1882年,查尔斯·梅特卡夫·麦格雷戈阁下参观了瓜达尔,沿着海岸线一带而行。他称瓜达尔适合建立现代港口,因为当时资源匮乏,没有市场可行性,因此他的提议被搁置起来。[48]1971年,印巴战争结束后,在马坎兰沿海(瓜达尔是优先选择)建立港口的议案提交给了巴基斯坦政府。[49]据卡塔克(T.M.Khattak)所言[50],1974年,巴基斯坦总统佐勒非卡尔·阿里·布托提议美国政府在瓜达尔修建港口,作为美国的军事基地。然而,美国政府拒绝了巴基斯坦的决议,因为当时他们在伊朗已经拥有了恰巴哈港口,并且当时的伊朗国王对美国比较友好。几十年来,沿海城镇瓜达尔备受政府冷落,几乎很难取得发展。1988年,一家比利时公司签署合同,决定在瓜达尔修建一家小型的“渔业港口”,计划在1992年12月完工。1991年,巴基斯坦政府正式提出在瓜达尔建立深水港的设想,第一笔工程计划投资100亿卢比。1994年6月,国家经济执行委员会通过了此项决议。[51]1995年12月,巴基斯坦政府命令卡拉奇港口信托公司资助瓜达尔的建设发展,注入资金10亿卢比。1996年2月,政府投入20亿卢比建设瓜达尔深水港。1996年12月,43家公司提交了瓜达尔港一期工程建设意向书。[52]2002年3月,中巴签署协议,根据协议,中国港口工程公司注资2.48亿美元建设瓜达尔港一期工程。在这2.48亿美元中,巴基斯坦注资只有5 000万美元,剩余建设资金由中国政府承担。2003年10月,瓜达尔发展局成立。[53]2004年,工程规模进一步扩大,其中包括设计和疏通航道,额外花费总计3980万美元(巴基斯坦花费1754万美元,中国花费2226万美元)。[54]
2005年12月,第一阶段工程竣工,总计投资2.878亿美元(折合172.680亿卢比),工程项目如下:
3个总长为602米的泊位
4.5千米长的进港航道
挖掘外部港口深度15.5米,挖掘内港深度12.5米
船舶转头区直径450米
1×100米的服务码头
相关港口基础设施、港口操作设备、试点拖船、拖船、调查船等
除此之外,中国政府追加2亿美元,用于建设连接瓜达尔港和卡拉奇的马坎兰沿海高速公路。第一阶段工程完工后,瓜达尔港能够容纳50 000吨级的散装货轮、25 000吨的集装箱货轮。
第二阶段将额外建设7个300米长的泊位和2个石油码头。届时,瓜达尔港将会修建全新设施,容纳载重量200 000吨的油轮、100 000吨的散装货轮、100 000吨的普通货轮和吃水深度达15.6~20米的第四代集装箱轮船。第二阶段估计投入资金9.32亿美元,将以BOT/BOO模式进行建设。[55]其目标是将瓜达尔打造成现代商业码头。(政府似乎已经出台计划,开始建设瓜达尔的二期工程,瓜达尔港将根据不断增长的现实需要进行扩建,打造现代化港口。)
2006年,巴基斯坦政府邀请经验丰富的港口运营商来运营瓜达尔港。6家公司提交了标书,其中包括迪拜世界港口、香港哈金森、新加坡国际港务集团、2家沙特阿拉伯公司和1家巴基斯坦公司。1家对瓜达尔港感兴趣的中国公司退出了正式竞标。最终,新加坡国际港务集团中标,获得了瓜达尔港的运营权。2007年2月5日,瓜达尔港务局与新加坡国际港务集团下属子公司——“专用汽车”公司签署协议。[56]然而,该公司并没有按照之前的设想去发展瓜达尔港,2013年2月18日,该公司将瓜达尔港的运营权转让给了一家中国国有企业——中国海外港口控股集团,双方签署备忘录,以后该集团将负责瓜达尔港的运营。[57]
巴基斯坦政府相信,瓜达尔港将会成长为地区性中心,它在未来不仅能够满足不断增长的国内需求,还能够处理整个地区的货物。中心港口通常被定义为大量货物处理的集散中心。有关实证研究表明,贸易与经济增长呈正关系。从战略层面而言,瓜达尔港位于中东和中亚自然资源交汇的十字路口,该地区拥有亚洲三分之一的人口,消费市场巨大,拥有前往中国西部省份最近的距离。当前世界贸易有超过70%的份额通过集装箱完成,瓜达尔港装备有世界先进的货物处理设备,能够满足不断增长的世界贸易的需要。随着中国和印度经济的快速发展、巴基斯坦经济稳定性的增强、中亚各国市场的不断开放、该区域人口的指数仍增长等利好因素,都会促使瓜达尔在未来世界贸易中发挥更重要的作用。保守来看,未来瓜达尔将会成为区域中心港口,也承运输更多的世界贸易份额。[58]
【注释】
[1]Planning&Development Department,Government of Baluchistan,Gwadar:ADistrict Profile(Quetta:Quetta Printing Press,July 1997).
[2]The Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran)(Quetta:Gosha-e-Adab,1906),34.
[3]Tahir Mehdi et al.,South Asia Partnership-Pakistan,Profile of District Gwadar with Focus on Livelihood(Lahore:Visionaries Division,December 2009).
[4]Lord Curzon,1892 quoted in The Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran),Preface.
[5]Tahir Mehdi et al.,Profile of District Gwadar.
[6]The Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran),40.
[7]According to Vincent Smith,The Early History of India(New Delhi:Atlantic,1999)Oreitaimay be the predecessors of present day Lumri tribes of Las Bela,who claim Rajput descent.While a sub clan of Lum ri called the Gadursmay represent Gedrosoi.
[8]A detailed account of the Alexander’s passage through Makran is given in the Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran)pp 34-41 aswell as in Baluchistan Through the A-ges,Vol.Ⅰpp 570-577.Subsequent few paragraphs aremostly taken from these two books and formost part reproduced in the same language to convey the picture accurately.
[9]Vincent Smith,in The Early History of India has given a detailed account of Alexander’s expedition and the defeat of Seleukus Nikator.
[10]Ibid.,43.
[11]Vincent Smith,in The Early History of India has given a detailed account of Alexander’s expedition and the defeat of Seleukus Nikator,61.
[12]Tahir Mehdi et al.,Profile of District Gwadar.
[13]Marco Polo,The Travels of Marco Polo.2,available at http://www.hotfreebooks.com/book/The-Travels-of-Marco-Polo-Volume-2-Marco-Polo-and-Rustichello-of-Pisa--20.html,accessed on October 3,2012.
[14]Sidi Ali Reis,Miratul Mumalik(1557 CE),(The Mirror of Countries),Medieval Sourcebook,available at halsall@murray.fordham.edu,accessed on October 28,2012.
[15]“Gwadar Historical Background”,http://www.skyscrapercity.com/archive/index.php/t-360436.html,accessed on June 27,2013;and Tahir Mehdi,Profile of District Gwadar.
[16]Tahir Mehdi et al.,Profile of District Gwadar;Gwadar profile 1997;The Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran),46.Most of the documents agree on this date,however,AGazetteer of Baluchistan,(Haryana:Vipin Jain for Vintage Books,1989)originally published by the Superintendent of Government Printing Calcutta(1908)gives the year to be 1651.
[17]Tahir Mehdiet al.,Profile of District Gwadar;Also see The Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran),50.
[18]Varahamihira(505-587 CE)was an Indianastronomer,mathematician,and astrologer.His encyclopedic book Brihat Sanhita coverswide ranging subjects of human interest,including astrology,planetary movements,eclipses,rainfall,clouds,architecture,growth of crops,manufacture of perfume,matrimony,domestic relations,gems,pearls,and rituals.It contains106 chapters and is known as the“great compilation”.
[19]Muscat claimed that the city was transferred permanently by the Khans of Kalat,a claim supported by Lord Curzon-who asserts that the placewasmade over by the Khans of Kalat as a free gift to the Sultans-but denounced by the natives of Gwadar and the Khans themselves.See The Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran)and Gwadar District Profile 1997.The declassified documents of British India also indicate that the area was not permanently gifted to the Sultan.
[20]Mir Naseer Khan expired in 1794 while Saiad Sultan was killed a few years later in 1804.
[21]The Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran),280.
[22]Major C.B.Leech was the British Political Agent in GhilzaiRegion of Afghanistan.
[23]Gwadar District Profile 1997.
[24]His Majesty’s Government India Office Declassified Records,National Data Centre,Cabinet Division,Islamabad,accessed during October/November,2012.
[25]His Majesty’s Government India Office Declassified Records,National Data Centre,Cabinet Division,Islamabad,accessed during October/November,2002,167.
[26]Ibid.,137.
[27]AGazetteer of Baluchistan,187.
[28]The Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran),226-8.
[29]Ibid,56.Lord Curzon was the British Viceroy of India from 1898 to 1905.
[30]Ibid.,186-7.
[31]The Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran),284.
[32]“Gwadar Historical Background”.
[33]The Gazetteer of Baluchistan(Makran),op.cit.,285.
[34]Henry Green,Gwadar(Calcutta:Superintendent Printing Press,1880),1-5.
[35]Declassified Records.
[36]The war lasted from 1939 to 1945 during which the British lost its primacy as the world’s super power.After the war the British realized that the cost ofmaintaining colonial rule is too high and agreed to grant independence to the sub-continent.Thus the oil exploration could notmaterialize.
[37]M.W.Low of British Air Ministry at London to P.A.K.Harrison,India Office,London,March 4,1947,in Declassified Records.
[38]Itmay be noted that the partition of the sub-continent into Pakistan and India was announced on June 3,1947 hence these documents still refer to united India and not Pakistan.
[39]Tahir Wasim et al.,Gwadar-20 Years From Now,Group Research Paper(Islamabad:National Defence University,2007),1.
[40]B.A.B.Burrows of British Foreign Office to Lt.Col.A.C.Galloway,Political Resident in the Persian Gulf,Bahrain,August 26,1948 in Declassified Records.
[41]Harrison to Low,February 19,1947,in Declassified Records.
[42]Akram Zaki,former Secretary General Foreign Affairs,in discussion with the author,Islamabad,April25,2013.
[43]Declassified Records,and“Gwadar Historical Background”.
[44]For details see Usman M.Khan,“Tribal Politics in Balochistan 1947-90”,PhD Dissert.(Karachi:University of Karachi,1997)and Pakistan Navy Operations Order No.DN/1100,September 5,1958.
[45]Fazal-e-Maqbool Afridi,“Gwadar As Future Economic Hub”in Azhar Ahmad et.al.,eds.Balochistan:Rationalisation of Centre-Province Relations(Islamabad:Islamabad Policy Research Institute,2010),42.
[46]Small&Medium Enterprise Development Authority(SMEDA),Gwadar:District Profile,available at the official website of SMEDA,http://www.smeda,org.pk,accessed on July 13,2012.
[47]Tahir Mehdi et al.,Profile of District Gwadar.According to last census in 1998,the population was 185,498.
[48]Jason R.Murtha,The Strategic Importance of Balochistan,Master’s Thesis(Monterey:Naval Post-Graduate School,2011),8.Major-General Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor(1840-1887)was an Anglo-Indianexplorer,geographer and officer of the Royal British Indian Army.
[49]U.S.Department of Statememorandum s/s-7323703 6722 dated December 20,1973 qouted in Ammad Hussain,Pakistan’s Gwadar Port-Prospects of Economic Revival,Master’s thesis(Monterey:Naval Post Graduate School,2004),3.
[50]The News(Islamabad),April3,2013.Khattak is a retired Vice Admiral and former Vice Chief of the Naval Staff.
[51]Durrani,e-mailmessage.
[52]Reema Kazmi,“Port Gwadar:Turning Dreams into Reality”,IBEX,(January,2009),12-17.
[53]Yasmeen Gul,“Converting the Dream into Reality”,The Gwadar News(July-August,2007),27.
[54]Durrani,e-mailmessage.Also Chairman GPA presentation to Maritime Industry Task Force,February 20,2009.
[55]Data received from GPA December 2012.Also see Raffat Zaheer,“The Dream of a$1bn Boom Town”,The Gwadar News(July-August,2007),32.
[56]Raffat Zaheer,“Development and Operations of the Gwadar Port”,The Gwadar News(July-August,2007),18.
[57]News International,February 19,2013.
[58]Ammad Hussain,“Pakistan’s Gwadar Port”,11.
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