酿酒葡萄栽培适应性与气象因素图形分析

酿酒葡萄栽培适应性与气象因素图形分析

VITIS VINIFERA CULTIVATION ADAPTABILITY AND THE GRAPHICS ANALYSIS METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS

作者：刘昭暾　　导师：尹克林

西南大学　　果树学2011届硕士

摘　要

本试验研究的是酿酒葡萄的生态栽培与气象因素中更主要气候因子之间的关系，通过世界代表性栽培地区主要气象因素的数据整理，以图形分析的方法，研究酿酒葡萄在温度、降雨量、光照等方面气候条件的生态适应性。通过研究，结合生产实际，提出在非适宜地区种植酿酒葡萄的参考性建议。

本试验拟解决的关键问题或技术难点在于，气象数据是本选题的重要限制因子，因为客观条件所限，不可能把世界上每个国家或某个国家的每个地区的气象数据进行一一比较。

本试验预期达到的目标在于，通过图形分析，集中且直观地反映多地区酿酒葡萄需要的气候要素，从而给不适宜栽培酿酒葡萄的大面积地区的局部区域小环境栽植酿酒葡萄提供科学依据或气候调控建议。

试验对象以世界著名葡萄产区种植的欧洲葡萄（Vitis vinifera）为代表。欧洲葡萄为原产于干燥地区或夏干地带树种，较喜高温、干燥气候，适应较低空气湿度，如意大利、法国、土耳其等国家普遍栽培，在我国适于西北、华北及东北地区栽培，如新疆、河北、山东、甘肃等地为主要产区；其最适宜生产区为地中海气候区。

根据中央气象台《世界气温和降水资料》（1951～1980）、中国气象科学数据共享服务网（http://cdc.cma.gov.cn）、英国BBC网络世界城市气象数据（http://new.bbc.co.uk/weather）和其他专业书籍等提供的现有研究成果和气象资料，得出酿酒葡萄生产中需要的历年累计温度、光照、降雨等主要生态条件。

根据世界酿酒葡萄的主要分布，试验选择5种较为典型的酿酒葡萄栽培气候区域及其20余个具体酿酒葡萄栽培地区进行相关比较，主要了解其葡萄栽培状况和相应气象特点。

欧洲葡萄的生长以绝对最低温度大于－10℃为宜，否则可能产生冻害。温度方面主要比较试验所涉及的集中气候下的温度调节是否达到欧洲葡萄临界冻害温度线（－15℃）（欧洲葡萄的抗寒力－16℃～－18℃，《中国农业百科全书》1993年）和埋土防寒参考线(0℃),是否需要特别措施加强管理。

欧洲葡萄喜光，对光照要求较高。光照方面，主要比较试验所涉及的集中气候下的光照条件，是否达到欧洲葡萄最为适应的年日照1500h～2000h以上。

欧洲葡萄耐旱，喜干燥气候，抗湿力弱。欧洲葡萄所需要的降水调节以年降雨量1000mm下、月均降雨量低于120mm为最佳，年均相对湿度以低于50%为最宜。这里比较试验所涉及的几种气候下的降雨量与湿度在欧洲葡萄栽培方面的适应度。

据我校图书馆维普数据，1989～2007年的期刊中，均没有关于重庆栽植酿酒葡萄的相关论文资料，本选题将通过详细的数据分析，最后提出关于重庆地区引种酿酒葡萄的建议，从而对重庆地区葡萄的扩大提供一些新的思路，并将在一定程度上填补期刊数据库的有关资料空白。

本选题详细的数据分析主要采用图形分析法，利用计算机作图软件包，以温度、降雨量、光照等几种主要气候影响因子进行作图，用计算机软件功能实现各地区气候数据自动成图，对曲线图形（或曲线）变化所引起的酿酒葡萄品质变化作对比分析，然后形成相应结论。

对5种主要气候类型和23个葡萄栽培地区气象要素的计算机气候图形分析以及葡萄栽培调查表明，温度和光照并不是我国酿酒葡萄栽培的限制性因子，而6～9月的降雨量则是影响酿酒葡萄栽培与酿酒酒质的重要因素。我国最适宜欧洲葡萄栽培的地区是西北地区的沙漠性气候，在北方地区，酿酒葡萄的生态适应性则与夏季降雨量密不可分。可以断定，长江以南地区，夏季降雨量大，雨水集中，通常环境下不适宜欧洲酿酒葡萄的栽培。

在欧洲葡萄适宜地区外引种栽培，在气候条件的调控上会增加生产成本，在高温多湿的重庆地区栽培便是如此。如以重庆北碚栽培为例，北碚在5～9月的降雨量均大于120mm，年降雨量大于1000mm，而日照数为远低于2000h的1247h，这样，根据葡萄的生长特点，会出现病虫容易滋生、果实着色程度不良、果品质量较差等诸多现实问题。若要在渝栽培，至少需要在如下方面克服困难：

需要栽培抗高温、抗高湿的品种，如欧美杂种。

需要采用避雨保护措施栽培。可减少或避免病虫滋生，减少或免除喷施农药，促进无公害酿酒葡萄的生产，有利于提高酒质。

考虑减少N肥施用量。N肥遇水，易促使新梢猛长，适当少施N肥既能防止病虫滋生或加剧，也能避免枝叶徒长，同时会更利于幼果生长，从而增进成熟果实品质，提升酒质。

考虑适当选择“小气候”地方栽植。（如在四川西昌、攀枝花等干热河谷地带引种栽植）

关键词　葡萄　适应性　生态区　气候　图形分析

Abstract

This research focuses on studying how climatic factors affect wine grapes ecological cultivation,and also provides practical suggestions of cultivating wine grapes in non-suitable regions,based on statistics analysis of the main meteorological factors,including temperature,rainfall,the amount of light and other ecological adaptability of climatic conditions in those main planting areas.

In this study,the key issues to be solved or technical difficulty is that meteorological data is an important limiting factor. It is not possible to collect and compare regional meteorological data from every country in the world or different places in one country.

The study is provide realistic recommendations or climate control advice on growing wine grapes in those non-suitable regions in a small scale,based on scientific data that directly reflects the climate elements needs of wine grape.

The study uses the world-famous grape,the European grape(Vitis vinifera) grown in many European regions. It originates from dry areas,growing comfortably in hot and dry climate,adaptable to lower humidity. Italy,France,Turkey and other European countries cultivate a lot. In China,it grows well in the Northwest,North and Northeast China,such as Xinjiang,Hebei,Shandong,Gansu and etc. It favors Mediterranean Sea climate zone.

Necessary temperature,light,rainfall and other key ecological factors data are acquired from Central Meteorological Station World Temperature and Precipitation Data (1951-1980),China’s meteorological science data sharing network (http://cdc.cma.gov.cn),BBC network world cities meteorological data(http://news.bbc.co. uk/weather) ,and other reliable and available data resources.

According to the world map of growing wine grapes ,the study compares four kinds of relatively typical grape cultivation climate area and more than 20 concrete of grape cultivation areas,mainly understanding its related comparison grape cultivation status and corresponding meteorological characteristics.

It is advisable that the absolute minimum temperature for growing of European grapes is higher than -10℃,otherwise it might produce the cold. Temperature is mainly involved comparison experiments of several climates to meet European grapes whether temperature condition critical cold temperature line (0℃),whether to need special measures to strengthen management.

European grapes favor light-sufficient climate. In this study,all the four kinds of grapes,from several climates are compared whether they attain illumination condition in 1500 hours to 2000 hour or above.

European grapes resist drought and dry climate well,but not humid climate. European grape need less than 1000mm annual rainfall precipitation conditions,standard for best,and 120mm per month. And humidity level is below 50 percent annually. This is to compare those four grapes from several climate on humidity level.

According to Southwest University Library data ,1989-2007 periodicals,they are not any about Chongqing relevant materials. This paper will be able to give helping Chongqing expand the growth and production. In the meantime ,to a certain extent,this study will also fill in the blank of relevant information in the periodical database.

This paper’s data analysis mainly is completed through graphic software program with temperatures,rainfall,and light as the climate impact factors. Each function realizes automatic mapping climate data for curve graphics so as to compare the grape quality change,and then form a corresponding conclusion.

Based on the analysis,including five kinds of main climate types and 23 viticulture area meteorological elements,the computer climate graphics analysis and grape cultivation survey indicates that the temperature and light and not liquor-making grape cultivation of restrictive factor,but rainfall is with wine grape cultivation effect of liquor quality factor from June to September .The most suitable grape cultivation region for European wine grapes is our country’s Desert climate,which refers to the northwest China. And as well there is a close correlation between the ecological adaptability and the Summer rainfall. Consequently ,south areas of the Yangtze,the Summer rainfall is usually not suitable for European wine grape cultivation.

For other non-suitable regions,it would be extremely costly to introduce the wine grapes,like in Chongqing. Take Beibei region for example,from May to September,Beibei’s rainfall is over 1200mm on average ,but illumination hours are just 1247,way below the optimum 2000 hours. Those climate conditions can cause many problems like parasites,the fruit color degree adverse,poor quality fruit. If it should be done in Chongqing,the following would be the prerequisites:

Cultivate new breeds like European hybrid which can resist high temperature and high humidity.

Adopt measures to protect shelter from the cultivation so as to reduce or avoid pests. Reduce or exempt pesticides in order to promote organic wine grape production to improve the wine quality.

Consider reducing N fertilizer. N fertilizer easily prompts new shoots with water. By doing that,it can not only prevent pest and aggravation,also avoid moderate growth. It will also be beneficial to the young fruit growth,leading to better ripe fruit quality and the wine quality.

Consider the appropriate “microclimate ”places to plant wine grapes. (such as in Sichuan Xichang,Pan Zhihua etc valley areas that are really dry and hot)

Key words　Grape　Adaptability　Ecological zone　Climate　Graphic analysis