一、语言翻译法(Grammar-translation Approach)
语法翻译法起源于拉丁语教学法。在交际法引进之前,一直在我国外语教学中占主导地位。其主要特点为:侧重阅读能力的培养;重视语法教学;充分利用和依靠母语,反复进行母语和外语互译。
二、听说法(Audio-lingual Approach)
听说法又称句型教学法。听说法是以美国语言学上的结构主义为其语言学基础,以行为主义为其教育心理学基础,形成了外语学习中的S-R(Stimulus-Response)即刺激——反应理论。听说法认为在教学中应该听说领先;反复操练,形成习惯;教学以句型为中心;尽量避免母语;重视培养学生外语思维习惯;尽量避免和消除学生的错误。
三、情境教学法(Situational Approach)
(一)定义
情境教学法是教师根据课程内容,利用实物、图片、电教设备、动作表演及学生的真实心理,要求学生根据实际情景进行交际学习,面对复杂多变的因素做出独立的判断和灵活的应对。它的核心在于激发学生的情感,方法是在教学过程中,教师有目的地引入或创设以形象为主体的,并具有一定情绪色彩的生动具体场景,从而给学生的态度体验,进而帮助学生理解教材,使学生的心理机能得到发展的教学方法。
它的基本步骤是:提出情境,学习语言;听说领先,反复操练;书面练习,巩固结构。在整个教学过程中,教师不但是语言楷模,还是教学活动的设计者和指挥官。作为语言楷模,教师要以正确的、地道的英语设计学习的情境,教师的语言是学生模仿的标准。作为课堂活动的设计者和指挥官,教师要组织和控制所有的课堂活动,同时要在教学中观察学生的错误,然后考虑下一课应如何设计教学以便帮助学生改正错误。
在情境法的课堂上,英语是教学语言,教师应用英语组织教学、解释语言项目和布置课下作业。但在解释语言词汇或结构时,如碰到一些难以解释的项目,教师也可使用母语讲解,但教师不鼓励学生使用母语。
(二)教学实例
教学目标:To increase the awareness of preserving environment. To understand and evaluate ideas, information, facts, opinions, intentions and arguments on the present topic. To learn to provide reasons to support certain idea.
教学内容:Economy Improvement vs. Environment Protection.
教学对象:University Students.
教学设备:Computer,PPT.
教学材料:Newspaper,Magazine,Audio&video clip related to the topic.
教学时间:90mins.
教学过程:
1.输入过程(45mins)
(1)热身:让学生头脑风暴环境保护问题(5mins)
(比如overpopulation,over fishing,destruction of the rainforests/deforestation,waste disposal, air,river and sea pollution,the destruction of the ozone layer,the green house effect,etc.)
(2)Facts speak louder(40mins)
①让学生观看视频“Deforestation Fear In donesia”并完成与之相关的听写填空练习。(5mins)
②让学生听短文“Japanese Whaling”并回答短文后的问题。(5mins)
③给学生分组(每四人一组),讨论某一种环境污染,并再选一名成员做总结发言。(10mins)
④让学生阅读准备好的相关文章回答问题:Is there a balanced trade-off between economic development and environmental protection?(20mins)
(教师的指导:In principle,there’s supposed to be a trade-off between economic development and environmental protection. Both economic development and environmental protection can be accomplished without coming into conflict. However,in most cases, it is impossible for developing countries to start at a high level,achieving coordinated development ideally,high econology and less environmental pollution.The fact is that usually the first pot of gold are gained at the cost of environment. So we should increase the awareness of environmental protection to balance the two so that we human beings can survive and enjoy life as desired.)
2.输出过程(45mins)
(1)口头讨论问题(10mins)
What policies that the central government should take to develop economy: treatment after pollution or restrictions on development for sake of environment?
(2)笔头回答问题(10mins)
让学生回答上述问题,并列出所选内容的优缺点。如支持“Treatment after pollution”的学生会写到“increased income and improvement in living conditions”。他们还会列出这一政策的七宗罪:
①over-exploitation of natural resources;
②over-harvest;
③destruction of natural habitat;
④pursuit of personal,local or immediate interests;lack of consistency in policy-making;
⑤lack of prompt and effective treatment;
⑥reckless consumption of energy.
他们承认这个事实,“serious pollution will cause great damage to natural resources, animals and human beings as well,for example,global warming,shortage of clean water, energy contention,and even wars”。所以他们陷入两难局面“seeking food and clothing or protecting natural environment”。
支持后者的学生会写到“converting the land for forestry and pasture” and “preserving the natural resources”,同时他们也不会忽视这个事实,“poverty-stricken people, namely ecological refugees,are suffering from untreated diseases,dropouts,lack of educational resources,etc.”,所以他们也同样陷入两难局面“suffering poverty while sitting on a gold hill”。
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