前面的文献回顾主要是以IT采纳理论模型为主,本节主要论述当前国内外关于移动政务的研究现状。关于移动政务的研究文献是比较多的,为了能够对移动政务的研究现状进行系统梳理,本节借鉴Nagi对移动商务文献的分析框架分析移动政务研究现状[163],并且主要针对移动政务采纳研究现状和电子政务采纳研究进行了重点论述。
一、移动政务研究概况
现有文献内容涵盖极其广泛,为了能够对移动政务的研究有清晰的认知,本书借鉴Nagi(2007)对移动商务的分类将移动政务的研究分为以下三类:一是移动政务理论研究,具体包括移动政务行为问题(公众行为,技术接纳和技术扩散)、移动政务服务模式、移动政务概述、发展现状与策略、移动政务评价和其他方面的文献。二是移动政务技术研究,包括无线用户基础设施、无线中间件和无线网络基础设施。三是移动政务应用和案例研究。该分析框架包含移动政务五个层级的内容,分析框架图如2.11。
图2.11 移动政务研究文献分类框架
下面对五个层级内容进行详细论述:
(1)移动政务理论研究:该研究内容是分析框架中最低层级的部分,具体包括移动政务概述、发展现状与对策、移动政务评价、移动政务用户行为问题(公众行为、技术接纳和技术扩散)、移动政务服务模式和其他理论研究。
(2)无线网络基础设施:这是支撑移动政务发展和应用的关键技术,无线网络基础设施在移动政务实施应用中扮演着非常重要的角色,因为它是移动政务发展的关键核心技术。它提供无线网络和网络标准,如全球移动通信系统(GSM)、蓝牙、无线局域网络(WLAN)、无线电频率识别(RFID)、第三代网络技术(3G)等,探讨无线网络和网络标准的文献就被包含在“无线和移动网络”中。为了确保移动政务的应用和服务的可靠性和效率性,无线和移动网络的应用实施有必要考虑多种类的网络需求。“网络需求”包含移动政务的无线基础设施需求,例如位置管理、网络可靠性、服务质量等。
(3)移动中间件:移动中间件是连接不同的移动应用,程序和系统的一种软件,起着固网信息系统和手机的中间衔接作用。包含在该部分的文献主要分为代理技术、数据库管理、安全问题、无线和移动通信系统、无线和移动协议。
(4)无线用户基础设施:无线用户基础设施由硬件和软件两部分组成。软件是指操作系统和他们的接口,而硬件是指与移动政务应用沟通的移动设备,比如PDAs和移动手机。在分类框架中,移动接口和移动手持设备被包含在该部分。
(5)移动政务案例和应用:移动政务有很多不同的应用。根据黄慧(2010)对移动政务的应用分类[164],共包括三类具体应用:基于消息的服务(如短信息、彩信)、基于位置的服务(如人员追踪和车辆定位)、基于移动互联网的服务(如WAP、城管通和环保通)。除了移动政务应用外,本部分还包括一些国家或地区的移动政务案例。
下表列示了移动政务研究的代表性文献。
表2.15 移动政务研究现状分类和代表文献
二、移动政务采纳研究现状
一是从定性角度分析影响用户接受的主要因素。Tarek El-Kiki等(2006)将用户使用移动政务服务的目标分为物有所值、服务质量、有效的事务处理、战略数据、使用五类,并建立了终端用户服务需求的概念模型。[165]Omar Al-Hujran(2012)认为信任、公众意识、成本、基础设施限制和缺少法律机制是影响公众接受移动政务的主要因素。[166]代蕾(2011)以TAM和信息系统持续使用模型为理论基础,构建了移动电子政务的公众持续使用模型。[167]赵玉攀等(2015)基于TAM模型以实际使用替代使用意愿,构建了包括互动性、移动性、情景感、临界质量以及感知鼓励五个新变量的公众采纳政务APP的影响因素模型。[168]
二是用户接受移动政务服务的实证研究。可细分为两类:第一类是针对公众的研究(Shau-Jung Kuo,2008;Adam Vrechopoulos et al.,2009;Shareef,Mahmud Akhter,2012;Shin-Yuan Hung,2013,靳洪俊,2009;王长林,2011;张可,2012),例如:Shin-Yuan Hung等(2013)[169]以TPB为理论基础,构建了公众接纳移动政务的概念模型。Shareef,Mahmud Akhter等(2012)综合了TAM和IDT等理论,建立了移动政务的公众接受模型(CAB-MG)。[170]王长林(2011)以任务—技术匹配为理论基础,构建了移动政务用户的持续使用模型,分析影响用户对移动政务的持续使用行为。[171]张可(2012)从用户个人因素、外部环境因素、技术因素、任务因素和组织因素分析影响移动政务公众接受度。[172]第二类是针对公务员的研究,例如:Paul Jen-Hwa Hu等(2009)建立了执法人员接受COPLINK手机的概念模型,并通过对41名执法人员的调查进行检验。[173]
移动政务采纳研究文献偏少,可能不能够体现公共部门的IT采纳研究现状。因此,本书将电子政务采纳研究的文献整理如表2.16,有助于更加清晰地把握整个电子政务IT采纳的研究现状。
三、对现有研究的总体评价
通过以上对电子政务采纳研究文献的回顾,可以发现大部分研究都将公众的采纳行为嵌入不同的理论框架中,而这些理论源于不同的学科领域,如信息系统、社会心理学和心理学等。根据这些理论,研究者们从不同角度识别出影响公众采纳电子政务的诸多因素。不可否认,这些前期研究成果是对电子政务采纳研究的早期探索,但是离全面洞察的要求还存在相当的距离。一方面,一部分研究仅仅从一个单一的视角对电子政务采纳问题进行解释,如仅片面强调用户对电子政务系统的质量感知,从而忽略了其他影响因素。而基于经典IT采纳模型的研究,如有些研究以TAM为理论基础,这些研究侧重用户对使用系统的主观信念(感知有用性、感知易用性等),但并未指出电子政务那些特性因素影响用户对系统的使用感知。另一方面,一部分研究片面追求影响因素的广泛性,过于依赖经典IT采纳理论模型,将不同理论模型中的影响因素整合到一个理论框架中,这使得模型构建和因素识别上过于简单和紊乱。尽管研究者们不断地将新变量纳入各自的研究模型,如感知信任、感知收益、感知娱乐性等,但对因素之间关系的解释却过于牵强,实际上并未增加研究的理论价值,对实践者的启示意义也不明显。
表2.16 电子政务采纳研究文献
(续表)
(续表)
(续表)
在实证研究方面,样本的选择和样本量的大小成为电子政务公众采纳研究的主要限制。与电子商务不同,在电子商务环境下,商家可以选择他们在线提供服务的对象。而政府是公共服务的提供者,在提供电子化公共服务时针对的群体是所有公民,而且服务覆盖各行各业,对所有的服务对象都要一视同仁,包括低收入群体和残疾人士。因此,电子政务的用户应该包括所有公民。但由于各种条件的限制,现有实证研究很难实现将所有公民作为总体选取样本,很多研究是将一个城市为主要研究对象,采取方便抽样收集样本,这就大大限制了研究结果的普遍性。另外,还有少部分研究以特殊群体为抽样对象,如Teo等(2008)[174]针对政府网站用户的调查就选择了新加坡高校学生为样本,他们认为所选样本能够近似地符合新加坡电子政务用户的实际年龄范围。Phang等(2005)[175]则选取了新加坡50岁以上的老年人为样本。此外,现有研究在选择研究样本时,常常会假定用户已经在使用政务在线服务方面具有足够的能力和经验,大部分被测者都有一定的政府网站的使用经验,这往往忽视了相当数量的“潜在用户”。这些“潜在用户”对政府电子服务的使用经验较少,有些甚至从未访问过政府网站。本书认为,正是由于电子政务用户的普遍性,在调查对象的选取方面,在研究时我们更应该增加样本类型和容量,根据随机化原则保证样本既具有网络用户的代表性,又在公民总体中分布均匀。
本书关注的是电子政务发展方面的移动政务服务,现有对移动政务采纳的研究文献非常少。在少有的部分研究中,主要借鉴以往IT采纳理论模型进行研究,并没有针对移动政务的特殊方面进行情境化研究。为此,本书通过回顾以往理论和研究文献,构建一个mG2C情境的采纳模型,以期更好地理解移动政务用户的采纳行为。
【注释】
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