近年来,随着植物生物技术、基因组测序技术的突破,基因组学、表型组学等多门“组学”及生物信息学得到迅猛发展,植物育种的理论和技术也发生了重大变革。基于植物离体培养和分子生物学技术的应用,植物现代育种越来越显现出优势,特点也越来越明显(见表1.2)。
表1.2 现代育种和传统育种的比较
(1)育种目标不断提高。一方面,人口的快速增长,2100年世界人口可能会达到110亿(见图1.5),可耕地的逐渐减少,对作物产量要求有增无减;另一方面,人们生活水平的提高,对产品品质的要求越来越高。此外,气候变化的无常,对植物抗逆性的要求也日趋多样。因此,无论从“量”还是“质”的方面,都对现代育种提出了更高的要求。
图1.5 世界总人口预测(引自http://futuretimeline.net/blog/2015/07/30.htm)
(2)资源利用更加重视。种质资源是育种的原始材料,育种的成效取决于掌握资源的数量和其对性状表现的研究深度。随着各国科学家对新基因发掘技术的不断进步,育种家对种质资源的应用能力日益提高,对种质资源也更加重视。
(3)育种途径不断拓展。随着植物离体培养及分子生物学技术的发展,育种已不仅仅局限于有性杂交和诱变育种。现阶段,育种途径不断拓宽,如离体授粉、授精技术,单倍体技术,体细胞杂交技术,体细胞突变体筛选技术,转基因技术等的应用越来越广。
(4)性状选择更加有效。分子标记辅助筛选技术使育种过程中对性状的筛选已不再局限于表型选择,而是可以在DNA水平上进行,使选择不受栽培季节、栽培地点的影响,且使选择更加有效,大大加快了育种进程。
现代育种的现状是新基因发掘已进入快速发展阶段;分子标记育种已进入实用阶段;转基因育种进入迅猛发展阶段;分子设计育种处于起步发展阶段。
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