肝硬化时肝纤维化不断进展,进一步发展形成结节。25%~49%的肝硬化患者可以合并肝癌。肝硬化结节癌变是一个连续的、多阶段的病理过程,按照良性再生结节(regenerative nodule,RN)、退变结节(dysplastic nodule,DN)、小肝细胞癌(small hepatocellular carcinoma,SHCC)逐渐演变。
RN是被硬化肝粗糙纤维包绕的局灶增生的肝实质小岛,结节致密,内含正常的肝细胞、Kupffer细胞及小胆管等结构,直径多为3~10mm。DN也曾被称为腺瘤样增生、不典型增生结节、异型增生结节等。DN无真正包膜,直径通常>10mm,少数可>20mm。DN可含有不成对血管以及胆管。DN中细胞核占细胞的比例增加,因而结节密度相对略高于周围的肝组织,而且随着假腺体形成,肝实质细胞脂肪变等,结节的MR信号可发生改变。DN可分为低级别(low grade DN,LGDN)和高级别(high grade DN,HGDN)两类。其中HGDN的细胞异型性较明显,不成对的血管数目更多,被认为是一种癌前病变。当DN内部出现癌灶(结节中结节)时结节就转化为肝癌。一般将直径<20mm的肝细胞癌称为小肝细胞癌(SHCC)。
肝实质正常血供的75%来自门静脉;肝硬化的良性结节以门静脉的血供为主,随着结节恶性程度的增高,由于肿瘤新生血管的生长,结节内部门静脉的供血比例逐渐减少,而肝动脉的供血比例逐渐增多。有研究表明,96%的DN主要由门静脉供血,而90%的SHCC结节则主要由肝动脉供血。SHCC瘤内血供还与瘤体分化程度有关,门脉供血多者,癌细胞分化较好;门脉血供少者,癌细胞分化较差。尽管HGDN与分化较好的SHCC之间的肝动脉、门静脉供血比例有一定的重叠、没有截然界限,但是因为两者演变关系极为密切,一旦发现,都应该尽早处理。
影像学检查对于肝硬化结节的监测非常有价值。
CT平扫肝内RN多呈等密度,DN多呈高密度,SHCC多呈稍低密度,但由于CT平扫时病灶与周围肝实质的密度差异较小,小结节病变常易漏诊或误诊。MRI无放射损害,且分辨力、敏感性和特异性均较高,一方面能够通过信号特征来分析结节的组织成分,判断结节是否恶变;另一方面还可以通过揭示结节的供血来源帮助诊断早期小肝癌结节。当B超、CT或两者均难以判定结节良恶性时,MRI可作为主要诊断技术。既往研究显示,在MRI T1WI,RN多呈等、稍高信号,有时也可呈稍低信号;典型DN呈高信号;SHCC一般可呈稍低、等、稍高信号,与前两者有一定程度的重叠。在MRI T2WI,RN常呈等、稍高信号;DN呈等、低信号;SHCC呈高信号。一般认为,在MRI T2WI 结节呈低信号是DN区别于SHCC 的一个重要特征,如果结节内出现高信号应高度怀疑结节已恶变。
RN、LGDN的血供大多数与邻近肝实质相仿,增强扫描时RN、LGDN仍与正常肝组织同时强化,而HGDN与SHCC于CT扫描动脉期结节明显增强,门脉期又恢复其低密度或因双重血供而呈等密度,延迟期为低密度。尽管CT不能完全区分开HGDN和SHCC,但无论如何,CT增强扫描动脉期结节明显强化的征象提示了结节从门静脉供血向肝动脉供血的转变而产生的变化,反映了肿瘤血管的生成,有利于确认病灶的恶变倾向。有资料表明,动脉期强化的DN可以在4个月至2年演化为SHCC,因此在肝硬化结节的随访过程中,如果CT增强扫描动脉期出现血供,都要提示临床需积极处理,通过早期手术或介入治疗来提高患者的预后(图1-212至图1-215)。
图1-212 肝退变结节
A.CT平扫轴位图,示肝实质内大小不一的高密度结节(细箭),肝裂处呈稍低密度影(粗箭);B.CT增强扫描动脉期,结节(细箭)与周围肝实质同步强化,仍呈高密度影,提示结节与周围肝实质的动脉血供一致;肝裂处可见条纹状强化(粗箭),为开放的曲张静脉;C.CT增强扫描门脉期,大部分结节与周围肝实质比较呈等密度,提示结节门静脉的供血比例逐渐减少,为LGDN;肝Ⅷ段结节(细箭)仍呈高密度影,提示结节双重血供大致如常,为RN→LGDN;肝裂处曲张静脉强化更加明显(粗箭);胃底静脉曲张呈结节状,凸向管腔,局部胃底黏膜层萎 缩;D.CT增强扫描门脉期冠状位重组图,肝内大部分结节呈等密度,提示该患者肝实质内大部分结节门静脉供血稍减少
图1-213 肝低级别退变结节
A.CT平扫轴位图,示肝Ⅷ段外凸结节(无尾箭头),较周围肝实质密度稍高;B.CT增强扫描动脉期,肝Ⅷ段结节与周围肝实质同步强化,提示结节肝动脉血供尚未明显增多;C.CT增强扫描门脉期,结节内部密度轻微减低,提示门静脉供血减少;D.CT增强扫描门脉期冠状位重组图,较B图容易观察到结节内部密度轻微减低。病理诊断该结节:肝细胞变小,肝板稍增厚,结节内未见门管区
图1-214 肝低级别退变结节
乙肝病史多年,A.MRI T1WI轴位抑脂图像,示肝信号略不均匀,其中Ⅷ段可见一高信号结节;B.MRI T2WI轴位,示肝内多发低信号结节,Ⅷ段T1WI高信号结节亦呈低信号改变;C.MRI T1WI增强扫描动脉期抑脂图像,示肝内结节与周围肝实质同步强化,呈等信号;D.MRI T1WI增强扫描门脉期抑脂图像,示肝内结节与周围肝实质仍呈同步强化,呈等信号
图1-215 肝高级别退变结节或小肝癌
A.CT平扫轴位图,示肝表面凹凸不平,肝周积液,肝实质内密度尚均匀;B.CT增强扫描动脉期,示肝Ⅳ段多个明显强化结节,提示结节动脉血供增加;C.CT增强扫描门脉期,示肝实质均一强化,动脉期强化结节呈等密度
以下征象高度提示DN癌变:①T2WI上呈略低信号的结节复查时已转呈略高信号;②病灶在CT扫描或T2WI上表现为“结节中结节”(图1-216);③动脉期结节明显强化;④病灶逐渐增大;⑤病灶摄取肝细胞或Kupffer细胞特异性对比剂的能力降低。CT和(或)MRI能鉴别大部分的肝硬化结节的性质,个别影像表现不典型者,需要随诊复查或穿刺活检。
图1-216 小肝癌
A.CT平扫轴位图。肝Ⅷ段可见一等低密度混杂结节,结节以低密度为主,其后下部可见不规则软组织密度实性结节(无尾箭头);B.CT增强扫描动脉期,示结节中结节明显中度强化(无尾箭头),其余部分无强化;C.CT增强扫描门脉期,示结节中结节强化消退(无尾箭头),与周围肝实质比较呈稍低密度;D.CT增强扫描门脉期薄层,消除了由于层厚所造成的部分容积效应,结节中结节显示更加清楚(无尾箭头);病理示肝细胞癌并凝固性坏死
另外,肿瘤血管和肿瘤染色是小肝细胞癌的DSA肝动脉造影诊断的主要征象。但如果肿瘤血管不明确,只要有确切的肿瘤染色,便可诊断小肝细胞癌。鉴别困难时亦可行碘油造影CT检查。碘油能选择性沉积于肝癌瘤体内,进入非癌肝组织内的碘油明显少于肝癌瘤体;而且3周后正常肝组织内网状内皮细胞可吞噬廓清所沉积的碘油,RN或LGDN结节也不能长期聚积碘油,HGDN和多血供的SHCC组织内由于无网状内皮细胞,碘油将长期存留。因此,肝动脉碘油造影3~4周进行CT扫描也能有效发现HGDN或SHCC病灶。有研究对比US、CT、MRI、DSA和肝动脉碘油造影CT,发现肝动脉碘油造影CT对于SHCC特别是<10mm的SHCC最为敏感(图1-217,图1-218),容易确定病变性质。
图1-217 常规CT扫描
A.CT平扫示肝表面凹凸不平,肝周可见积液,肝实质内未见异常密度影;B.CT增强扫描动脉期,肝实质内未见异常强化;C.CT增强扫描门脉期,肝实质内仍未见明确病灶,但临床实验室检查AFP明显增高
图1-218 经肝动脉注射碘油
与图1-217为同一病例。A.选择性插管,经肝动脉注射碘油,可见肝区斑片状碘油沉积;B.肝动脉碘油造影后1个月复查CT,示肝实质内点片状碘油沉积;C.肝动脉碘油造影后2个月复查CT,示肝实质内大部分沉积碘油已廓清,部分碘油沉积区呈结节状;D.肝动脉碘油造影后3个月复查,CT平扫示正常肝实质内沉积碘油基本廓清,其余肝实质内碘油潴留呈结节状者为HGDN或SHCC;E.CT增强扫描动脉期,结节内碘油沉积较完全,未见明确强化;F.CT增强扫描门脉期,肝实质内未见其他异常强化结节
(郑可国 范 淼 杨 栋)
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