首页 百科知识 秦汉时期的墨家问题

秦汉时期的墨家问题

时间:2023-03-10 百科知识 版权反馈
【摘要】:通过寻求、评论目前可见的孔、墨或儒、墨并称的证据,戴梅可希望探求墨家在汉代的地位及其延续时间的问题。由于汉初提倡节俭,所以汉代的文献常把墨子比作晏婴。
秦汉时期的墨家问题_海外人文社会科学发展年度报告(2010)

五、秦汉时期的墨家问题

关于《墨子》一书的形成及在秦汉的流传,关于墨家在汉代的传播及其消亡,或墨家在汉代、汉后的影响问题,西方汉学家的研究才刚刚开始,有待进一步的展开。

戴梅可(Michael Nylan)在《古代思想中的孔子与墨子、儒与墨》一文中首先对《史记》有关墨子24字的传记作了反省。她认为这个传记没有提到许多肯定与墨子相关联的教义,例如墨子对于有意识之鬼神存在的肯定,而其中或许最令人震惊的是,它竟然没有试图将墨子与“兼爱”的口号联系起来。与此同时,从《史记》其他段落的文本中可以看出,墨子的影响直至西汉中期以后仍然继续存在。通过寻求、评论目前可见的孔、墨或儒、墨并称的证据,戴梅可希望探求墨家在汉代的地位及其延续时间的问题。王充《案书》指出:“儒家之宗,孔子也;墨家之祖,墨翟也。且案儒道传而墨法废者,儒之道义可为,而墨之法议难从也。”根据《汉书·艺文志》中关于墨子弟子及其书籍的记载,戴梅可怀疑王充论证的确切性。由于汉初提倡节俭,所以汉代的文献常把墨子比作晏婴。相应地,墨子的名字与曾子相提并论:曾子作为实践“孝”的榜样而经常出现在礼学文献中。与孔子一道,墨子很早就以尧、舜、文王、周公这些圣王之学生的身份出现。(87)

汉代时期,思想家们往往是实用主义者。在戴梅可看来,甚至形而上学的代表人物扬雄的“太玄”(the Great Mystery)也根本不算太玄(great mystery),而宇宙之“道”决不干预统治精英的责任,而意味着对公共生活之德性(virtues)的一般支持。因此,将思想上的显著特性归并于孔子和墨子而作为“证据”,这是汉代思想运动中的一种重要倾向。将墨子解释为一个推进“好古”运动的思想家,这与在伪经的基础上提出削弱王室花费的主张是相一致的。不过,即便是这样的情节也仍然处于推测之中,因为我们缺乏足够的证据来肯定任何东西。

耿优进(JoachimGentz)在《〈春秋繁露〉中的墨家痕迹》一文中考察了《春秋繁露·俞序》、《十指》等篇与墨家主张的关系,认为墨家的痕迹在《春秋繁露》较早的篇章中随处可以察觉到,在《公羊传》中不能发现的墨家传统的中心话题、概念、术语和方法,我们可以在《春秋繁露》中加以确定。耿优进认为,作为一个连贯的墨家思想体系在西汉时代已停止存在,因此可以推断,在汉代儒学的新参考系统中,墨家的痕迹似乎获得了一个新的儒家身份而丧失了墨家的特质。(88)

参考文献

[1]ALICE LUM.Social Utilitarianism in the Philosophy of MoTzu. Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1977,4(2):187-207.

[2]AUGUS CHARLES GRAHAM.Disputers of the Tao:Philosophical Argument in Ancient China.La Salle:Open Court Publishing Company,1989.

[3]A.C.GRAHAM.Divisions in Early MohismReflected in the Core Chapters of Mo-tzu.Singapore:National University of Singapore,1985.

[4]A.C.GRAHAM.Later Mohist Logic,Ethics and Science.Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978.

[5]BENJAMIN I.SCHWARTS.TheWorld of Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1985.

[6]BENJAMINWONG,HUI-CHIEH LOY.War and Ghosts in Mozi'sPolitical Philosophy.Philosophy East and West,2004,54(3):343-363.

[7]BURTONWATSON.Mo Tzu:BasicWritings.New York&London: Columbia University Press,1963.

[8]WING-TSIT CHAN.A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy.Princeton:Princeton University Press,1963.

[9]CARINEDEFOORT.Argumentation and Persuasion in AncientChinese Texts:Introduction.Oriens Extremus,205(6):91-98.

[10]CARINE DEFOORT.The Growing Scope of Jian:Differences Between Chapters 14,15 and 16 of the Mozi.Oriens Extremus,2005(6):119-140.

[11]CARINEDEFOORT.The Metaphor ofWeighing Body Parts in Mohist Thought.Leuve,2009(6):25-28.

[12]CHADHANSEN.A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992.

[13]CHADHANSEN.Language and Logic in Ancient China.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1983.

[14]CHAD HANSEN.Chinese Language,Chinese Philosophy,and“Truth”.Journal of Asian Studies,1985,44(3):491-519.

[15]CHAD HANSEN.Mozi:Language Utilitarianism:The Structure of Ethics in Classical China.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1989,16: 355-380.

[16]CHAEHYUNCHONG.The Neo-MohistConception of Bian.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1999,26(1):1-19.

[17]CHRIS FRASER.Moismand Self-Interest.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):437-454.

[18]CHRIS FRASER.More MohistMarginalia:AReply to Makehamon Later Mohist Canon and Explanation B 67.The Journal of Chinese Philosophy and Culture,2007(11):227-259.

[19]CHRIS FRASER.The Ethics of the Mohist Dialogues.Leuven,2009(6):25-28.

[20]DANROBINS.The Moists and the Gentlemen of theWorld.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008.35(3):385-402.

[21]DAVIDSOLES.Mo Tzu and the Foundation ofMorality.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1999,26(1):37-48.

[22]DENNIS AHERN.IsMo Tzu a Utilitarian.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1976,3(2):185-193.

[23]DESHENGZONG.Studies of Intensional Contexts in MohistWritings.Philosophy East and West,2000,50(2):208-228.

[24]DIRCKVORENKAMP.Another Look at Utilitarianismin Mo-Tzu's Thought.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1992,19(4):423-443.

[25]ERICABRINDLEY.Human Agency and the Ideal of Shang Tong in Early MoistWritings.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2007,34(3):409-425.

[26]ERIKW.MAEDER.Some Observations on the Composition of the“Core Chapters”of the Mozi.Early China,1992,17:27-82.

[27]FRANKLINPERKINS.The MoistCriticismof the Confucian Use of Fate.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):421-436.

[28]HENRYROSEMONT.Chinese Textsand Philosophical Contexts:Essays Dedicated to AngusC.Graham.La Salle:Open CourtPublishing Company,1991:323-328.

[29]H.R.WILLIAMSON.Mo Ti,A Chinese Heretic:A Short Sketch of His Life andWorks.Tsinan:The Tsinan University Press,1927.

[30]HUI-CHIEHLOY.Justification and Debate:Thought on MoistMoral Epistemology.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):455-471.

[31]HUI-CHIEH LOY.On a Gedankenexperiment in the Mozi Core Chapters.Oriens Extremus,2005(6):141-158.

[32]HUI-CHIEHLOY.The junzi in the Mozi“Qinshi”Chapter:On the Mohist Subversion of Virtue.Leuven,2009(6):25-28.

[33]HUI-CHIEHLOY.The Moral Philosophy of the Mozi“Core Chapters”.Adviser:University of California,2006:336.

[34]IANJOHNSTON.Choosing the Greater and Choosing the Lesser:A Translation and Analysis of the Daqu and Xiaoqu Chapters of the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2000,27(4):375-407.

[35]IAN JOHNSTON.The Gongsun Longzi:A Translation and an Analysis of Its Relationship to Later Mohist Writings.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2004,31(2):271-295.

[36]JANEM.GEANEY.ACritique of A.C.Graham's Reconstruction of the“Neo-Mohist Canons”.Journal of the American Oriental Society,1999,119(1):1-11.

[37]JOACHIMGENTZ.Mohist Traces in the Chunqiu fanlu.Leuven,2009(6):25-28.

[38]KARENDESMET.The Growth of Compounds in the Core Chapters of the Mozi.Oriens Extremus,2005(6):99-118.

[39]KRISTOPHERDUDA.Reconsidering Mo Tzu on the Foundation of Morality.Asian Philosophy,2001,11(1):23-31.

[40]KWONG-LOI SHUN.Mencius'Criticismof Mohism:An Analysis of Meng Tzu 3A:5.Philosophy East&West,1991,4(2):203-214.

[41]MICHAEL NYLAN.Kongzi and Mozi,the Ru and the Mohists,in Classical-Era Thinking.Leuven,2009(6):25-28.

[42]MICHAEL PUETT.To Become a God:Cosmology,Sacrifice,and Self-Divinization in Early China.Cambridge:The Harvard University Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute,2002.

[43]MIRANDABROWN.Mozi's(Re)invention of Ancient Authority.Leuven,2009(6):25-28.

[44]NICOLAS STANDAERT.Heaven as Standard.Leuven,2009(6): 25-28.

[45]OWEN FLANAGAN.Moral Contagion and Logical Persuasion in the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):473-491.

[46]PHILIP J.IVANHOE,BRYANVANNORDEN.Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy.Indianapolis:Hackett Publishing Co.,2003.

[47]QIANFANZHANG.Human Dignity in Classical Chinese Philosophy:Reinterpreting Mohism.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2007,34(2):239-255.

[48]RODNEYTAYLOR.Religion and Utilitarianism:MoTzu on Spirits and Funerals.Philosophy East andWest,1979,29(3):337-346.

[49]ROEL STERCKX.Mozi 31:Explaining Ghosts,Again.Leuven,2009(6):25-28.

[50]RONNIE LITTLEJOHN.Book Reviews.Philosophy East andWest,2006,56(4):687-691.

[51]SCOTT LOWE.Mo Tzu's Religious Blueprint for a Chinese Utopia: TheWill and theWay.Lewiston:Edwin Mellen Press,1992.

[52]THIERRY LUCAS.Later Mohist Logic,Lei,Classes,and Sorts. Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2005,32(3):349-365.

[53]WEIXIANGDING.Mengzi's Inheritance,Criticism,and Overcoming of Mohist Thought.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,38(3):403-419.

[54]XIUFENG LU.Understanding Mozi's Foundations of Morality:A Comparative Perspective.Asian Philosophy,2006,16(2):123-134.

[55]YI-PAOMEI.The Ethical and PoliticalWorks of Motse.London: Arthur Probsthain,1929.

[56]YI-PAOMEI.Mo-tse:The Neglected Rival of Confucius.London: Arthur Probsthain,1934.

[57]YONG LI.The Divine Command Theory of Mozi.Asian Philosophy,2006,16(3):237-245.

[58]http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mohism/.

[59]http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mohist-canons/.

【注释】

(1)本文得到了武汉大学“海外人文社会科学研究前沿追踪计划”项目的资助,项目名称为“英语世界的《墨子》研究综述”。本文由董红涛收集资料,由丁四新、董红涛、闫利春译写,最后由丁四新统稿。

(2)丁四新,武汉大学哲学学院教授、中央财经大学高等研究院兼职教授。董红涛、闫利春为武汉大学哲学学院博士研究生。

(3)YiPao Mei.The Ethical and PoliticalWorksofMotse.London:Arthur Probsthain,1929:274.据梅译本《前言》介绍,此前他曾写了一本名为《墨子:被冷落的孔子竞争者》(Motse,The Neglected Rival of Confucius)的指南册子,该书亦于1934年由Arthur Probsthain出版,共222页。又,福柯(Alfred Forke)的《墨翟》(MêTi)德文全译本于1922年出版,与梅译本一起,为当时仅有的用西方语言翻译的两本著作。

(4)BurtonWatson.Mo Tzu:BasicWritings.NewYork&London:Columbia University Press,1963:140.

(5)Wing-tsit Chan.A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy.Princeton:Princeton University Press,1963:211-231.

(6)A.C.Graham.Later Mohist Logic,Ethics and Science.Hong kong:The Chinese University Press,1978.

(7)Ian Johnston.The Gongsun Longzi:ATranslation and an Analysis of Its Relationship to Later MohistWritings.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2004,31(2).

(8)Philip J.Ivanhoe,Bryan van Norden.Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy.Indianapolis:Hackett Publishing Co.,2003.

(9)A.C.Graham.Disputersof the Tao:Philosophical Argument in AncientChina. La Salle:Open Court Publishing Company,1989:41.

(10)A.C.Graham.Disputersof the Tao:Philosophical Argument in AncientChina. La Salle:Open Court Publishing Company,1989:41-42.

(11)A.C.Graham.Later MohistLogic,Ethicsand Science.Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press,1978:590.A.C.Graham.Disputers of the Tao:Philosophical Argument in Ancient China.La Salle:Open Court Publishing Company,1989:502.

(12)A.C.Graham.Divisions in Early MohismReflected in theCoreChaptersofMotzu.Singapore:The Institute of East Asian Philosophies,1985.A.C.Graham.Disputers of the Tao:Philosophical Argument in Ancient China.La Salle:Open Court Publishing Company,1989.

(13)Chris Fraser.Significance and Chronology of the Triads.Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:Supplement to Mohism,2002.

(14)Carine Defoort.Argumentation and Persuasion in AncientChinese Texts:Introduction.Oriens Extremus,2005(6):93.此文,经过略加改写后以中文的形式又发表在王守常,余瑾.庞朴教授八十寿辰纪念文集.中华书局,2008:135-149.

(15)Carine Defoort.Argumentation and Persuasion in Ancient Chinese Texts:Introduction.Oriens Extremus,2005(6):92-93.Karen Desmet.The Growth of Compounds in the Core Chapters of the Mozi.Oriens Extremus,2005(6):99-118.

(16)Hui-chieh Loy.On a Gedankenexperiment in the Mozi Core Chapters.Oriens Extremus,2005(6):141-158.

(17)Erica Brindley.Human Agency and the Ideal of Shang Tong in Early Moist Writings.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2007,34(3):409.

(18)Erica Brindley.Human Agency and the Ideal of Shang Tong in Early Moist Writings.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2007,34(3):413.

(19)Erica Brindley.Human Agency and the Ideal of Shang Tong in Early Moist Writings.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2007,34(3):413-416.

(20)Erica Brindley.Human Agency and the Ideal of Shang Tong in Early Moist Writings.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2007,34(3):417-420.

(21)Chad Hansen.A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992:106-108.

(22)Franklin Perkins.The MoistCriticismof the Confucian Use of Fate.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):427.

(23)Franklin Perkins.The MoistCriticismof the Confucian Use of Fate.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):428-429.

(24)Franklin Perkins.The MoistCriticismof the Confucian Use of Fate.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):431-432.

(25)Franklin Perkins.The MoistCriticismof the Confucian Use of Fate.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3)432-433.

(26)Dan Robins.The Moists and the Gentlemen of the World.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):386.

(27)Dan Robins.The Moists and the Gentlemen of the World.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):386-388.

(28)Owen Flanagan.Moral Contagion and Logical Persuasion in the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):473.

(29)Owen Flanagan.Moral Contagion and Logical Persuasion in the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):474-476.

(30)Owen Flanagan.Moral Contagion and Logical Persuasion in the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):481-483.

(31)Owen Flanagan.Moral Contagion and Logical Persuasion in the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):485-486.

(32)Owen Flanagan.Moral Contagion and Logical Persuasion in the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):487-488.

(33)Dan Robins.The Moists and the Gentlemen of the World.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):389.

(34)Dan Robins.The Moists and the Gentlemen of the World.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):390-391.

(35)Dan Robins,The Moists and the Gentlemen of the World.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):392.

(36)Benjamin Wong,Hui-chieh Loy.War and Ghosts in Mozi's Political Philosophy.Philosophy East and West,2004,54(3):343-363.

(37)Benjamin Wong,Hui-chieh Loy.War and Ghosts in Mozi's Political Philosophy.Philosophy East and West,2004,54(3):343.

(38)Benjamin Wong,Hui-chieh Loy.War and Ghosts in Mozi's Political Philosophy.Philosophy East and West,2004,54(3):344.

(39)Benjamin Wong,Hui-chieh Loy.War and Ghosts in Mozi's Political Philosophy.Philosophy East and West,2004,54(3):356.

(40)Benjamin Wong,Hui-chieh Loy.War and Ghosts in Mozi's Political Philosophy.Philosophy East and West,2004,54(3):358.

(41)Michael Puett.To Become a God:Cosmology,Sacrifice,and Self-Divinization in Early China.Cambridge:The Harvard University Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute,2002:101-104.

(42)Hui-chieh Loy.TheMoral Philosophy of theMozi“Core Chapters”.Adviser: University of California,2006.

(43)Hui-chieh Loy.TheMoral Philosophy of theMozi“Core Chapters”.Adviser: University of California,2006.

(44)Chris Fraser.Moismand Self-Interest.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):437.

(45)Chris Fraser.Moismand Self-Interest.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):439.

(46)Chris Fraser.Moismand Self-Interest.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):440.

(47)Chris Fraser.Moismand Self-Interest.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):443.

(48)Chris Fraser.Moismand Self-Interest.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):444.

(49)Chris Fraser.Moismand Self-Interest.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):445.

(50)Chris Fraser.Moismand Self-Interest.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):445.

(51)Chris Fraser.Moismand Self-Interest.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):450.

(52)Chris Fraser.Moismand Self-Interest.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):451.

(53)Dennis Ahern.Is Mo Tzu a Utilitarian.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1976: 185-193.

(54)Dirck Vorenkamp.Another Look at Utilitarianismin Mo Tzu's Thought.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1992:431.

(55)David Soles.Mo Tzu and the Foundation of Morality.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1999,26(1):37-48.

(56)Kristopher Duda.Reconsidering Mo Tzu on the Foundation of Morality.Asian Philosophy,2001,11(1):23-31.

(57)Xiufeng Lu.Understanding Mozi's Foundations of Morality:A Comparative Perspective.Asian Philosophy,2006,16(2):123-134.

(58)Hui-chieh Loy.Justification and Debate:Thought on MoistMoral Epistemology.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):455.

(59)Hui-chieh Loy.Justification and Debate:Thought on MoistMoral Epistemology.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):456-458.

(60)Hui-chieh Loy.Justification and Debate:Thought on MoistMoral Epistemology.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):461.

(61)Hui-chieh Loy.Justification and Debate:Thought on MoistMoral Epistemology.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2008,35(3):462-463.

(62)Jane M.Geaney.ACritique of A.C.Graham's Reconstruction of the“Neo-Mohist Canons”.Journal of the American Oriental Society,1999,119(1):1-11.

(63)Jane M.Geaney.ACritique of A.C.Graham's Reconstruction of the“Neo-Mohist Canons”.Journal of the American Oriental Society,1999,119(1):1.

(64)Jane M.Geaney.ACritique of A.C.Graham's Reconstruction of the“Neo-Mohist Canons”.Journal of the American Oriental Society,1999,119(1):1.

(65)Jane M.Geaney.ACritique of A.C.Graham's Reconstruction of the“Neo-Mohist Canons”.Journal of the American Oriental Society,1999,119(1):10-11.

(66)Desheng Zong.Studies of Intensional Contexts in MohistWritings.Philosophy East and West,2000,50(2):208-228.

(67)Desheng Zong.Studies of Intensional Contexts in MohistWritings.Philosophy East and West,2000,50(2):208.

(68)Desheng Zong.Studies of Intensional Contexts in MohistWritings.Philosophy East and West,2000,50(2):220.

(69)Desheng Zong.Studies of Intensional Contexts in MohistWritings.Philosophy East and West,2000,50(2):224.

(70)Chaehyun Chong.The Neo-Mohist Conception of Bian(Disputation).Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1999,26(1):1-19.

(71)Chaehyun Chong.The Neo-Mohist Conception of Bian(Disputation).Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1999,26(1):1.

(72)Chaehyun Chong.The Neo-Mohist Conception of Bian(Disputation).Journal of Chinese Philosophy,1999,26(1):16-17.

(73)Thierry Lucas.Later Mohist Logic,Lei,Classes,and Sorts.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2005,32(3):349-365.

(74)Thierry Lucas.Later Mohist Logic,Lei,Classes,and Sorts.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2005,32(3):349-350.

(75)Thierry Lucas.Later Mohist Logic,Lei,Classes,and Sorts.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2005,32(3):361-363.

(76)Ian Johnston.TheGongsun Longzi:ATranslation and an Analysis of Its Relationship to Later MohistWritings.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2004,31(2):271-295.

(77)Ian Johnston.The Gongsun Longzi:ATranslation and an Analysis of Its Relationship to Later MohistWritings.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2004,31(2):271.

(78)Ian Johnston.The Gongsun Longzi:ATranslation and an Analysis of Its Relationship to Later MohistWritings.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2004,31(2):290.

(79)Ian Johnston.Choosing the Greater and Choosing the Lesser:A Translation and Analysis of the Daqu and Xiaoqu Chapters of the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2000,27(4):375-407.

(80)Ian Johnston.Choosing the Greater and Choosing the Lesser:A Translation and Analysis of the Daqu and Xiaoqu Chapters of the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2000,27(4):399.

(81)Ian Johnston.Choosing the Greater and Choosing the Lesser:A Translation and Analysis of the Daqu and Xiaoqu Chapters of the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2000,27(4):375.

(82)Ian Johnston.Choosing the Greater and Choosing the Lesser:A Translation and Analysis of the Daqu and Xiaoqu Chapters of the Mozi.Journal of Chinese Philosophy,2000,27(4):399.

(83)Chris Fraser.More Mohist Marginalia:AReply to Makehamon Later Mohist Canon and Explanation B 67.The Journal of Chinese Philosophy and Culture,2007(11):227-259.

(84)Chris Fraser.More Mohist Marginalia:AReply to Makehamon Later Mohist Canon and Explanation B 67.The Journal of Chinese Philosophy and Culture,2007(11):227.

(85)Chris Fraser.The Ethics of the Mohist Dialogues.Leuven,2009(6).

(86)Carine Defoort.The Metaphor of Weighing Body Parts in Mohist Thought.Leuven,2009(6).

(87)Michael Nylan.Kongzi and Mozi,the Ru and the Mohists,in Classical-Era Thinking.Leuven,2009(6).

(88)JoachimGentz.Mohist Traces in the Chunqiu fanlu.Leuven,2009(6).

免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。

我要反馈