乳腺癌一旦发生转移将是不可治愈的,治疗目的是减轻症状、改善生活质量,并可以延长生命,目前联合化疗可以延长转移性乳腺癌患者生存期9~12个月,放疗可以改善局部症状,例如骨转移的姑息止痛等。生物治疗在转移性乳腺癌的治疗中发挥着重要作用,如赫塞汀对于Her-2阳性的患者单药有效率为20%左右,与化疗联合应用有效率提高到80%左右。Lapatinib对于乳腺癌脑转移也有一定的预防和治疗作用,显示出生物治疗在转移性乳腺癌治疗中的希望。
乳腺癌常见的转移部位包括骨、肺、肝、脑等,相对来说,发生于骨及软组织的转移预后较好,而发生于内脏的转移预后较差。
一、化疗
化疗在乳腺癌的综合治疗中占据着重要地位,尤其是发生转移的晚期乳腺癌,化疗有时可能为唯一的治疗手段。晚期转移性乳腺癌的系统化疗研究始于20世纪60年代,经历了非蒽环类的单药化疗到联合化疗,蒽环类单药化疗到联合化疗,紫杉类联合化疗以及近年来的化疗联合生物治疗,有效率从20%~40%提高到60%~80%,完全缓解率从0提高到15%,生存期可以延长9~12个月。
对晚期转移性乳腺癌有效的化疗药物包括蒽环类、紫杉类、长春瑞滨、铂类等。晚期转移性乳腺癌化疗方案的选择要根据术后辅助治疗时所用的方案、无病生存期、转移部位、激素受体状态以及分子表型等因素。不同部位的转移癌对化疗的敏感性不同,软组织的转移灶效果最好,有效率为55%~60%,肺转移次之,晚期转移性乳腺癌的最佳化疗期限尚有争议,但目前公认为6个周期。维持化疗虽然可以延长缓解期,但也增加了毒性,生存期并无延长。
然而,晚期转移性乳腺癌常常产生耐药性,耐药的机制不清,目前研究表明与多药耐药(MDR)、肿瘤细胞表面糖蛋白(Pgp)的表达、微管蛋白(tubulin)的表达和基因突变等机制有关,临床上可以采取更换化疗方案或治疗方法等手段以提高疗效,目前现有的逆转肿瘤细胞耐药的药物的治疗效果尚不肯定,如当维拉帕米产生逆转耐药作用时,患者无法承受其毒副作用。当肿瘤细胞对化疗药物产生耐药以后,治疗相当困难,此为目前研究热点之一。
二、内分泌治疗
乳腺癌患者70%左右激素受体为阳性,对这部分患者行内分泌治疗有效。由于内分泌治疗使用方便,疗效确切且毒性小,一旦有效维持时间较长,因此临床获益率较高,而晚期转移性乳腺癌的治疗目的主要为缓解症状、延长生存期、提高生活质量,所以内分泌治疗特别适合于晚期转移性的乳腺癌患者。目前公认,如果患者大于35岁,术后无病生存期大于2年,骨和软组织转移、无症状的内脏转移、ER或PR阳性,可首选内分泌治疗。内分泌治疗的效果与受体状态密切相关,ER与PR均阳性者有效率为60%~70%,ER或PR阳性者为30%~40%,两者均阴性者有效率小于10%。另外,内分泌治疗的效果还受肿瘤转移部位和绝经时间长短等因素的影响,起效一般较慢,常常要服药2个月后才能见到肿瘤缩小。因而,如果肿瘤无明显进展,有必要服药16周后再评价疗效。内分泌治疗药物的选择应根据患者的月经状态、癌基因的表达状态、既往内分泌治疗所用的药物以及患者的基础疾病等因素来决定,绝经前的患者可以选择雌激素受体拮抗剂如他莫昔芬或LHRH(促黄体激素释放抑制激素)受体拮抗剂等,绝经后患者可以首选芳香化酶抑制剂。有研究表明,Her-2过表达的乳腺癌患者对他莫昔芬耐药。另外,有骨关节疾患的患者对芳香化酶抑制剂的选择需要慎重。
同样,内分泌治疗药物也会产生耐药的现象,目前机制不是十分清楚,但是与多药耐药、Pgp的表达以及激素受体的变异等因素有关。
三、生物靶向治疗
Her-2/neu基因扩增或过度表达的乳腺癌患者无病生存期较短,总生存期约是低表达患者的一半,肿瘤常对化疗药物及内分泌治疗药物耐药。目前,已开发出针对Her-2的单克隆抗体曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab,herceptin,赫赛汀),对Her-2阳性的晚期转移性乳腺癌单药有效率约为20%,而与化疗联用有效率提高到70%~80%,肿瘤进展时间可以延长3~4个月,总生存期可以延长9~12个月,并可以使耐药的乳腺癌细胞重新对化疗药物敏感。用于Her-2阳性乳腺癌患者的辅助化疗,可以减少复发1/2,减少死亡1/3,被誉为乳腺癌治疗的里程碑式的药物,显示出生物靶向治疗在乳腺癌治疗中的希望。
Pertuzumab是一种重组的单克隆抗体,与Her-2受体胞外区Ⅱ区结合,抑制二聚体的形成,抑制受体介导的信号传导通路,因此,该药也可以抑制Her-2低表达肿瘤的生长,而曲妥珠单抗与Her-2受体的细胞外Ⅳ区结合,二聚体的形成不涉及Ⅳ区,因此,曲妥珠单抗只对Her-2过表达的乳腺癌有效。研究表明,Pertuzumab与赫塞汀连用对于乳腺癌具有协同抗肿瘤作用。
目前,曲妥珠单抗联合化疗是针对Her-2过表达晚期转移性乳腺癌的标准方案,然而,表皮生长因子受体(EGFR,Her-1)的过表达也与患者的不良预后有关,对于Her-2过表达的乳腺癌细胞,同时抑制EGFR与Her-2有相加作用。拉帕提尼(lapatinib)是一种口服的小分子表皮生长因子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,可以同时作用于EGFR与Her-2。在体外实验中,对Her-2过表达的进展期乳腺癌的Ⅰ期临床实验中,拉帕提尼也具有较高的有效率,且与曲妥珠单抗无交叉耐药,因其结构为小分子,与曲妥珠单抗不同,能够透过血脑屏障,对于乳腺癌脑转移有一定治疗作用,对曲妥珠单抗耐药及脑转移的患者是又一新的选择。
四、放疗
放疗对于骨转移的姑息止痛、脑转移、胸壁转移、区域淋巴结转移等均具有较好的姑息治疗作用,近年来由于放疗技术的巨大进步,各种放疗手段如超分割技术、三维适形放疗、调强适形放疗(IMRT)、图像引导放疗(IGRT)以及立体定向放疗的应用,经历了从二维放疗、三维放疗至四维放疗的转变,这些技术都基于靶区和邻近结构进行三维影像重建,其结果是急性反应的耐受性显著提高,晚期正常组织损伤的发生率和严重程度降低,使得病灶部位受照射量更多,周围正常器官和组织的受照射量更少,因此有效率进一步提高而副作用减少。但是,放疗毕竟为一种局部治疗手段,对晚期转移性乳腺癌来说,只是一种姑息治疗的手段。
对于晚期转移性乳腺癌,放疗的适应证包括:胸壁复发的全胸壁放疗;区域淋巴结复发,如锁骨上淋巴结转移和腋窝淋巴结转移,可给予局部区域常规照射野放疗;对骨转移伴有疼痛的患者若给予合适的放疗,80%的患者症状可缓解或消失;脑转移,若多发脑转移应给予全脑放疗,剩余单个病灶可以缩野放疗或立体定向放疗。
总之,乳腺癌和其他恶性肿瘤一样,其侵袭和转移是一个极其复杂的过程,但是,因为其自身独特的生物学特性,其转移的特点也有别于其他恶性肿瘤,了解其内在的分子机制,有利于预计其复发转移的风险,制定相应的治疗决策以及开发具有针对性的靶向治疗药物。
(赵卫红 徐兵河)
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