一、动词的时态
1.一般现在时的用法
(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作;现在的状态和特征;普遍的真理;永恒的事实等。例如:
Do you watch TV every night?
He is not the one you are looking for.He just works here.
Pride goes before a fall.
The earth moves round the sun.
(2)用现在时表示将来
① 某些动词如come,leave,go,arrive,return,start,stop,open,close等可用一般现在时来表示按计划、规定要发生的事。例如:
The plane leaves at nine.
When does the movie begin?
② 在时间状语和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。例如:
When this term ends,I’ll go to the countryside.
If he comes this afternoon,we’ll have a meeting.
2.一般过去时的用法
(1)表示过去某一时间发生的事情、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。例如:
I saw Mr.Wang yesterday.
He lived in Beijing until he was sixteen.
He played football everyday at school.
(2)一般过去时还可以用来表示委婉客气的询问,常用动词有hope,think,wonder。
I wondered if you could give me a lift.
(3)表示过去经常或反复发生的动作还可以用used to+动词原形或would+动词原形。
例如:
He doesn’t work here now,but he used to.
In such cases,John would sit for hours without saying a word.
3.一般将来时的用法
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。一般将来时可由“will或shall+动词原形”构成。
将来时还可以用以下形式表示:
(1)(to)be going+动词原形,表示即将发生或最近打算进行的事。例如:
It is going to rain.
Are you going to review your lessons this afternoon?
(2)(to)be to+动词原形,表示按计划要发生或必须要做的事。
I’m to see him tomorrow.
You are to be responsible for this.
(3)(to)be about+动词原形,表示即将发生的动作。
Ms.Smith was about to begin,but Jenny spoke first.
(4)进行体用来表示将来的动作,语气很肯定,好像当时正在发生。特别用于以下一些动词如arrive,go,come,give,land,stop,start,take,meet,publish,see(访问),pay,join等。例如:
Professor Wang is giving a lecture to us this afternoon. 王教授将会在今天下午给我们课。
(5)某些动词如come,leave,go,arrive,return,start,stop,open,close等可用一般现在时来表示按计划、规定要发生的事。
4.现在进行时的用法
(1)现在进行时主要用来表示现阶段正在进行着的动作,一般用于行为动词。
Whom are you talking to?
(2)表示状态的动词通常不用于进行体,如:see,hear(表示感觉),appear,keep(表状态的系动词),despise,dislike(表示感情和心理状态),need,hope(愿望和需要)have,own(表示占有和从属),know,believe(表示思考和理解)等。
但也有例外的情况。例如:
I’m not seeing things so well these days. 这几天我看东西看不清楚。(表示短暂的、一时的状况)
We are hoping to see you soon. 我们很希望能快些见到你。(表示强调)
I am hating this music.我很讨厌这音乐。(表示说话人的感情——厌烦)
另外,有些动词既可以作状态动词,又可以作行为动词,注意它们的区别。例如:
I tasted pepper in this soup. 我尝到汤里有辣椒。
I’m tasting the soup. 我在尝这汤。
5.现在完成时的用法
(1)过去不确定的时间里发生或未发生过的动作,该动作与现在有联系、有影响。例如:
It’s the most interesting story I’ve ever heard.
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始而延续至今的动作或状态。常分别用for和since表示时间段和时间点。延续性动词和状态动词多用于这种用法。例如:
It has been / is nearly 20 years since you left for America.
短暂性动词一般不用于这种用法;但它们的否定式表示动作尚未发生的状态,可以用于这种用法表示状态的延续。例如:
I haven’t written to him for two years.
(3)与现在完成时连用的时间状语还有:today,this week/mouth/ year,already,yet,as yet(迄今,到目前为止),before,recently,lately,often,sometimes,rarely,seldom,ever,never,now,just,till,until,up to now,up to the present,so far,all the while,all day…,always,once等。
(4)现在完成时在条件和时间状语从句中可以用来表示将来完成的动作。例如:
I shall go as soon as I have finished my term paper.
6.过去完成时的用法
(1)主要用来表示过去某一时间(或动作)以前已经完成的动作。
常用when,after,as soon as,by the time that等引出时间状语。例如:
He said he would come if he had finished his report by then.
(2)过去完成时还常与no sooner…than(才……就),或hardly/scarcely/barely…when(才/刚刚/仅仅……就)等连词连用。
He had no sooner come into the room than the telephone rang.
(3)有些表示希望、打算等的动词,如expect,intend,hope,plan,mean(打算),plan,suppose,want 等用过去完成时,表示过去希望、打算和实现后来没有实现的动作。
例如:
I had thought the classroom to be full of students,but it was empty.
7.现在完成进行时的用法
(1)表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续进行到现在的动作,或是从过去某一时间开始并连续进行到现在之前不久而结束的动作。延续性的动词多用于次用法。例如:
I have been waiting for 3 hours.
Her eyes are red.Has she been crying?
(2)表示从过去到现在一段时间内重复发生的动作。延续性动词和短暂性动词都可以用于这种用法。例如:
He has been going to Tokyo for years. 这几年他常到东京去。
8.时态呼应的规则
(1)在复合句中,通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是:当主句谓语动词是现在时态,从句的谓语动词可以根据需要用任何时态;如果主句谓语动词是过去时态,从句的谓语动词也需要用过去时态和主句谓语动词相呼应。例如:
She asked me what I was looking at.
I told her I had been working here since 2002.
He didn’t tell me what he was going to do.
(2)某些用法并不受时态呼应规则的限制,例如:
I didn’t know what temperature this metal melts.(从句说明的是普遍真理)
My grandmother told me to remember that seeing is believing.(从句引用成语或名言警句)
The teacher said “Romeo and Juliet” is one of the three best-known tragedies by Shakespeare.(从句说明的是小说、戏剧等或其中的人物事件等)
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