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失匹配负波

时间:2023-07-03 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:失匹配负波是一种较好的诊断听觉中枢病变的诊断指标。差异量减小,则其振幅减低,潜伏期延长。通常认为潜伏期代表听觉通路的功能状态,振幅决定于皮质的状态。研究发现,AN患者的频率和强度差异诱发的MMN潜伏期均比对照组显著延长。Oates等发现感音神经性聋患者MMN的出现、潜伏期和振幅随听力损失程度和心理生理辨别功能系统性变化,因此认为MMN可以反映言语认知困难。Roman等也证实人工耳蜗植入者MMN潜伏期与纯音听阈和言语识别率有关。

失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN)是一种较好的诊断听觉中枢病变的诊断指标。MMN是一系列重复的、性质相同的“标准刺激(standard stimulus)”中具有任何可辨别差异的“偏差刺激(deviant stimulus)”诱发的脑电反应,用偏差刺激诱发的负波减去标准刺激诱发的负波,剩余的负波即为MMN。其来源于颞叶初级听皮质及邻近部位和额叶次级听皮质,有物理特征依赖性,即不同物理特征差异诱发的MMN产生于听皮质的不同部位,是听皮质神经元树突状带的突触后电位,反映“注意前”(preattentive)加工,是听皮质对差异自动辨别登记加工过程,先于感知,与受试者对声音注意与否无关,与听觉系统的功能状态和标准刺激与偏差刺激的差异量有关。差异量减小,则其振幅减低,潜伏期延长。通常认为潜伏期代表听觉通路的功能状态,振幅决定于皮质的状态。振幅变异较大,受多种因素的影响,如醒觉状态、听觉经验和药物等。与CAP和ABR相比,MMN与言语认知联系更紧密。CAP和ABR高度依赖神经的同步化,反映轴突动作电位的传导量;MMN也要求神经排放的同步性,但不像CAP和ABR依赖程度那么高。因此,当听觉传入神经系统功能异常(如同步功能不良),CAP和ABR已消失时仍可能记录到MMN。

研究发现,AN患者的频率和强度差异诱发的MMN潜伏期均比对照组显著延长。这说明:①AN患者虽有听力损失,但听皮质还是察觉到了刺激,并进行了自动辨别和登记;②MMN的潜伏期与标准刺激和偏差刺激的差异量有关,其潜伏期延长说明AN患者传入听皮质的差异量减小,可辨别差异的阈值升高,即只能辨别大的差异,对于小的频率和强度差异不能辨别。

绝大多数的言语信息被认为是通过瞬时频谱变化及随时间改变的包络曲线来传递的,故言语认知受多种因素影响,如频率、强度和时间的分辨能力等。AN患者神经同步功能不良可导致时间分辨能力下降,传入的信号产生变异,所以言语识别能力下降,而MMN可在皮质水平反映频率、强度和时间的分辨能力,故MMN潜伏期与PBmax呈负相关。Oates等发现感音神经性聋患者MMN的出现、潜伏期和振幅随听力损失程度和心理生理辨别功能系统性变化,因此认为MMN可以反映言语认知困难。Roman等也证实人工耳蜗植入者MMN潜伏期与纯音听阈和言语识别率有关。虽然AN与感音神经性聋影响言语感知的病理机制不同,但可以肯定的是MMN与言语认知有一定的相关性。研究发现PBmax≥80%者,其频率及强度差异MMN潜伏期与正常人相同或接近,而PBmax<60%者的频率及强度差异MMN潜伏期明显延长。PBmax似与发病年龄、病程及纯音听阈关系不密切,推测与病变部位、病变程度和发病机制有关。Rance等认为言语识别功能较好者可能病变位置较低,局限于内毛细胞、内毛细胞与螺旋神经节间的突触或螺旋神经节,其受损方式与感音神经性聋者相似,有相似的功能障碍,即言语识别能力的损失程度与纯音听阈基本一致。另一方面,言语认知功能极差的AN患者可能残存极少的功能性传入和(或)在中枢听觉系统有其他的神经缺陷,因此其认知能力与证实有脱髓鞘(中枢)病变者的相似。目前尚不能认为频率差异MMN潜伏期在反映言语功能方面不如强度差异MMN潜伏期更敏感。

研究显示MMN来源于听皮质,与言语认知功能联系紧密,不受注意力影响,可在皮质水平反映听觉辨别功能。正常对照组MMN的潜伏期相对稳定,有可重复性,振幅变异较大,受醒觉状态影响明显。AN组MMN潜伏期与PBmax在群体水平有一定的相关性,对预估AN患者言语功能有一定的意义。

(李兴启 史 伟 孙 勍)

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