所有页码均为原版书的页码,即本书的边码,斜体页码指图表所在的页。
accelerated motion,加速运动29,44—45
in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~58—75,125,376
after the bang(ATB),大爆炸以后(ATB)347,348,349,350—352,358—360
algebraic geometry,代数几何259
amplitude of waves,波的振幅,同wave amplitude
anthropic principle,人存原理368,369
antimatter, matter vs.,反物质与物质(比较)8—9,120,159,176,223,292
antiparticles,反粒子8—9,120,159,176,223
antiquarks,反夸克223
antistrings, strings vs.,反弦与弦(比较)359,360
astronomers,天文学家224,225,234,251,348
ATB,见after the bang
atoms,原子3,14,136,226
model of,~模型7
nuclei of,~核7,11,13,141,170
Bekenstein-Hawking entropy,贝肯斯坦-霍金熵19,333—340
early arguments regarding,关于早期论证335-336
second law of thermodynamics and,热力学第二定律和~334—335,336,337
string theory confirmation of,~的弦理论证明338—340
big bang,大爆炸4,51,81—83,84,117,122,151—152,155,177,224,254,320,346—370
and critical density of universe,~和宇宙临界密度234—235
as eruption of spacetime,作为时空喷发的~83,346
in standard model of cosmology,宇宙学标准模型的~345—356
in string cosmology,弦宇宙学的~254,357—370
big crunch,大收缩234—236
string theory and,弦理论和~235—236,239,252—254
binary stars,双星5,32—33
black hole entropy,黑洞熵333—340,参见Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
black holes,黑洞4,78—81,79,84,117,226
branes and,膜与~329—331,330, 338—340
determinism and,决定论与~340—343
elementary particles and,基本粒子和~320—322,329—333
entropy of,~熵,见黑洞熵,贝肯斯坦-霍金熵
event horizons of,~的事件视界,见事件视界
evidence for existence of,~存在的证据80—81
extremal,极端~339—340,343 formation of,~的形成339
gravitational force of,~的引力75,79—80,265,336,337,343
lost information and,失去的信息和~342—343
mass of,~的质量79,80,81,321,330—331,337,338
naming of,~的命名79
and new universe formation,~和新宇宙的形成369—370
phase transitions of,~的相变331,332
radiation emitted by,~发出的辐射81,336—337,338,340,342
string theory and,弦理论和~19,320—344
and tearing of spacetime,~和时空的破裂265
temperature of,~的温度336,337—338
as time machines,作为时间机器的~80
bosonic string theory,玻色弦理论180—181
bosons, spin of,玻色子,~的自旋175,180,182
bottom quarks,底夸克8
BPS states:BPS态:
appearance of,~的表现316—317
extremal black holes and,极端黑洞和~339
string duality and,弦对偶和~303—306
supersymmetry and,超对称和~303,304,309,316
branes,膜316—317,324,339
mass of,~的质量317,330—331
as space-protective shields,作为时空保护屏障的~323,324,325,329—330
wrapped configurations of,~的缠绕构形329—331,330
Calabi-Yau spaces(shapes),卡拉比-丘(成桐)空间(形态)207—208,207,208,216,248
conifold transitions of,~的锥形变换325—333,360—361
cosmology and,宇宙学和~360—361,365
electric charge fractions and,电荷比和~223—224
flop-transitions and,翻转变换和~266—278,266,267,273,322,323,325,329
gravitational force and,引力和~363—364
messenger particles and,信使粒子和~218
mirror symmetry and,镜像对称和~
255—262,269,273—278,273,299 orbifolding of,256—258,257,269
particle families and holes in,粒子族和~孔洞216—221,255—256,257—258,280
particle mass and,粒子质量和~217—218,259,281
CERN,欧洲核子研究中心136,178
chaos theory,混沌理论17
charm quark,粲夸克8
chirality,手征性401
circles,圆周326
and conifold transitions,~和锥形变换326—327,327
measured on flat vs. curved surfaces,平直与弯曲面上测量的~63—65,64,65
clocks, light,时钟,光,见光子钟
COBE(Cosmic Background Explorer)satellite,宇宙背景探测卫星349
coherent state of strings,弦的相干态377—378
Coleman-Mandula result,科里曼-曼都拉结果170,172
conifold transitions,锥形变换329
of Calabi-Yau spaces,卡丘空间的~325—333,360—361
dimension and,维和~325—327
spheres and,球和~322,323—327,326,327
参见翻转变换
constant-velocity motion,常速运动28-29,73
light clocks and,光子钟和~38—40
in special theory of relativity,狭义相对论的~24—25,26—27,28—30,34—37,40,41,43—46,47,58,75
cosmic background radiation,宇宙背景辐射348—349
temperature of,~的温度353—356
cosmic rays,宇宙线8
cosmological constant,宇宙学常数82,346
value of,~值225
cosmology:宇宙学:
Calabi-Yau spaces and,卡-丘空间和~360—361,365
standard model of,~的标准模型345—356
string theory and,弦理论和~357—370
T. O.E.and speculation on,包罗万象的理论(TOE)和~沉思364—370,385—386
curled-up dimensions,卷缩维186,187—192,188,189,191,196,197,199—209,199,200,215—221,248,280,358
fractionally charged particles and,分数电荷粒子和~223—224
geometrical forms of,~的几何形式191,191,199—200,199,200
and resonance patterns of string,~和弦的共振模式206
size of,~的大小191—192,400
supergravity and,超引力和~307—312
time and,时间和~204—205
参见卡-丘空间
curvature of spacetime,时空曲率,见spa-cetime, warping of
dark matter,暗物质225,235
“designer”black holes,“设计者”黑洞339—340
determinism:决定论:
and black holes,~和黑洞340—343
classical vs. quantum,经典~与量子~340—342
deuterium,氘(重氢)347,349
dimensions:维:
in conifold transitions,锥形变换的~325—327
in flop transitions,翻转变换的~281
in Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论的~186—203,186,188,189,191
in Lineland,直线国的~192—196,194,195,236,359
in special relativity,狭义相对论的~49—51,185
in string theory,弦理论的~6,18,184—210,216—221,236,248—249,254—262,263—282,307,308—312,323—333,378—379
in supergravity,超引力的~307—312
varieties of,~的种类,见curled-up dimensions;extended dimension
distance,距离33
in string theory,弦理论的~249—254
Dixon-Lerche-Vafa-Warner conjecture,狄克松-勒克-瓦法-瓦纳猜想255—258 double-slit experiments,双缝实验97—102,98,99,100,101
electrons in,~中的电子104,109—114,118
Feynman's approach to,~的费曼方法109—112,110
interference pattern in,~的干涉图样
100—102,101,104,105,109
light as particles in,光粒子的~98—99,98,99,101—103
light as waves in,光波的~99—101,100,102—103
water waves and,水波和~99—100,101
down-quarks,下夸克7,9
duality,对偶性297—306,312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382
mirror symmetry and,镜像对称和~299
and quantum geometry,~和量子几何312—314
string coupling constants and,弦对偶常数和~303—306,315—316
strong-weak,强弱~299—300,304—305,318
supersymmetry and,超对称性和~301—303,306,382
duration,持续时间33
earth,地球67,169,235,386
and gravitational influence of sun,~和太阳的引力效应68—70,70,71,72,73,75,289—290
E=mc2,51—52,103—104,120,121,145,149,238,317
Einstein, Albert,爱因斯坦,A.3,20,62,88,94—97,104,114,272,387
and cosmological constant,~和宇宙学常数82,225,346
on experimental confirmation of general theory,~关于广义相对论的实验验证166
and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,197
on probability in physics,~关于物理学中的几率107—108,201
and unified field theory,~关于统一场论4—5,15,283
参见general theory of relativity;photoe-lectric effect;special theory of relativity electric charge,电荷10,12,171
and Calabi-Yau spaces~和卡-丘空间205—206,223—224
of point particles,点粒子的~223
electromagnetic field,电磁场23—24,377
electromagnetic force,电磁力10,11,12,15,126,374,384
in early universe,早期宇宙的~350,352
electric charges and,电荷和~10,12,171
gravitational force vs.,引力与~12
intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度176—177
in Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论的~187,196—197,287
messenger particles of,~的信使粒子,见photons
and quantum electrodynamics,~和量子电动力学121—122
strong force and,强力和~175—176,198
electromagnetic waves,电磁波88—90,89
composition of,~的组成97
energy of,~的能量88—89,90,92—93,94,97
light as,作为~的光24,97,98,99—101,100,102—103
electron-neutrinos,电子中微子,见neutrinos
electrons,电子3,7,8,9,14,15,42,54,146,150,153,218,347
in double-slit experiments,双缝干涉实验的~104,109—114,118
interaction of positrons and,质子和~的相互作用159—160,159
in photoelectric effect,光电效应的~94—97
quantum electrodynamics and,量子电动力学和~121—122
spin of,~的自旋170—172
in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理的~112—115,118—119
electron waves,电子波,见probability wa-ves
electroweak force,弱电力122—123, 175—176,352
elementary particles,基本粒子,见partic-les, elementary
energy,能量51
of electromagnetic waves,电磁波的~88—89,90,92—93,94,97
mass and,质量和~52,81,120,144—145,149,238
of photons in photoelectric effect,光电效应中的光子~96—97
and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式144—145,144,145,148—152,155,216—218,220—221,239—247,244,245,291—292
and wave frequency,~和波频率92—93,94—95,104
entropy:熵:
black hole,黑洞~333—340
high vs. low,~的高与低333—334参见Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
equivalence principle,等效原理58—62,68,75,125,374,375,382
symmetry and,对称性和~169—170,374—375
Euclidean geometry,欧几里得几何64,65,231
Euler beta-function,欧拉β函数137
event horizon,事件视界79—81,79,342,344
area-increase law and,面积增加定理和~335,336,340
gravitational force and,引力和~79—80,265,336,337
extended dimension,延展维186,186,187—192,188,191,204,208,248—249,251
in M-theory, M理论的~165,309—312,309,311,315—317,324, 325,379
tearing of spacetime in,~时空的破裂281,323,324,325,327
extremal black holes,极端黑洞339—340,343
families, of elementary particles,族,基本粒子的~9,9,123,216—221,219,255—256,257—258,280
fermions, spin of,费米子,~的自旋175,180,182
Feynman, Richard,费曼,R.86—87,97,102,120,157,212—213
and alternative formulation of quantum mechanics,~和量子力学的新形式108—112,279—280
final theory,最后的理论,见theory of everything
first superstring revolution,第一次超弦革命139—140,297
flat space,平直空间67—68,68,73,127
flop transitions,翻转变换266—282,266,267,273,322,323,325,329
mirror symmetry and,镜像对称和~267,268—278,273
参见conifold transitions
force charges,力荷10—13,15,321
of black holes,黑洞的~321
and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式143—144,145—146,205—206,222
force-free motion,自由运动,见constant——velocity motion
force particles,力(传播)粒子11,11,13,142,147,172
spin of,~的自旋172,173,222
in standard model,标准模型的~123
and string theory,~和弦理论16,142,150,218
参见messenger particles;specific force particles
forces, fundamental,力,基本~10—13,15
common features of,~的共性11—12 differences in intrinsic strength of,~内禀强度的差别12
distance and intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度和(作用)距离176—178,178
in early universe,早期宇宙的~350—352
and enforcing symmetries,~和加强对称性124—126
force particles of,~的传播粒子,见force particles
grand unification and,大统一和~175—178
M-theory and merging of, M理论和~的融合363—364,363
supersymmetry and intrinsic strengths of,超对称性和~的内禀强度178,179参见specific forces
frequency wave,频率波89,102,103
energy and,能与~92—93,94—95,104
fusion,(核)聚变13,51
galaxies,星系3,4,54,234,235,348,368
formation of~的形成13,347
Garden-hose universe:花园水管宇宙:
and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论186—196,186,188,194,195,236
point particles in,~中的点粒子236—237,237
quantum geometry and,量子几何和~236—248
gauge symmetry,规范对称性124—126,170,374,375
general theory of relativity,广义相对论53—84,87,126,169,210,289,343,377
aesthetics of,~的美学75—76,166
applications of,~的应用78—83
equivalence principle and,等效原理和~,见equivalence principle
expansion and contraction of universe and,宇宙的膨胀、收缩和~81—83,225,346,357
experimental verification of,~的实验验证75—78,83—84,166
identification of agent of gravity in,~中引力作用的认定67,71
and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,196—197,199,287
mathematics of,~的数学81,231—233,263
Newton's theory of gravity and,牛顿的引力理论和~57—58,67,71,73—74,76,231
quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学与~3—5,6,14,84,117—131,138,152,198,202,235,322
scale in,~的尺度127—130
warping of spacetime in,~中的时空弯曲6,53,62—75,233,376
gluinos,胶子中微子174
gluons,胶子11
spin of,~的自旋172
as strong force messenger particle,作为强力信使粒子的~123—124,138
superpartners of,~的超对称伙伴174
grand unification,大统一175—178,180
distance and intrinsic strength of forces in,~中力的作用距离和内禀强度176—178,178
gravitational field,引力场377
gravitational force,引力15,54,67,122,135
of black holes,黑洞的~75,79—80,265,336,337,343
Calabi-Yau spaces and,卡-丘空间和~218,363—364
critical density and,临界密度和~234—235
electromagnetic force vs.,电磁力与~12
in equivalence principle,等效原理下的~58—62,68,75,125,374,375,382
event horizon and,事件视界和~79—80,265,336,337
in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~6,53,62—75,126,233,376
intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度175
in Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论的~187,197
mass and,质量和~10,11,54—55,68—69,71,78—81
of moon and sun,月亮和太阳的~68—70,70,71,72,72,73,75,289—290
in Newton's universal theory of gravity,牛顿万有引力理论下的~,见New-ton's universal theory of gravity
quantum field theory of,~的量子场论124—130,138,158,320
on space stations,太空站的~3
and stellar formation and collapse,~与星体的形成和坍缩13,339
string theory and,弦理论和~158,163—164,165,210—211,218,307—312,314,320
gravitons,引力子11,12,125,377
as messenger particles of gravitational force,作为引力信使粒子的~138,150,163,172,218
and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式145,148,158,165,210
spin of,~的自旋172
Greenwich observatory,格林尼治天文台77
heavy string modes,重弦模式251—254
Heterotic-E string theory(Heterotic E8×E8string theory),杂化E弦理论(杂化E8×E8弦理论)183,284,286,287,306,308,309—311,309,313,313,315,316,405—406
Heterotic-O string theory(Heterotic O(32)string theory),杂化O弦理论(杂化O(32)弦理论)182,284,286,287,303—304,305,306,308,313,313,314
high entropy, low entropy vs.,高熵,低熵与~333—334
higher-dimensional supergravity,高维超引力199—201,199,200
holographic principle,全息原理401
horizon problem,视界问题353—356,362
inflation and,暴胀和~355—356 human life expectancy, and effect of motion on time,人类寿命,~和运动对时间的影响41—43
inflationary cosmology,暴胀宇宙学355—356,362
infrared radiation,红外辐射94
Institute for Advanced Study,(普林斯顿)高等研究院270,271—272,274,277
interference patterns,干涉图样100—102,101,104,105,109,111,112,118
Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论186—203
Garden-hose universe analogy and,花园水管宇宙类比和~186—196,
186,188,194,195,236
general relativity and electromagnetic the ory unified by,~统一的广义相对论和电磁理论187,196—197,199,287
quantum mechanics and,量子力学和~191—192
Klein-Gordon equation,克莱茵-戈登方程341
light:光:
black holes and,黑洞和~79,81
color of,~的颜色26,94—95,96
composition of,~的组成96,97—103
参见electromagnetic waves
light, speed of,光速354
constancy of,~不变性32—33,34,35,36,40,41,47,52,56
in E=mc2,E=mc2中的~51—52,105
gravitational disturbances and,引力扰动和~56,74
and Maxwell's electromagnetic theory,~和麦克斯韦电磁理论5,24,27,32
and Newton's laws of motion,~和牛顿运动定律5,24,32,33
and special theory of relativity,~和狭义相对论5,24,27,31—33,34—37,41,42,44—45,47,50—51,53,55—56,74
light clocks,光子钟38—41,38,39
“ticks”of,~的“滴答”38
time differences between moving and sta-tionary,运动~与静止~的时间差39—41
light paths, solar eclipses and bending of,光的路径,日食和~的弯曲77
light string modes,轻弦模式251—254 light waves,光波,见electromagnetic waves light-years,光年248
loops of strings,弦圈14,14,292—294,293,381
Lorentz contraction,洛伦兹收缩26—27,63
low entropy, high entropy vs.,低熵与高熵333—334
lumps of energy, electromagnetic wave energy as,能量包,表现为~的电磁波能,见quanta
magnetism,磁171
mass,质量51
of black holes,黑洞的~79,80,81,321,330—331,337,338
of branes,膜的~317,330—331
of elementary particles,基本粒子的~9—10,11,12,15,205—206,217—218,224
energy and,能量和~52,81,120,144—145,149,238
and gravitational force,~和引力10,11,54—55,68—69,71,78—81
of particles in Calabi-Yau spaces,卡-丘空间中的~217—218,259, 281
and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式143—145,151,205—206,220
of stars,星体的~339
and string tension,~和弦张力149—152
of superpartners,超伙伴的~179,222
and warping of spacetime and time,~和时空与时间的弯曲68—74,69,75
and wave-particle duality,~与波粒二象性103—104
of wrapped strings,缠绕弦的~238—239
matter,物质14,14,54
antimatter vs.,反物质与~8—9,120,159,176,223,292
composition of,~的组成7—10,226 waves of,~波103—105,106
Maxwell's electromagnetic theory,麦克斯韦电磁理论5,23—24,27,32,89,103,121
and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,196—197,199,287
messenger particles,信使粒子123—124,125,138,150,167,218
参见force particles;specific messenger particles
microwaves,微波348—349
mirror manifolds,镜像流形256—258,259—261,269,273—278,273
in mathematics vs.,physics construction,数学的~与物理学结构的比较270—271
mirror symmetry,镜像对称255—262
duality and,对偶性和~299
flop-transitions and,翻转变换和~267,268—278,273
mirror manifolds in,~下的镜像流形,见mirror manifolds
physics and mathematics of,~的物理和数学259—262
momentum,动量119,120,155
moon,月亮169
gravitational influence of earth and sun on,地球和太阳引力对~的影响70,289—290
in solar eclipse,日食中的~77
motion:运动;
and effect on time,~和对时间的影响,见time, effect of motion on
predicted in Newton's theory of gravity,牛顿引力理论预言的~55,56,289—290
in principle of relativity,相对性原理下的~28—30
参见accelerated motion;constant-velo-city motion
M-theory, M理论20,283—319,373—387
and anthropic principle,~和人存原理368
duality in,~中的对偶性312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382
extended objects in,~中的延展物165,309—312,309,311,315—317,324,325,379
formation of,~的形成366—367,369—370
future challenges for,~未来的挑战318—319
interconnections in,~的内在联系312—315,315,332—333
and merging of fundamental forces,~和基本力的结合363—364,363
multiverse,多重宇宙366—370,385,387
name of,~的名字312
supergravity and,超引力和~307—312,314
参见string theory
multiverse,多重宇宙366—370,385,387
and anthropic principle,~和人存原理368
formation of,~的形成366—367,369—370
symmetry and,对称性和~367
and T. O.E.,~和T.O.E.(包罗万象的理论)368—370
muon-neutrino,μ子中微子8
muons,μ子8,9,52,174
motion and life expectancy of,~的运动和寿命42
neutrinos,中微子8,9,42,146,224,226
superpartners of,~的超伙伴174
neutrons,中子7,11,13,14,54,124,347
neutron stars,中子星75,226
Newton, Isaac,牛顿,I.5—6,53—57,377,380—381
on light as particles,~的光粒子观97,98—99,101,102
Newton's laws of motion,牛顿运动定律5,24,32,33,103,340—41,377
Newton's universal theory of gravity,牛顿万有引力理论5—6,53—57,101,169,210,289—290
attraction in,~中的吸引54—55,56,58—59,70
general theory of relativity and,广义相对论和~57—58,67,71,73—74,76,231
nature of gravity and,引力的本性和~56—57
predictions of bodily motion in,~中的物体运动的预言55,56,76
special relativity vs.,狭义相对论与~5—6,24,33,53,55—56,73—74,84
noncommutative geometry,非对易几何379—380
non-constant-velocity motion,非匀速运动,见accelerated motion
nuclear forces,核力,见strong force;weak force
nuclei, of atoms,原子核7,11,13,141,170
one-branes,1-膜,见strings
orbifolding,轨形256,257,269
ordinary vibrations of strings,弦的一般振动240,246—247
particle accelerators,粒子加速器42,52,136,137,141,143,151,179,215,222,370,384
probe particles and,探针粒子和~153—154
paticles, elementary,基本粒子7—10,143,147,167
antiparticles and,反粒子和~8—9,120,159,176,223,292
black holes and,黑洞和~320—322,329—333
“fabric”of,~的结构146
families of,~族9,9,123,216—217,219,255—256,257—258,280 force charges of,~的力荷,见force charges
of forces,力的~,见force particles
light as,作为~的光96,97—103
mass of,~的质量9—10,11,12, 15,205—206,217—218,224
messenger,信使123—124
quantum electrodynamics and,量子电动力学和~121—122
spin of,~的自旋170—172,173,175,180,182,222
in standard model,标准模型中的~,见point particles
and string theory,~和弦理论14,14,15—16,18,135,136,137,138,139,141,142,145,146,147,151—152,175,180,182,216—221,220—222,223,255—256,257—258,280
in strong force,强力的~10,13,125—126,136—137
superpartners of,~的超伙伴,见su-perpartners
in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理下的~113—114,115—116,118,154—155
参见specific particles
p-branes, p-膜316—317
perturbation theory,微扰论218,288—297
and classical physics,~和经典物理学289—290
cosmology and,宇宙学和~357
failure of,~的失败290
string theory and,弦理论和~288—289,291—297,357
phase transitions:相变:
of black holes,黑洞的~331,332
in early universe,早期宇宙的~350—352
photinos,光子中微子174
photoelectric effect,光电效应94—97
and particle properties of light,~和光的粒子性95—96,97,103
photon energy in,~中的光能96—97
speed of ejected electrons in,~中出射电子的速度94—95,96—97
photons,光子11,32,51,56,74,77,123,150,153,159,161,251,377
as bundles of quanta,作为量子束的~97
in early universe,早期宇宙中的~347,348
as electromagnetic messenger particles,
作为电磁信使粒子的~123—124 in light clocks,光子钟里的~38—41,96
in photoelectric effect,光电效应的~96—97
as quanta of light,作为光量子的~96,97—103
and quantum electrodynamics,~和量子电动力学122
spin of,~的自旋172
superpartners of,~的超伙伴174
in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理下的~113,118,119
physical laws, symmetries of nature and,物理学定律,自然的对称性和~124—126,168—170,173
physics, classical:经典物理学:
perturbation theory and微扰论和~289—290
quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学与~107,112,114,115,340—342
参见Maxwell's electromagnetic theory;Newton's laws of motion;Newton's universal theory of gravity
physics, field of:物理学领域:
accomplishments of,~的成就117
determinism in,~中的决定论340—342
pivotal conflicts in,~中的重大问题5—6
problem-solving differences in mathema-tics vs.,数学与~解决问题的不同271,275
theory construction in,~中的理论建设380—381
Planck, Max,普朗克,M.23,86,104,114
and resolution of infinite-energy paradox,~和无穷大能量疑难的解决88—93
Planck energy,普朗克能量149,150,151,220,350
Planck length,普朗克长度130,135,136,141,142,148,155,177,192,215,224,232,234,235,239,242,243,248,252,253—254,358,380,387,396
Planck mass,普朗克质量149,151,176,224,317,321—322
Planck's constant(h),普朗克常数93,105,113,114,116,130
Planck tension,普朗克张力148
Planck time,普朗克时间346,350
参见inflationary cosmology;standard mo-del of cosmology;string cosmology
point-particle quantum field theory,点粒子量子场论224—225,350
particle interaction in,~中的粒子相互作用158—161,159,162—163,164
point particles,点粒子135,136,137,141,142—143,157—158,170—172
dimensionality of,~的维165,237,240
electric charge of,~的电荷223
probing sensitivity of,~的探测灵敏度154—155,158
strings approximated by,点粒子近似的弦307—308
superpartners of,~的超伙伴173—174
参见particles, elementary
points:点:
in Riemannian geometry,黎曼几何中的~232—234
universe originating as,~起源的宇宙83
参见point particles
positrons,正电子8,120
interaction of electrons and,电子与~的相互作用159—160,159
primordial nucleosynthesis,原初核合成346,349
principle of relativity,相对性原理28—30,40,61
probability,几率118
in quantum mechanics,量子力学中的~105—108,112—116,201—202,341—342
testing of,~的检验107
and wave nature of matter,~和物质的波动性,见probability waves
probability waves,几率波105—108,106,109,115,118,342
probe particles,探针粒子153—157
probing sensitivity:探测灵敏度:
of point particles,点粒子的~154—155,158
of strings,弦的~155—157,158,250—252
protons,质子7,11,13,14,54,124,150,153,224,322,347
quanta,量子91—97,118
quantum chromodynamics,量子色动力学122,137
quantum electrodynamics:量子电动力学:
electrons in,~中的电子121—122
photons in,~中的光子122
quantum electroweak theory,量子弱电理论122—123
quantum field theory,量子场论120—123
of gravitational force,引力的~124—130,138,158,320
special relativity and,狭义相对论和~120—122,226
参见quantum chromodynamics;quantum electrodynamics;quantum electroweak theory
quantum foam,量子泡沫127—129,128
quantum geometry,量子几何231—262,298—299
duality and,对偶性和~312—314
Garden-hose universe analogy in,~中的花园水管宇宙类比236—248
interchange of winding number and vibra-tion number in,~中缠绕数与振动数的交换239—247
minimum size in,~中的最小尺度252—254
mirror symmetry and,镜像对称性和~255—262
stock market analogy of string energy in,~中弦能量股市类比241—242
quantum mechanics,量子力学15,86—116
classical physics vs.,经典物理学与~107,112,114,115,340—342
Feynman's alternative formulation of,~的费曼形式108—112,279—280 general relativity vs.,广义相对论与~3—5,6,14,84,117—131,138,152,198,202,235,322
Kaluza-Klein theory and,卡鲁扎—克莱茵理论和~191—192
mathematical framework of,~的数学框架103—108
meaning of,~的意义108
precision and inherent difficulty of,~的精度和内在困难86—88
probability in,~中的几率105—108,112—116,201—202,341—342
scale in,~中的尺度6,7—10,85—116,118,127—130,135,176,177—178,191—192,198
string theory and reformulation of,弦理论和~的重建380—382
string theory vs.,development of,弦理论与~,~的发展226
universe in,~中的宇宙107—108,118—120,127—130,135
quantum smearing,量子抹平152,155,156,158,163—164
quantum tunneling,量子隧道115—116
quantum wavelength, probing sensitivity of particles and,量子波长,粒子探测灵敏度与~154—155
quarks,夸克3,5,14,124,150,223,224,384
discovery of,~的发现7
naming of,~的命名7,12
strong force and,~和强力10,13,125—126
superpartners of,~的超伙伴174
types of,~的类型7,8,9
quasars,类星体81,384
radioactive decay,辐射衰变11,124
reductionism, string theory and,还原论,弦理论和~16—17
relativistic quantum field theory,相对论
量子场论,见quantum field theory resonanse patterns:共振模式:
dark matter and,暗物质和~225, 235
in sound waves,声波的~143,144,145,145
of strings,弦的共振模式143—152,144,145,155,160,172,180—182,202—203,205—206,216—218,220—221,222,223,225,239—247,244,245,291—292,331,377—378
Riemannian geometry,黎曼几何231—234
and cosmological studies,~和宇宙学研究234
distortions in distance relations analyzed in,~中分析的距离关系的扭曲232—234,263
and general of relativity,~和广义相对论81,231—233,263
string theory and,弦理论和~231—232,234,249—254
rotational symmetry,旋转对称性125—126,170,173
scale:尺度:
in general theory of relativity,广义相对论中的~127—130
in quantum mechanics,量子力学中的~6,7—10,85—116,118,127—130,135,176,177—178,191—192,198
in string theory,弦理论中的~14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,151,155—157,164,205—206,208,212,215,217,225,232,235—236,248—249,252—254,291,306,358—359,379—380,387
Schrödinger equation,薛定谔方程105—107,109,120—121,341
second law of thermodynamics,热力学第二定律334—335,336,337
second superstring revolution,第二次超弦革命140,165,285,286—288,298
selectrons,超电子174
singularities,奇性343—344 string theory and,弦理论和~344
sneutrinos,超中微子174
solar eclipses,日食76—77
sound, speed of,声速55—56
sound waves,声波90,90,93,143,145
space:空间:
fabric of,~的结构,见spacetime
flat,平直~67—68,68,73,127
smoothness of substrate of,~基底的光滑性263
spacetime,时空66
big bang as eruption of,~的大爆炸喷发83,346
in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~,见
general theory of relativity, warping of spacetime in nature of,~的本性376—380
in special theory of relativity,狭义相对论的~5,6,24,25—27,33—51,66,376,377
string theory and nature of,弦理论和~本性377—380
warping of,~的弯曲,见spacetime, warping of
spacetime, tearing of,时空,~的破裂263—282
black holes and,黑洞和~265
branes as protective barrier in,~中起屏障作用的膜324,325,329—330
conifold transitions and,锥形变换和~281,325—333,360—361
in extended dimension,展开维中的~281,323,324,325,327
flop transitions and,翻转变换和~266—282,267,273,329
in point particle theory vs. string theory,点粒子理论的~与弦理论的~278—279
in the present,~现状281—282
world-sheet of string as protective barrier in,作为~保护屏障的世界叶279—280,323
wormholes and,虫洞和~264—265,264
spacetime, warping of:时空,~的弯曲:
big bang and,大爆炸和~81—83,234—235
black holes and,黑洞和~75,78—81
in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~6,53,62—75,233,376
mass and,质量和~68—74,69,75
neutron stars and,中子星和~75
Riemannian geometry and analysis of,黎曼几何和~分析231—234,233
rubber membrane-bowling ball analogy of,~的橡皮碗状膜类比67—73,69,70,72,73
starlight paths as proof of,作为~证明的星光路径77
special theory of relativity,狭义相对论23—52,78,87
apparent counterintuitiveness of,~明显的反直觉表现25—26,27,36,50,53
dimensions in,~的维49—51,185
light speed and,光速和~5,24,27,31—33,34—37,41,42,44—45,47,50—51,53,55—56,74
Newton's universal theory of gravity vs.,牛顿万有引力理论与~5—6,24, 33,53,55—56,73—74,84
observers in constant-velocity motion and,匀速运动观测者和~24—25,26—27,34—37,40,41,43—46,47,58,75
in quantum field theory,量子场论的~120—122,226
spacetime in,~的时空5,6,24,25—27,33—51,66,376,377
speed,速度33
and effects of special relativity,~和狭义相对论效应25—26,27,36—37,41,42—43,50—51,53
of light,光速,见light, speed of spheres,球326,327
extradimensionality and,多维和~199,199
one-dimensional,1维~,见circles
two-dimensional,2维~266—268,322,325,326,326,327,331
three-dimensional,3维~323—326,326,327,331
zero-dimensional,0维~326,326 spin,自旋173
of black holes,黑洞的~321
of bosons,玻色子的~175,180,182
of elementary particles,基本粒子的~170—172,173,175,180,182,222
squarks,超夸克174
standard model of cosmology,宇宙学标准模型345—356
cosmic background radiation and,宇宙背景辐射和~348—349
horizon problem and,视界问题和~353—356,362
primordial nucleosynthesis in,~中的原初核合成346,349
string theory vs.,弦理论与~357
symmetry breaking in,~中的对称破缺350—352
standard model of particle physics,标准模型和粒子物理学123,198,381
elementary particles in,~中的基本粒子,见point particles
shortcomings of,~的缺点135,142—143
string theory vs.,弦理论与~135—136,139,143,147,152—165,224—225
supersymmetry and,超对称性和~174—175,181,222
stars,恒星3,4,5,32—33,54,290
apparent vs. actual position of,~的视位置与实际位置77
collapse of,~的坍缩13,339
formation of,~的形成13,347,365,367,369
strange quarks,奇异夸克8
string cosmology,弦宇宙学357—370
cosmological initial conditions and,宇宙学初始条件和~365—366
dimension in,~的维357,358—361,365
pre-big bang scenario in,~大爆炸前的图景362
standard model of cosmology vs.,宇宙学的标准模型与~357
T. O.E.and, T.O.E.(包罗万象的理论)和~364—370,385—386
string coupling constant,弦耦合常数294—297,300—306
BPS states and, BPS态和~303,304,316
size of,~的大小294—295
values of,~的值295—297,303306,308—312,309,315,317,318
strings:弦:
antistrings vs.,反弦与~359,360
approximated by point particles,点粒子近似的~307—308
brane mass vs. mass of,膜质量与~质量317
coherent state of,~的相干态377—378
composition of,~的组成141—142
dimensionality of,~的维165,310—311,309,311,324
interaction of,~的相互作用160—165,160,162,163,164,291—297,291,292,293
loops of,~圈292—294,293,381
probing sensitivity of,~探测灵敏度155—157,158,250—252
resonance patterns of,~的振动模式143—152,144,145,155,160,172,180—182,202—203,205—206,216—218,220—221,222,223,225,239—247,244,245,291—292,331,377—378
size of,~的大小14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,155—157,206,212,215,224,379,398
superpartners and,超伙伴和~173,175
tension of,~的张力148—152
unwrapped,未缠绕~238—239,238,249—250,359
vibrational motion of,~的振动240—246,244,245
world-sheet of,~的世界叶160,161—163,162,279—280,323
wrapped,缠绕的~,见wrapped strings Strings 1995 Conference,弦1995年会140
string theory,弦理论14
big crunch and,大收缩和~235—236,239,252—254,
black holes and,黑洞和~19,320—344
cosmology and,宇宙学和~,见string cosmology criticism of,~的批评211—213
current state,~的现状18—21
development of quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学的发展和~226
dimensions in,~的维6,18,184—210,216—221,236,248—249,254—262,263—282,307,308—312,323—333,378—379
distance measured in,~测量的距离294—254
duality in,~中的对偶性297—306,312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382
elementary particles in,~中的基本粒子14,14,15—16,18,135,136,137,138,139,141,142,145,146,147,151—152,175,180,182,216—221,220—222,223,255—256,257—258,280
equations of,~的方程285,295—97,318,319
experimentalists vs. theorists and,实验家与理论家和~213—215
experimental signatures in,~中的实验信号210—227,383—384
force particles and,力粒子和~16,142,150,218
future of,~的未来373—387
gravitational force and,引力和~158,163—164,165,210—211,218,307—312,314,320
history of,~的历史136—140
loops of string in,~中的圈,见strings
mathematics of,~的数学19,140, 202,203—204,218,参见quantum geometry
as merger of general relativity and quan-tum mechanics,融合广义相对论与量子力学的~4—5,6,14,18,136,138,152—165,181—182,201,218,221,226,227,266,333,344,357,379,383,387
musical metaphors for,~的音乐比喻15—16,135,146
and nature of spacetime,~和时空本性377—380
notion of distance in,~中的距离概念249—252
perturbation theory and,微扰论和~288—289,291—297,357
probability values in,~中的几率值202
and reformulation of quantum mechanics,~和量子力学的重建380—382
scale in,~中的尺度14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,151,155—157,164,205—206,208,212,215,217,225,232,235—236,248—249,252—254,291,306,358—359,379—380,387
and singularities,~和奇性343—344
spin in,~中的自旋172,173,175,180,182,222
standard model of cosmology vs.,宇宙学的标准模型与~357
standard model vs.,标准模型与~135—136,139,143,147,152—165,224—225
and strong force,~和强力137,138
strong-weak duality in,~中的强弱对偶性299—300,304—305,318
supersymmetry in,~中的超对称性,见superstring theory;supersymmetry as T.O.E.,作为T.O.E.的~15—17,142,146,147,183,363—364
topology-changing transitions and,拓扑改变变换和~266—282,322—333,360—361
参见M-theory;string cosmology;supers-tring theory
strong force,强力10—11,12,13,15,122,123,136—137,199,350,351
electromagnetic force and,电磁力和~175—176,198
quarks and,夸克和~10,13,125—126
string theory and,弦理论和~137,138
strong force symmetry,强力对称性~126
“sum over paths,”“路径求和”111
sun,太阳56,67
eclipses of,日食,见solar eclipses
gravitational influence of,~的引力影响68—70,70,71,72,72,73,75,289—290
Superconducting Supercollider,超导超级对撞机215
supergravity,超引力307—312,314
dimensions in,~的维307—312
strings approximated by point particles in,~中点粒子近似的弦307—308
superpartners:超伙伴:
mass of,~的质量179,222
supersymmetry and,超对称性和~173—174,175,178,181,221—222,384
superstring theory,超弦理论167,181—183
inception of,~之初181
versions of,~的形式182—183,284,286—287,286,287
参见M-theory;string theory
supersymmetric quantum field theories,超对称量子场论174—175,181,307
supersymmetric string theory,超对称弦理论,见superstring theory
supersymmetry,超对称性173—183,375
arguments for,~的讨论174—180
desired confirmation of,~需要的证明384
duality and,对偶性和~301—303,306,382
experimental signals of,~的实验信号221—222
and higher-dimensional supergravity,~和高维超引力200—201
and intrinsic force strengths,~和力的内禀强度178,179
resonance patterns and,共振模式和~180—181,182
standard model and,标准模型和~174—175,181,222
superpartners and,超伙伴和~173—174,175,178,181,221—222,384
symmetry,对称性168—170,173,301
and equivalence principle,~和等效原理169—170,374—375
gauge,规范~124—126,170,374,375
mirror,镜像~255—262,267,268—278,273,299
multiverse and,多重宇宙和~367 rotational,旋转~125—126,170,173参见supersymmetry
symmetry breaking,对称破缺122—123
early universe and,早期宇宙和350—352,358—360
tachyons,快子180—181,182
tau-neutrinos,τ子中微子8
taus,τ子8,9
temperature of black holes,黑洞的温度336,337—338
of cosmic background radiation,宇宙背景辐射的~353—356
theories, scientific:理论,科学的~:
aesthetics of,~的美学166—167
typical construction of,~的典型结构380—381
参见各具体理论
theory of everything(T. O.E):包罗万象的理论(T.O.E):
cosmological speculation and,宇宙学沉思和~364—370,385—386
and deviations from inevitability,~与不可避免性的差距283—285
string theory as,作为~的弦理论15—17,142,146,147,183,363—364
three-branes,3-膜324
in wrapped configuration,缠绕构形的~329—331,330
time:时间:
black holes and,黑洞和~80
as dimension,~维49—50,185,204—205
time, effect of motion on:时间,运动对~的影响:
human life expectancy and,人类寿命和~41—43
as measured by light clocks,光子钟测量的~37—41
muon life expectancy and,μ子寿命和~42
observers'differing perspectives and,观测者的不同视点和~24—25,26—27,34—37,40,41,43—46,47,50,58,60—61,63—64,65,66—67,74—75,125
time warping and,时间弯曲和~,见general theory of relativity;spacetime, warping of
time dilation,时间膨胀27
T. O.E.,见theory of everything
topology changing transitions,拓扑改变变换,见conifold transitions;flop transitions top quarks,顶夸克8,10,150
torus,环199—200,200
as Calabi-Yau space(shape),作为卡-丘空间(形态)的~216—218,216,255
and conifold transition,~和锥形变换326—327,327
trinary star systems,三星系统290
two-branes,2-膜324,324,330
Type I string theory,Ⅰ型弦理论182,284,286,287,304,305,306,313,314,405—406
Type IIA string theory, IIA型弦理论182,284,286,287,308,310—311,313,313,315—316,405—406
Type IIB string theory, IIB型弦理论182,284,286,287,305—306,308,313,313,405—406
ultimate theory,终极理论,见theory of everything
ultraviolet light,紫外光94
uncertainty principle,不确定性原理112—116,118—120,127,150,154,341
particle measurements in,~下的粒子测量113—114,115—116,118,154—155
unified field theory:统一场论;
Einstein and,爱因斯坦和~4—5,15,283
uniform vibration,均匀振动240,242—246
universe,宇宙3—5
critical density of,~的临界密度234—235
dimensions of,~的维,见dimensions expansion and contraction of,~的膨胀和收缩,见big bang;big crunch
limits of comprehensibility of,~的可理解极限384—386
microscopic properties of,~的微观性质,见scale, in quantum mechan-ics;scale, in string theory
multiverse and,多重宇宙和~366—370
originating as point,源于一点的~83 origin of,~的起源345—370
size of,~的大小248,252
stability of,~的稳定性168
strong force symmetry of,~的强力对称性126
timeline of,~的历史356
two-dimensional,2维的~,见Gar-den-hose universe
wormholes and U-shaped universe,虫洞和U形宇宙264—265,264
unwound strings,未缠绕弦,见unwrapped strings
unwrapped strings,未缠绕弦359
wrapped strings vs.,缠绕弦与~238—239,238,249—250
up-quarks,上夸克7,9,10,15
uranium,铀51
vibration number,振动数243
virtual string pairs,虚弦对291—294,292,293,381
water, waves of,水,~波99—100,100,109
wave amplitude,波幅89,90,90,144
of electromagnetic waves,电磁波的~89,89,90
wave functions,波函数,见probability waves
wavelength,波长89,90,144
of matter waves,物质波的~105
wave-particle duality,波粒二象性121
light and,光和~97—103
matter and,物质和~103—105,106 waves:波:
frequency,频率89,92—93,94—95,102,103,104
light,光~,见electromagnetic waves matter,物质~103—105,106
peaks and troughs of,~峰和~谷89,90,99—100,104,143,149
probability,几率~105—108,106,109,115,118,342
sound,声~90,90,93,143,145
of water,水~99—100,100,109
W boson, W玻色子174
参见weak gauge bosons
weak force,弱力10—11,12,15,199,374
in early universe,早期宇宙的~350—352
messenger particle of,~的信使粒子123—124
weak gauge bosons,弱规范玻色子11
spin of,~的自旋172
superpartners, of,~的超伙伴174
as weak force messenger particle,作为弱力信使粒子的~123—124
winding energy of strings,弦的缠绕能239—246
winding mode,缠绕模式237—239,238,252
winding number,缠绕数242
winos, W微子174
Witten, Edward,惠藤,E.19,140,165,183,203—204,207,210—211,213,215—217,224,256,270,324,364,374,379,382
and duality,~和对偶性298—306
and flop transitions in string theory,~和弦理论的翻转变换270,275—276,278—281
M-theory and, M理论和~309—312,319
productivity of,~的丰硕成果274
world-sheet,世界叶160,161—163,162
as protective barrier in spatial tears,作为空间破裂保护屏障的~279—280
wormholes,虫洞264—265,264
wound strings,缠绕弦,见wrapped strings wrapped strings,缠绕弦237,238,252
and dimensional expansion,~和维的展开359—360
energy of,~的能量239—247,244,245
and geometrical properties of wrapped di-mensions,~和卷缩维的几何性质237,239
mass of,~的质量238—239
unwrapped strings vs.,未缠绕弦与~238—239,238,249—250
X rays, X射线81,94
Z boson, Z玻色子174
参见weak gauge bosons
zero-branes,0-膜379
zinos, Z微子174
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