 August2000,2000 U.S.App.LEXIS 22213;Lindland v.USA Wrestling Ass.,Inc.and USO Cand Sieracki,1 September 2000,2000 U.S.App.LEXIS 22692.
[213]See Sierackiv.IOC,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney 2000)007,award of21 September,2000,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).CAS awards-Sydney(2000).ICAS,2000,at 82,para.9.
[214]See Art.21.同样的规定可以在欧共体2000年12月22日的44/2001条例中找到,该条例将在2002年3月1日取代布鲁塞尔公约。
[215]See Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas S.A.v.Colon Container Terminal S.A.,14 May 2001,ATF 127 III 279;note by E.Geisinger/L.Lévy/D.Roney commenting the decision to appear in(2001)Int'l A.L.R.,Issue 3.
[216]See Gabrielle Kaufmann-Kohler.Arbitration at the Olympics:Issues of Fast-track Disputes Resolution and Sports Law.Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2001,at 32-34.
[217]See Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards(1986-1998).Switzerland: Editions StēmpfliSA,1998,at561-575.
[218]See Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at808-813.
[219]See Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅲ(2001-2003).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2004,at674-695.
[220]See Matthieu Reeb(ed.).Digest of CAS Awards Ⅱ(1998-2000).Hague,Netherlands:Kluwer Law International,2002,at783-807.
[221]See Lindland v.United StatesWrestling Ass'n,230 F.3d 1036(7th Cir.2000).
[222]See Sieracki v.IOC,arbitration CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney 2000)007,in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).CAS Awards-Sydney(2000).ICAS,2000.
[223]See Dieter Baumann v.IOC,National Olympic Committee of Germany and IAAF,CAS ad hoc Division(O.G.Sydney 2000),in Matthieu Reeb(ed.).CAS Awards-Sydney(2000).ICAS,2000,at 65-80.
[224]See Press Release,IAAF Statement in the Baumann Case(Feb.26,2001),http://www.iaaf.org/News/PressRelease/getnews.asp?Code=3218,2001-08-01.
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