《在马克思墓前的讲话》（节选）

【导读】

马克思和恩格斯是马克思主义的创始人。本文是恩格斯于1883年3月17日在伦敦海格特公墓安葬马克思时的讲话。

【箴言】

正像达尔文发现有机界的发展规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来为繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等。

不仅如此，马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。在这个问题上，资产阶级经济学家和社会主义批评家先前所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索，而马克思发现了剩余价值，从而使这个问题豁然开朗。

【正文】

3月14日下午两点三刻，当代最伟大的思想家停止思想了。让他一个人留在房间里不过两分钟，等我们再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了——但已经是永远地睡着了。

这个人的逝世，对于欧美战斗着的无产阶级，对于历史科学，都是不可估量的损失。这位巨人逝世以后所形成的空白，在不久的将来就会使人感觉到。

正像达尔文发现有机界的发展规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来为繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等。所以，直接的物质的生活资料的生产，因而一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展阶段，便构成为基础；人们的国家制度，法的观点，艺术以至宗教观念，就是从这个基础上发展起来的。因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不是像过去那样做得相反。

不仅如此，马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。在这个问题上，资产阶级经济学家和社会主义批评家先前所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索，而马克思发现了剩余价值，从而使这个问题豁然开朗。

一个人一生中能有这样的两项发现，就已经足够了，其实只有一项这样的发现，也已经是幸福的了。但是马克思的研究领域很多，而且他都不是肤浅地研究，他在每一个研究领域，甚至在数学领域，都有独到的发现。

这位科学巨匠就是这样，但是这在他身上远不是主要的。在马克思看来，科学是一种在历史上起推动作用的、革命的力量。任何一门理论科学中的每一个新发现，即使它的实际应用甚至还无法预见，都使马克思感到衷心喜悦。但是当一种发现立即会对工业、对一般历史发展产生革命性影响的时候，对这样的发现，他的喜悦就完全不同了。例如，他曾经密切地注意电学方面各种发现的发展情况，不久以前他还注意了马赛尔·德普勒的发现。

因为马克思首先是一个革命家。他毕生的真正使命,就是以这种或那种方式参加推翻资本主义社会及其所建立的国家设施的事业，参加现代无产阶级的解放事业,正是他第一次使现代无产阶级意识到自身的地位和需要,意识到自身解放的条件，---这实际上就是他毕生的使命。斗争是他的生命要素。很少有人像他那样满腔热情、坚韧不拔和卓有成效地进行斗争。

正因为这样，所以马克思是当代最遭忌恨和最受诬蔑的人。各国政府——无论专制或共和政府，都驱逐他；资产者——无论保守派或极端民主派，都竞相诽谤他、诅咒他。他对这一切毫不在意，把它们当作蛛丝一样轻轻抹去，只是在万分必要时才给予答复。现在他逝世了，在整个欧洲和美洲，从西伯利亚矿井到加利福尼亚，千百万革命战友无不对他表示尊敬、爱戴和悼念。而我敢大胆地说，他可能有过许多敌人，但未必有一个私敌。

他的英名和事业将永垂不朽！

延伸阅读——马赛尔·德普勒的发现

马赛尔·德普勒(1843一1918)，是法国工程师。恩格斯所说的马克思“不久以前他还注意了马赛尔·德普勒的发现”，系指1882年在慕尼黑举办的一次国际电气展览会，会上展出了马氏在米斯巴赫和慕尼黑两地之间驾设第一条实验性输电线路的试验报告。重病中的马克思，不仅亲自阅读试验报告，还要恩格斯对马氏的这个发明作出评价。恩格斯研究后指出“这一发现使工业几乎彻底摆脱地方条件所规定的一切界限，……如果在最初它只是对城市有利，那末到最后它终将成为消除城乡对立的最强有力的杠杆。……生产力将因此得到极大的发展，以致于资产阶级对生产力的管理愈来愈不能胜任”（《马克思恩格斯全集》第35卷，第446页）这就是说，马克思和恩格斯所注重的是由新的科学技术和生产力发展引起的社会革命意义。这既是马克思对新生事物的敏感，也是基于把握社会发展的规律的科学预见。

英文鉴赏

Draft of a Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx

On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep—but forever.

An immeasurable loss has been sustained both by the militant proletariat of Europe and America, and by historical science, in the death of this man. The gap that has been left by the departure of this mighty spirit will soon enough make itself felt.

Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.;that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.

But that is not all. Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present-day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark.

Two such discoveries would be enough for one lifetime. Happy the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery. But in every single field which Marx investigated—and he investigated very many fields, none of them superficially—in every field, even in that of mathematics, he made independent discoveries.

Such was the man of science. But this was not even half the man. Science was for Marx a historically dynamic, revolutionary force. However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry and in historical development in general. For example, he followed closely the development of the discoveries made in the field of electricity and recently those of Marcel Deprez.

For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. His real mission in life was to contribute, in one way or another, to the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it had brought into being, to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat, which he was the first to make conscious of its own position and its needs, conscious of the conditions of its emancipation. Fighting was his element. And he fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival....

And, consequently, Marx was the best-hated and most calumniated man of his time. Governments, both absolutist and republican, deported him from their territories. Bourgeois, whether conservative or ultra-democratic, vied with one another in heaping slanders upon him. All this he brushed aside as though it were cobweb, ignoring it, answering only when extreme necessity compelled him. And he died beloved, revered and mourned by millions of revolutionary fellow-workers—from the mines of Siberia to California, in all parts of Europe and America—and I make bold to say that though he may have had many opponents he had hardly one personal enemy.

His name will endure through the ages, and so also will his work!