17.中国宁夏的能源开发
宁夏回族自治区地处中国西北内陆，是中国五个少数民族自治区之一。全自治区面积6.64万平方公里，共有人口595万，其中回族人口占35%。2005年国内生产总值（GDP）605亿元人民币（约75亿美元），人均1200美元，在中国属于属于欠发达省区。
一、宁夏的能源资源
宁夏境内能源资源丰富，品质优良，可利用的有煤炭、石油、天然气、煤层气、水能、风能、光能等。这些资源为宁夏建设能源基地提供了强有力的保证。
（一）煤炭资源
宁夏煤炭资源丰富，已探明储量315.2亿吨，居全国第6位。其中，宁夏东部灵武矿已探明储量273亿吨，占宁夏储量的88.6%。预测煤炭远景储量达2027亿吨。
（二）水电资源
宁夏水能资源理论蕴藏量为195.5万千瓦。其中，黄河干流为192.97万千瓦，约占总量的98.1%；各支流2.55万千瓦，仅占总量的1.3%。宁夏可能开发的水力资源站点共12处，总装机容量可达197.4万千瓦；保证发电75.2万千瓦小时，年发电量为80.4亿千瓦小时。装机容量大于1万千瓦的有3处，均分布在黄河干流上，即大柳树、沙坡头和青铜峡。其中，规划中的大柳树水利枢纽工程，设计库容为110亿立方米，装机容量在200万千瓦，年发电量达78亿千瓦小时。
宁夏已建成大中型火力发电厂4座、水力发电厂1座（青铜峡电厂），装机容量228万千瓦，人均发电量居全国第2位。利用丰富的煤炭、水力资源，最终将形成1000万千瓦小时的发电规模。
（三）石油天然气资源
宁夏石油、天然气潜在储量大，可勘探价值高，目前已投入开发的油田有6个。银川盆地石油天然气资源调查展示前景良好，银川市距陕甘宁盆地油气田(长庆油气田已探明储量达7000多亿立方米，是世界级大气田)100公里，发展石油天然气化工，具有潜在的优势。
（四）光、热能资源
宁夏年太阳总辐射量为4936兆～6119兆焦，由南向北，平均每10公里太阳总辐射量递减50兆焦/平方米。宁夏年日照时数为2194.9～3082.2小时，日照百分率50%～69%，由北向南递减。中、北部太阳辐射总量586.15～607.09千焦/平方厘米·年，年日照时数3000小时左右，≥10℃积温3200℃～3500℃，平均无霜期150～195天。太阳能开发利用潜力大。
（五）风能资源
宁夏风能资源较为丰富，年平均风速一般为每秒2～3米，吴忠市、固原市北部为每秒3米左右，贺兰山、六盘山年平均风速每秒高达7.3米和6.5米，宁夏的风能资源理论蕴藏量为640亿千瓦小时。目前已建成贺兰山风电场，装机容量2.04万千瓦小时。近期规划为15万千瓦小时，最终规划为50万千瓦小时。
二、以煤炭资源开发为重点的新能源计划
中国是世界上最大的煤炭生产和消费国，也是当今世界上一次性能源消耗以煤炭为主的国家，在一次性能源生产和消费中占65%以上。随着中国经济持续快速增长，能源安全与保证是中国经济可持续发展的重要条件和必要前提。在中国能源需求增长中，石油的需求增长最快，目前中国石油消费量仅次于美国，居世界第二位。
在宁夏诸多能源资源中，煤炭资源最丰富，实施以煤炭间接液化为重点的新能源开发计划，将为宁夏的经济社会发展带来新的机遇，同时还将成为中国新的能源基地之一。
（一）宁夏东部（简称“宁东”）能源化工基地简介
宁夏宁东能源化工基地所在的宁东煤田，位于宁夏灵武市，含煤面积3500平方公里，已探明储量273亿吨，占全区煤炭储量的87.6%。主要煤种为不粘结煤和长焰煤，是优良的液化、气化用煤。宁东煤田临近黄河干流，煤水地域上的结合，为发展煤、电和能源化工及相关产业奠定了基础。宁夏政府把宁东能源化工基地建设作为“1号工程”，2004年宁东能源化工基地列入国家13个年产亿吨特大型煤炭基地。
初步测算，宁夏的煤炭生产能力在2010年将达到8000万吨。到2020年宁东能源化工基地规划项目建成后，年产原煤达到13000万吨，将新增工业增加值297.6亿元人民币（约30亿欧元），并带动其他产业，形成产值880亿元人民币（约88亿欧元）；将建设9座总装机容量为2640万千瓦小时的大型坑口火力发电厂，发电总量达到70亿千瓦小时；煤炭间接液化达到897.3万吨/年生产规模，建成年产52万吨煤基烯烃（MTP）。
（二）宁东能源化工基地主要建设项目
1.煤炭间接液化
是宁东能源化工基地重点规划建设的项目，项目规划规模800万吨/年。其中一期建设规模300万吨/年，主要产品为液化石油气（LPG）、丙烯、石脑油、柴油、石蜡等。项目总投资约300亿人民币（约30亿欧元）。
2.煤基二甲醚
可以代替LPG，也可以作柴油的代用品。规模21万吨/年。项目投资约6亿人民币（约6000万欧元）。
3.煤基烯烃聚合物
该项目先生产低成本的甲醇（5000吨/日），再根据市场需求生产丙烯及其下游产品。建成规模为年产52万吨丙烯、14.3万吨汽油、6.9万吨LPG、1.6万吨硫磺。项目总投资106.8亿人民币（10.7亿欧元）。
4.煤基甲醇
年产美国AA级精甲醇25万吨。项目总投资13亿人民币（约1.3亿欧元）。此外，还有媒质活性炭、煤矸石发电、灰渣利用等项目。
（三）国际合作
2006年7月11日，神华宁夏煤业集团与荷兰壳牌（Shell）中国集团公司在银川签署联合研究协议，双方将采用壳牌的煤炭间接液化技术，共同在宁夏开发煤炭间接液化项目，该项目投资约60亿美元。还将在宁东煤炭基地共同研究建设一座日产油品及化工品7万桶的煤炭间接液化工厂，解决技术和商业可行性问题。
不久前，神华宁夏煤业集团与南非的萨索尔（SASOL）公司签订了类似的协议，计划日产量为8万桶。壳牌将要参与的项目与南非萨索尔公司的煤炭间接液化项目规模相当，两者都是宁东煤化工基地的重点建设项目。
三、宁夏能源开发中的商业机会
宁夏宁东能源化工基地建设是一个投资超1000亿元人民币（超过100亿欧元）的大型建设项目，涉及多种工艺和技术，产业链条较长，是一个大的系统工程。同时，在基地建设和项目运行过程中，将长期面临着废弃物（废渣、废气和废水）的处理与利用，以及有效保护环境的问题。因此，宁夏宁东能源化工基地的建设，既需要国际集团的参股投资，也需要引进人才和技术，更需要开展国际合作。合作研发新的技术和工艺和产品。可为有战略眼光的能人志士提供较大的商业机会和发展机会。
〔2006年“阿尔巴赫（Allpbach）欧洲论坛”交流文章。2006-08-24，奥地利· Allpbach〕附本文英语版
European Forum Allpbach, Aug.24 -26,2006.
The Development of Energy Resources in Ningxia，China
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, which is one of the five minority autonomous regions, lies in the northwestern inland of China.The whole region extends66，400 square kilometers with a population of5.95 million，of which35%is Hui people.In2005，the regional GDP totaled60.5 billion Yuan（approximately US $7.5 billion).The average per capita is US $1,200.It is at a comparatively lower level nation wide.
Ⅰ.The Energy Resources In Ningxia
In Ningxia the energy resources are abundant and of sound quality.There are coal, petroleum, natural gas, coalbed gas, water resources, wind resources and light energy available for utilization.These resources ensure the construction of energy resources base in Ningxia.
1.Coal resources
Ningxia is affluent in coal, the proved reserves of which is31.52 billion tons, ranking the sixth in the country.The Lingwu coal mine holds proved reserves of27.3 billion tons, occupying88.6%of the total reserve volume in the whole region.The prospective reserves of coal in Ningxia are predicted to be202.7 billion tons.
2.Hydroelectric energy
In Ningxia, the theoretical hydro energy resources potential is1.96 million kilowatt, among which the Yellow River has a potential of1.93 million kilowatt, about98.1%of the total.Other tributaries hold25,500 kw, just1.3%of the gross amount.Ningxia has12 sites of exploitable water power resources.The total installed capacity reaches1.974 million kw, and the firm output is752,000 kw.The annual generation is8.04 billion kilowatt hour.There three sites, Big Willow, Shapotou, and Bronze Gorge, with an installed capacity larger than10,000 kilowatt hours distributing on the trunk stream of Yellow River.The Big Willow watercontrol project, which is still under programming, is designed to have a storage capacity of11 billion cubic meters, an installed capacity of20 million kilowatt and an annual generation of7.8 billion kilowatt hours.
Ningxia has already four large -and -medium sized thermoelectric power stations, and one water power plant.The gross installed capacity is22.8 million kilowatt, the average energy output per capita ranging the second in the country.With the abundant coal and water resources, a100 -million -kilowatt scale of energy generation will finally be formed.
3.Petroleum and natural gas resources
In Ningxia, petroleum and natural gas have large potential reserves and high exploitable value.Currently six oil fields have been under development.The resources survey and investigation have shown that Yinchuan Basin has a promising future in petroleum and natural gas exploitation.Changqing oil-gas field, whose known deposits reaching over700 billion m3, is among the world-class oilgas fields.The city of Yinchuan is100 kilometers away to the Shan-Gan-Ning oilgas field, and has a potential advantage in developing petroleum and natural gas chemical industry.
4.Light and heat resources
The annual quantity of solar radiation in Ningxia totals4，936 to6，119 MJ.From south to north, the quantity of solar radiation decreases every10 kilometers at a rate of50 mj/m2.The sunshine duration in Ningxia amount to2，194.9 to3，082.2 hours annually and the percentage of sunshine is50%to69%, decreasing progressively from north to south.In the central and northern parts, the quantity of solar radiation is140 to145 kcal./y/sq.cm and annual sunshine duration are around3，000 hours.The accumulated temperature of above10℃is3，200 to3，500℃and the average frost-free period is150 to195 days.The development and exploitation of solar energy hold a large potential.
5.Wind resources
Ningxia is comparatively rich in wind resources and the annual average wind velocity is2 to3 m/s.In the north of the city of Wuzhong and Guyuan, it is around3 m/s.The average wind velocity annually in Helan Mountain and Liupan Mountain reaches7.3 m/s and6.5 m/s.In Ningxia the theoretical potential of wind resources is64 billion kilowatt hour.The newly built Helan Mountain wind electric power plant currently has an installed capacity of20,400 kilowatt hours.The planning capacity in the near future is150,000 kilowatt and the final planning is500,000 kilowatt.
Ⅱ.New Energy Resources Plan Emphasizing In The Development Of Coal Resources
China is the largest coal producing and consuming country in the world.Its primary energy resources consumption mainly depends on coal, which accounts over65%in the production and consumption of primary energy resources .With the constant and rapid development of Chinese economy, energy security and guaranteearethecrucialconditionandprerequisiteforthesustainable development of Chinese economy.Among the energy needs growth of China, the demand for petroleum grows the fastest.At present the petroleum consumption amount of China ranges the second in the world.
Ningxia is richest in coal among various energy resources.The implementation of new energy exploitation plan, which emphasizes on the indirect liquefaction of coal, will bring new opportunities for Ningxia’ s economic and social development.Meanwhile, Ningxia will become one of the new energy bases in China.
1.Introduction of energy resources and chemical industry base in the east of Ningxia（Ningdong）
Ningdong coal field, in which the Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base is located, lies in the city of Lingwu, Ningxia.The coal-containing area extends3，500 sq.km, with a proved reserve of27.3 billion tons, accounting for87.6%of the total reserves in the whole region.The main productions are noncaking coal and candle coal, which are excellent for liquefaction and gasification.Ningdong coal field lies near to the trunk stream of the Yellow River.The combination of rich coal resources and water resources provide a good foundation for the development of coal, electricity, energy chemical industry and related industries.The local government has taken the construction of energy resources and chemical industry base in the east of Ningxia as the“No.1 Project”.In2004, the base was listed into the13 national coal bases with an annual production of over100 million tons.
It is primarily estimated that the production capacity of coal in Ningxia will reach to80 million tons till2010.Till the year of2020，after the programs of Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base finished, the annual production of raw coal will amount to1.3 billion tons.It can bring new industrial added value of29.76 billion Yuan（approximately3 billion Euro）and drive other industries to create production value of88 billion Yuan（about8.8 billion Euro）.Nine mine-mouth thermal power plants with an installed capacity of26.4 million kilowatt will be built, the electricity generation totaling7 billion kilowatt hours.The indirect liquefaction of coal will have a production scale of8,973,000 tons annually, with an annual production of520，000 tons of coal-base-alkene .
2.the main constructing programs of the Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base
2.1 The indirect liquefaction of coal is the key planning program of the Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base, with a project scale of8 million tons per year, among which the primary constructing scale is3 million tons annually.The principal products are liquefied petroleum gas, propylene, naphtha, diesel oil, paraffin, etc.The total investment for the project is around30 billion Yuan（3 billion Euro）.
2.2 Coal dimethyl ether（CDE）can take place of LPG，and it also can be a diesel oil substitute.The planning scale is210，000 tons annually.The project investment approximately totals600 million Yuan（60 million Euro）.
2.3 Coal olefinic polymer This project produces low-cost methanol at a rate of5，000 tons per day and then produces propylene and other down reaches products in the later stage according to the market demands.The project construction will achieve an annual output of520,000-ton propylene,1430,000-ton petrol,69,000-ton LPG and16,000-ton sulfur.The investment overall is10.68 billion Yuan（1.07 billion Euro）.
2.4Coal methanol The annual output of pure methanol of AA grade is250,000 tons.The gross project investment is1.3 billion Yuan（130 million Euro）.
In addition, there are also projects on medium active carbon, coal slack for electricity generation and the utilization of clinker, etc.
3.International Cooperation
On July11th,2006, Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group signed with SHELL an a collaborative research agreement.Adopting SHELL’ s technique on indirect liquefaction of coal, both parties will together develop the project of coal indirect liquefaction.The investment for this project approximates6 billion US dollars.Besides, a coal indirect liquefaction plant, which can manufacture daily70，000 buckets of oil products and chemical industrial products, will be investigated and set up at the Ningdong coal base to solve the technical and commercial feasibility.
Recently, Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group also signed a similar agreement with THE SASOL in South African in which a planning daily output of80，000 buckets will be achieved.The program which the SHELL will participate in has a similar scale with the SASOL’ s coal indirect liquefaction program.Both are key constructing projects of the Ningdong coal and chemical industry base.
Ⅲ.The Commercial Opportunities In The Exploitation Of Energy Resources In Ningxia
The construction of Ningxia Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base, which demands an investment of over100 billion Yuan（10 billion Euro），is a large -scale project.Being a big systematic project, it involves various technologies and has a comparatively long industry chain.Meanwhile, during the base construction and the operation of the programs, in quite long a period, the problems of wastes（waste residues, gas and water）processing and utilization will have to be tackled with, and also the problems of efficient environmental protection.Therefore, the construction of Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base needs the shares and investment from international groups, needs the introduction of talents and technologies, needs international cooperation to develop new techniques.It will provides promising opportunities of commerce and development to brilliant and capable persons.
Reference
[1] Cao Zhifen, The research of energy safe in China, Social Science in Ningxia, P.39
[2] Li Wenqing, The research of the resources comprehensive utilization in Ningdong energy resources and chemical industry base, China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, P.8
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