第二单元 口译记忆训练（二）
第一部分 技能总述
通过第一单元的学习，我们知道短时记忆在整个口译过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。口译中短时记忆的训练能够帮助译员更好地理解源语意思，以保证口译的准确性。无论是交替传译还是同声传译，译员从听到源语到产生译文的时间都十分短暂，因此，能够充分利用听解时间，彻底地理解原文意思，并且能够在这么短的时间内将原文意思储存在短时记忆中是保证译文质量的关键。理解源语是成功地完成口译任务的第一步，因此，记忆训练应该处在口译训练的初始阶段。
同传与交传所涉及的记忆功能略有不同，交传的记忆时长比同传略长，所以在训练方法上略有不同。在交替传译中，不同的发言人在不同的情况下发言间隔的时长会有不同，发言人连续讲话的时长最长可达十五分钟。这就要求译员需要将近十五分钟的讲话在完全理解之后储存到短时记忆中，然后再重新提取信息进行信息解码。而在同声传译中对源语的理解和信息储存，以及信息提取和解码的过程几乎是同时进行的。（Daniel Gile:1995）为了更好地训练口译记忆能力，我们先学习一种练习同声传译中短时记忆的有效方法——影子练习。
1. 影子练习
影子练习是“a paced,auditory tracking task which involves the immediate vocalization of auditorily presented stimuli,i.e.,word-for-word repetition in the same language,parrot-style,of a message presented through a headphone”（Lambert 1994）。所谓影子练习就是在说话者开始讲话后，立刻逐字逐句地跟随说话者，重复说话者相同的内容，也就是鹦鹉学舌。影子练习同时涉及口译中听、理解、记忆、说的能力，可以帮助译员提高听解时的注意力集中程度，因此可以大大提高译员的精力分配能力。
初学者可以紧随说话者之后，落后说话者一两秒进行影子练习，经过一段时间的练习，可以进入下一练习阶段。落后说话者三至五秒，大约半句话，之后提高影子练习的难度，也就是进行多任务训练，在做影子练习的同时在纸上从1写到100，或者从100写到1，提高影子练习的复杂性，这样可以培养译员同时完成多项任务的能力。
此外，在影子练习时还可以加入抗干扰练习。通常在真实的口译环境中，现场环境往往不会很安静，其他人员的活动和声音会分散译员的注意力，所以在口译培训中，做影子练习时可以适当加入抗干扰练习。学生在做影子练习时可以播放干扰音乐，或者找学生做即兴演讲，制造噪声，干扰学生练习，加大记忆压力，提高练习的难度。
初学者可以从VOA慢速英语新闻开始练习，在跟读练习的同时还可以增加新闻词汇量和百科知识，逐步过渡到正常语速的英语新闻（BBC,VOA,CNN等）。练习时不能只注重标准英语的影子练习，还应收集不同国家的人用英语演讲的材料，此类材料可以到联合国、欧盟等国际组织的官方网站上查找。在真实口译环境中我们听到的通常都不是标准英语。值得注意的是，还应加强我们的母语，也就是中文的练习。在口译训练中有个误区，那就是初学者往往会忽略中文练习。但在专业领域中我们中文的词汇量也非常有限，影子练习不应只局限于英语的练习，还应平时在听广播、观看电视时可以进行中文的影子练习，这不仅可以提高口译记忆能力，还能增加汉语的词汇量、增强专业用语的语感。
2. 听写练习
听写练习是训练短时记忆的另外一个有效的方法。可以先从单句听写做起，从成分单一的简单句过渡到成分复杂的从句、复合句。在听写时注意分析句子的成分，理解原文意思，分清句子的主语、谓语、宾语和定语、状语、补语。此外，还应注重对单句句中逻辑关系的分析，便于记住句子意思。句中的逻辑关系可能是：递进关系、因果关系、修饰-解释关系、复指关系、对比关系。
单句听写之后可以进行段落听写练习，段落不易过长，大约在200−300词/字左右。听写时应注意段落中的逻辑关系，关注段落中出现的逻辑指示词，如下：
（1）表时间顺序：sooner or later,the moment,as soon as,at first,then,later,meanwhile,at the beginning,in the end,before long,for the first time,the minute,long before,at last,finally,initially等。
（2）表总结：to conclude,in conclusion,in a word,on the whole,in short,briefly,in brief,to sum up,all in all等。
（3）表转折：yet,and yet,but,while,on the contrary,on one hand…on the other hand…,however,at the same time（然而）等。
（4）表解释说明：that is,that is to say,in other words,such as,for example,for instance,and so on,etc,and the like,and what not等。
（5）表递进：furthermore,not only…but (also),what’s more,what’s worse,besides,in addition,worse still,moreover,above all,apart from等。
（6）表选择或对等：either…or…,neither…nor…,or,as well as,and,both…and…等。
（7）表因果：accordingly,as a result,as the result of,because of,thus,therefore,so,thanks to,due to,owing to,that is why,for this (that) reason等。
练习的材料不易过难，生词不易过多，语速要略慢于正常语速。可从VOA慢速英语新闻开始，BBC网站的英语学习板块中有专门的听写练习专题，比较适合做听写专门训练。注意，听写练习也要进行中文练习，可从新闻或发言稿中选择段落进行中文的听写练习。
第二部分 技巧解析
1. 影子练习
例句1：Themed with “Development Prospects and Cooperation Opportunities”,the forum on the Development of Tibet is jointly held by Italy-China Foundation and the Chinese government. Speakers come from research institutes of Italy and China and other international organizations.
例句2：This is a good chance to know more about Tibetan Autonomous Region and to further cooperation with Tibet. Italy-China Foundation is an organization devoting to enhancing the exchanges between the two countries and the people. And the forum is aimed to further understandings between the two nations and provide opportunities of economic cooperation. This international forum is to further the friendly relationship between Italy and Tibetan Autonomous Region and even the whole China. And it also wishes to make contributions to the development of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. It is hoped we will make consensus on the cooperation on culture,tourism,health,environment and education. And the friendship will be enhanced for people of the two nations. I believe the prospect of cooperation is bright. The cooperation between Italy and Tibet is not only for Tibet,nor only for China,but for all the people of the world.
As the president of Italy-China Foundation and a friend of China,I wish the forum today will become an opportunity to exchange for people from Italy and China and also to learn more about Tibet.
二人一组，一人朗读，一人进行影子练习。刚开始时，落后朗读者大概一两秒，大概落后一两个词左右。练习五遍之后，尝试落后三五秒，大概半句话左右，开始影子练习。五遍之后，尝试一边做影子练习一边在纸上从1写到30，再从30写到1。反复操练，直到可以成功地同时完成听、理解、说、写多项任务。之后，播放一段音乐，同时进行影子练习，锻炼抗干扰能力。
2. 听写练习
China on Tuesday published its annual report on climate change,vowing to “effectively control” greenhouse gas emissions over the next five years. China’s pledge came in the“Annual Report on Actions to Address Climate Change”,which was published by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC),China’s top economic planner. Member countries of the United Nations should work together to proceed with climate talks according to the mandate of the Bali Roadmap,said the report. “China opposes any draft that has not been fully discussed or recognized by member countries as the basis for negotiation at the upcoming Cancun Conference in Mexico,” said the report.
听写时特别注意段落的逻辑关系，在这个段落中我们可以看出明显的逻辑关系。第一句说明事件——中国发布报告和承诺；第二句说明这一承诺的出处；第三句说明在这一问题上各成员国应该做些什么；第四句说明中国反对怎么样的做法。了解段落的逻辑构架可以帮助我们顺利地记忆段落内容，从而快速地完成听写练习。
单句听写时要注意句子成分之间的关系以第一句为例：“China on Tuesday published its annual report on climate change,vowing to “effectively control” greenhouse gas emissions over the next five years.”在听写时首先分清句子主干，这一句中的主谓宾为“China published its report”。然后，进一步分析其他成分，“on Tuesday”为时间状语，“on climate change”为后置定语，“vowing to ‘effectively control’ greenhouse gas emissions over the next five years”为现在分词做谓语动词的伴随动词，用来解释说明“report”的内容。清晰把握句子结构和逻辑关系是快速完成听写的关键。
第三部分 课文详解
词汇拓展
Civil Aviation Department (CAD) 民航处
Chief Secretary for Administration 政务司司长
Air Traffic Control (ATC) system 航空交通管制系统
Airport Authority Hong Kong 香港机场管理局
premises 房屋及土地；场所
the Secretary for Transport and Housing运输及房屋局局长
platinum 白金
Building Environmental Assessment Method in Hong Kong 香港建筑环境评审法
green roofs 绿化屋顶
landscaped terraces 远景平台
Speech by Director-General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) at New CAD Headquarters Foundation Stone-Laying Ceremony
The Honorable Chief Secretary for Administration,
Distinguished Guests,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
A very good afternoon.
On behalf of the Civil Aviation Department (CAD),may I extend a very warm welcome to all of you for attending the New CAD Headquarters Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony.
Today,we are most delighted to have the Honorable Chief Secretary for Administration,Mr. Henry Tang,to officiate. The Chief Secretary has always shown immense interest in the development of the air transport industry and has rendered his full support to aviation development in Hong Kong.
This year is no doubt a very difficult year for the aviation sector. But I am most encouraged to see that our future is still on the bright side as reflected by the latest air traffic statistics. Looking ahead,air transport in the Asia Pacific region,in particular our motherland China is growing rapidly. In fact,in about 10 years time,the Asia Pacific region will probably become the largest air transport market in the world. All these are opportunities but at the same time challenges that we need to face in the near future. With awareness on the continuous traffic growth and to go one step ahead of the service demand,we see the need of a new CAD Project to replace the existing 15-year-old Air Traffic Control (ATC) system and at the same time develop a new Headquarters to house both the new ATC system and all our regulatory offices. May I take this opportunity to thank all our industry partners here today for your continuous support of this project. This project is vital to sustain the long-term growth of the aviation industry and to keep Hong Kong at the cutting edge of the competition. A special note of thanks must also goes to the Airport Authority Hong Kong for providing us with the site for our new premises.
Sustainability,environmental friendliness and centre of excellence in aviation training are the main design themes of the new CAD building. The new building will be able to provide a sustainable one-stop-shop service to the industry partners and the general public. It will also provide adequate space and flexibility for future expansion of the department. With our new Air Traffic Control Centre,the present controller work stations will be doubled to 56 and we will be able to cater for the air traffic demand up to at least the year 2025.
Our new building will be certified with the highest platinum rating under the Building Environmental Assessment Method in Hong Kong. It will bring together environmentally friendly facilities to make better use of natural lighting inside the building,water recycling system for toilet flushing and a large portion of the site area will be reserved for green roofs and landscaped terraces.
In the new headquarters,multi-purpose training facilities will be in place to support a wide range of conferences,seminars and training courses organised at the local,regional and international levels. Furthermore,an education path will be established to display information and exhibits relating to the historical development of aviation in Hong Kong. All these will help to take us closer to develop Hong Kong as a centre of excellence in aviation training.
With the laying of the foundation stone of the new CAD Headquarters today by the Chief Secretary,we have passed an important milestone of the project. I am pleased to advise that the project is making good progress despite its scale and complexity. The construction of the new CAD Headquarters is anticipated to be completed by the end of 2012 and the new Air Traffic Control Centre will be fully functional by the end of 2013 with all systems installed and tested. With the state-of-the-art ATC system,enhanced airspace management procedures and a competent and sufficient workforce,we shall be able to meet the future demand of the rapidly growing industry. With the concerted efforts of all our industry partners and policy support of the Government,we shall be able to upkeep Hong Kong as an international and regional aviation hub.
Before ending my speech,I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to the Architectural Services Department,Government Logistics Department,Government Property Agency and many other organizations for their assistance,support and advice on this project. And,my special thanks to all my colleagues for your tremendous support in the past few years and I will count on your continuous dedication and devotion in the years ahead. Last but not least,I must thank Dragages Hong Kong for organizing this important ceremony and once again,the Honorable Chief Secretary,Mr. Henry Tang and the Secretary for Transport and Housing,Ms. Eva Cheng,for taking your valuable time to honor us with your presence.
Thank you very much.
Source:http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200911/27/P200911270098.htm
解析
1. But I am most encouraged to see that our future is still on the bright side as reflected by the latest air traffic statistics.
译文：不过，最新的航空交通统计数字显示，航空业的前景依然乐观。
在口译中应注意语言的简洁性，原文中“I am most encouraged to see that”在译文中被省略掉，但是并不影响译文意思的完整性，省略之后译文更显简洁。
2. With awareness on the continuous traffic growth and to go one step ahead of the service demand,we see the need of a new CAD Project to replace the existing 15-year-old Air Traffic Control (ATC) system and at the same time develop a new Headquarters to house both the new ATC system and all our regulatory offices.
译文：航空交通持续增长，为了未雨绸缪，应付日后服务需求，我们有需要更换沿用了 15 年的航空交通管制系统，同时兴建新总部，容纳新的航空交通管制系统和本处所有办公室。
译文将“go one step ahead of the service demand”译作“为了未雨绸缪，应付日后服务需求”，“we see the need of a…”译作“我们有需要……”，这两处是典型的意译，并未跟随原文的结构和字面，但是确切地表达了原文的意思，我们在口译中应尽量摆脱原文结构和字面意思的束缚，进入原文的深层结构，切记翻译的是意义而非结构。
3. A special note of thanks must also goes to the Airport Authority Hong Kong for providing us with the site for our new premises.
译文：我更要特别感谢香港机场管理局拨出土地，供本处兴建新总部。
原文中最后一个介词“for”在译文中译作“兴建”，将原文的介词转换为动词，词性的转换在翻译中十分常见，英汉翻译中的介词转换为动词的例子非常多，译文中也有很多这样的例子。
例如：
Our new building will be certified with the highest platinum rating under the Building Environmental Assessment Method in Hong Kong.
译文：新大楼将达到香港建筑环境评审法的最高环保验证标准，即白金级别。
All these will help to take us closer to develop Hong Kong as a centre of excellence in aviation training.
译文：这些设施都有助香港发展成为卓越航空培训中心。
Before ending my speech,I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to the Architectural Services Department,Government Logistics Department,Government Property Agency and many other organizations for their assistance,support and advice on this project.
译文：最后，这项工程得到建筑署、政府产业署、政府物流服务署及许多其他机构给予协助、支持和意见，谨此衷心致谢。
4. It will also provide adequate space and flexibility for future expansion of the department. With our new Air Traffic Control Centre增补,the present controller work stations will be doubled to 56 and we will be able to cater for the air traffic demand up to at least the year 2025.
译文：新大楼可为业界伙伴及公众提供持续的一站式服务，也有足够空间及弹性，供民航处日后扩展。新建航空交通管制中心落成后，现有航空交通管制员的工作站会增加一倍，增至56个，足可应付至少到2025年的航空交通需求。
原文的名词“expansion”译作动词“扩展”，这是又一处词性转换的例子，此处是从名词转换为动词。“With our new Air Traffic Control Centre”译作“新建航空交通管制中心落成后”，其中“落成”一词在原文中并未出现，此处应用翻译中的增词法，在翻译时，可以根据译文表达的需要在不改变原文意义的基础上，适当增加或减少词汇。
5. It will bring together environmentally friendly facilities to make better use of natural lighting inside the building,water recycling system for toilet flushing and a large portion of the site area will be reserved for green roofs and landscaped terraces.
译文：采用多项环保设施，包括在大楼内善用自然光、设置循环水系统作冲厕用途，以及预留大范围辟建绿化屋顶和园景平台。
原文的动词短语“make better use”译作两个动词“善用”和“设置”，在英文中一个动词后面连接多个宾语的情况很常见，在汉语的表达中我们通常补译出多个动词，这要求译员在平时练习中应有意识地积累动宾搭配。
6. Furthermore,an education path will be established to display information and exhibits relating to the historical development of aviation in Hong Kong.
译文：此外，新大楼还设置教育径，展示香港航空发展历史资料及展品。
原文中的被动语态，在译文中转换为主动语态。英文和汉语在表达方式上有很大的不同，主动句和被动句的应用就是其中之一。英文中比较常用被动句，而汉语中很少使用被动句，因此，在英汉翻译中我们应有意识地将被动句转换为汉语中的主动句，或者译作汉语中的“把、受、使”字句。
7. With the laying of the foundation stone of the new CAD Headquarters today by the Chief Secretary,we have passed an important milestone of the project.
译文：今天承蒙政务司司长主持民航处新总部奠基仪式，这是这项工程重要的里程碑。原文中的“we have passed”根据英汉不同的表达方式在译文中被省略，汉语形散，多使用无主句，而英语却必须结构完整。
8. The construction of the new CAD Headquarters is anticipated to be completed by the end of 2012 and the new Air Traffic Control Centre will be fully functional by the end of 2013 with all systems installed and tested. With the state-of-the-art ATC system,enhanced airspace management procedures and a competent and sufficient workforce,we shall be able to meet the future demand of the rapidly growing industry.
译文：新总部预计最晚在2012年年底落成，新的航空交通管制中心也会在2013年年底前启用。我们采用最先进的空管系统及经改良的空域管理程序，再加上同事精明干练、人员充足，对于满足日后航空业迅速发展的各项需求，绰有余力。
原文中的“will be fully functional”译作“启用”，将形容词转化为动词，这是词性转换的另外一个例子。“With the state-of-the-art ATC system”译作“我们采用最先进的空管系统”，首先将主句中的主语“我们”转移至介词结构中，然后将“with”转换成“采用”，将整个介词结构转换成完整的句子，译文翻译十分灵活。
9. With the concerted efforts of all our industry partners and policy support of the Government,we shall be able to upkeep Hong Kong as an international and regional aviation hub.
译文：在政府的鼎力支持及业界的共同努力下，我们定能维持香港作为国际及区域航空枢纽的地位。
此句利用了增补法，在译文句子结尾处补充“的地位”使意思的表达更加完整准确。
第四部分 技巧练习
（一）用以下段落进行影子练习和听写练习，并译成英语。
1. 进一步实现优势互补，推动泛珠三角地区共同参与国际竞争。内地九省区腹地广阔，又是内地与东盟国家之间的黄金通道，与东盟各国具有广泛的地缘、人缘和经济的联系，还具有市场巨大、科技实力强和人力资源丰富等优势。香港、澳门有广泛的国际联系、较为完备的法律制度、发达的基础设施和良好的营商环境。特别是香港作为国际金融、贸易、航运等中心，澳门作为联系葡语国家和欧盟地区的平台，共同开拓国际市场已经具备了得天独厚的条件。
Source:http://www.hunancom.gov.cn/swdt/7416.htm
2. 在人类漫长的发展史上，世界各国的命运从未像今天这样紧密相连，休戚与共。面对气候变暖、环境恶化、资源紧缺、疫病和自然灾害频发、恐怖主义蔓延等一系列威胁人类生存和发展的全球性问题，面对当前金融、能源、粮食三大难题交织爆发的严峻局面，任何一个国家都无法置身其外，也难以单独应对。特别是当前国际金融动荡，已经波及许多国家，影响还会加剧，各国应当通力合作，迎接挑战。
Source:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_518573440100bib2.html
3. 面对不断蔓延的金融危机，加强合作，共同抵制贸易保护主义，正成为国际社会的共同心声。
Source:http://wenku.baidu.com/view/0c0cba8102d276a200292e45.html
4. 世贸对全球极具重要性。世贸是处理全球贸易规则的唯一国际组织，它让149个成员得以根据既定规则商讨贸易协定，解决贸易纷争。
Source：香港政府网
5. 在走出危机的同时，中国必须致力于自身的产业结构调整和升级，积极发展高端制造业以及环境产品和服务等领域。
Source：商务部网站
（二）用以下段落进行影子练习和听写练习，并译成汉语。
1. I am very sorry that my Chinese is not as good as your English,but I am looking forward to this chance to have a dialogue. This is my first time traveling to China,and I’m excited to see this majestic country. Here,in Shanghai,we see the growth that has caught the attention of the world the soaring skyscrapers,the bustling streets and entrepreneurial activity.
Source:http://5utime.cn/xuexi/yingyu/2009-11-19/673.html
2. First,we agreed to sustain our recovery plans until growth is restored,and a new framework for prosperity is in place. Our coordinated stimulus plans played an indispensable role in averting catastrophe. Now,we must make sure that when growth returns—jobs do,too.
Source:http://www.enmajor.com/cn/Html/Translation/Interpretation/98097.html
3. The U.S. reiterated welcome to foreign investment,including investment in its financial sector and the business-oriented investment made by Chinese foreign exchange reserve or sovereignty wealth fund. It reaffirmed commitment to the open and non-discrimination principles of the OECD on receiving sovereignty wealth fund investment; on the applications of the Chinese banks,securities companies and fund management companies,it would exercise unified regulations which should be applicable to the financial institutions of the U.S. and other countries under the same conditions; it would speed up examination and approval of the applications of Chinese financial institutions and ensure that the Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S. consistently and equally treats all the foreign investment regardless of origin.
Source:http://blog.hjenglish.com/xuhuafei/articles/1240578.html
4. On international security challenges,the United States and China have consulted closely on the challenge posed by Iran’s nuclear program. The prospect of a nuclear-armed Iran concerns us all. And to address that threat,together we have pursued a dual-track approach of engagement and pressure,aimed at encouraging Iran’s leaders to change course.
Source:http://bbs.24en.com/thread-177675-1-1.html
5. The early days of personal computing were marked by a spectacular free-for-all as companies big and small fell over one another in a mad rush to become the dominant player in a brand-new business.
Source:http://www.ecocn.org/thread-41835-1-2.html
第五部分 练习拓展
1. 今天，我们在这里庄严集会，纪念四川汶川特大地震一周年，向在地震灾害中不幸罹难的同胞们、向为夺取抗震救灾斗争重大胜利而英勇献身的烈士们表达我们的深切思念。2008年5月12日14时28分，我国发生了震惊世界的四川汶川特大地震，受灾地区人民生命财产和社会经济发展蒙受巨大损失。面对空前惨烈的灾难，在党中央、国务院和中央军委的坚强领导下，全党、全军、全国各族人民众志成城、迎难而上，以惊人的意志、勇气、力量，组织开展了我国历史上救援速度最快、动员范围最广、投入力量最大的抗震救灾斗争，最大限度地挽救了受灾群众生命，最大限度地减低了灾害造成的损失，夺取了抗震救灾斗争的重大胜利，表现出泰山压顶不弯腰的大无畏气概，谱写了感天动地的英雄凯歌。
Source:http://www.putclub.com/html/ability/translation/interpretation/exercise/Others/2009/1027/11602.html
2. 尊敬的布朗首相，各位同事：
很高兴在春暖花开的时节来到伦敦，同各位同事共商应对国际金融危机、恢复世界经济增长之策。首先，我对布朗首相的盛情邀请和周到安排表示衷心的感谢！四个多月前，我们在华盛顿出席金融市场和世界经济峰会，就合作应对国际金融危机、加强金融监管、推进国际金融体系改革等问题达成一系列共识。华盛顿峰会以来，各国纷纷推出稳定金融、刺激经济的政策举措并取得初步成效，国际金融体系改革前期工作正在展开。当前，国际金融危机仍在蔓延和深化，对全球实体经济的冲击日益显现，世界经济金融形势依然复杂严峻，不少国家经济陷入衰退、社会稳定面临巨大挑战。
Source:http://tjeren.com/html/00/n-538100.html
3. Thank you,Betsy for your warm welcome and for sharing your love of teaching as America’s Teacher of the Year. I met Betsy when she came to the White House in April to receive the Teacher of the Year award. In her remarks that day Betsy said,“It’s quite overwhelming to be recognized for something that you love to do every day.” All teachers deserve to be recognized for the contributions they make in our classrooms and in our country. Teaching is the greatest public service and we owe teachers our admiration and respect. Each of the teachers here tonight exemplifies the very best in teaching—and the students who honor you are evidence of your immense talent and dedication. I’m happy to say that President Bush loves teachers so much that he married one,and he sends his congratulations and thanks to all of you.
Source:http://www.for68.com/new/201009/he5081911131901022331.shtml
4. For eight years,we have also strived to expand opportunity and hope here at home. Across our country,students are rising to meet higher standards in public schools. A new Medicare prescription drug benefit is bringing peace of mind to seniors and the disabled. Every taxpayer pays lower income taxes. The addicted and suffering are finding new hope through faith—based programs. Vulnerable human life is better protected. Funding for our veterans has nearly doubled. America’s air,water and lands are measurably cleaner. And the federal bench includes wise new members,like Justice Sam Alito and Chief Justice John Roberts.
Source:http://tr.hjenglish.com/page/76487/
第六部分 段落实战与演练
Passage 1
国新办今年前三季度国民经济情况发布会
词汇补充
党中央 Central Party Committee
国务院 State Council
国内生产总值 gross domestic product (GDP)
特大丰收 bumper harvest
由亏转盈 turn from losses to profits
宏观经济调控 macro economic control
前三季度，面对复杂多变的国内外环境和各种重大挑战，在党中央、国务院的正确领导下，各地区、各部门坚持实施应对国际金融危机冲击的一揽子计划和各项政策措施，加快推进经济发展方式转变和经济结构调整，经济向好势头进一步巩固，继续朝着宏观调控的预期方向发展。
初步测算，前三季度国内生产总值268 660亿元，按可比价格计算，同比增长10.6％，比上年同期加快2.5个百分点。分季度看，一季度增长11.9％，二季度增长10.3％，三季度增长9.6％。分产业看，第一产业增加值25 600亿元，增长4.0％；第二产业增加值129 325亿元，增长12.6％；第三产业增加值113 735亿元，增长9.5％。
农业生产形势较好，秋粮预计增产较多。全年粮食产量有望再获丰收。前三季度，猪牛羊禽肉产量5 439万吨，同比增长2.6％，其中猪肉产量3 589万吨，增长2.7％。
工业生产较快增长，企业效益大幅提高。前三季度，全国规模以上工业增加值同比增长16.3％，增速比上年同期加快7.6个百分点。分季度看，一季度增长19.6％，二季度增长15.9％，三季度增长13.5％。前三季度，分登记注册类型看，国有及国有控股企业增长15.1％，集体企业增长9.4％，股份制企业增长17.3％，外商及港澳台商投资企业增长15.8％。分轻重工业看，重工业增长17.5％，轻工业增长13.6％。分行业看，39个大类行业中38个行业实现同比增长。分地区看，东部地区增长15.6％，中部地区增长18.9％，西部地区增长15.6％。工业产销衔接状况良好，前三季度工业产品销售率为97.8％，比上年同期提高0.4个百分点。
1-8月份，全国规模以上工业企业实现利润26 005亿元，同比增长55％。在39个大类行业中，36个行业利润同比增长，一个行业由亏转盈，两个行业利润同比下降。
固定资产投资增长较快，投资结构有所改善。前三季度，全社会固定资产投资192 228亿元，同比增长24.0％。其中，城镇固定资产投资165 870亿元，增长24.5％；农村固定资产投资26 358亿元，增长20.5％。在城镇固定资产投资中，第一产业投资增长17.7％，第二产业投资增长22.0％，第三产业投资增长26.7％。分地区看，东部地区投资增长21.5％，中部地区增长27.1％，西部地区增长26.5％。前三季度，房地产开发投资33 511亿元，增长36.4％。
Source:http://www.examda.com/syyy/Read/20101104/103647288.html
Passage 2
我的故事以及背后的中国梦
词汇补充
平均 even
暗杀，行刺 to assassinate
去世 to pass away
苏联 the Soviet Union
过去的二十年，中国一直在跟美国的三任总统打交道，但是今天到了耶鲁我才知道，其实他只跟一所学校打交道。但是透过这三位总统我也明白了，耶鲁大学的毕业生的水准也并不很平均。
接下来就进入我们这个主题，或许要起个题目的话应该叫《我的故事以及背后的中国梦》。我要讲五个年份，第一要讲的年份是1968年。那一年我出生了。但是那一年世界非常乱，在法国有巨大的街头的骚乱，在美国也有，然后美国的总统肯尼迪遇刺了，但是的确这一切的原因都与我无关。但是那一年我们更应该记住的是马丁·路德金先生遇刺，虽然那一年他倒下了，但是“我有一个梦想”的这句话却真正地站了起来，不仅在美国站起来，在全世界站起来。
但是当时很遗憾，不仅仅是我，几乎很多的中国人并不知道这个梦想，因为当时中国人，每一个人很难说拥有自己的梦想。中国与美国的距离非常遥远，不亚于月亮与地球之间的距离。但是我并不关心这一切，我只关心我是否可以吃饱。很显然，我的出生非常不是时候，不仅对于当时的中国来说，对于世界来说，似乎都有些问题。
1978年，十年之后。我十岁，我依然生活在我出生的时候，那个只有二十万人的非常非常小的城市里。它离北京的距离有两千公里。如果要想读份北京出的报纸的话，得等三天，所以对于我们来说，是不存在新闻这个说法。那一年我的爷爷去世了，而在两年前的时候我的父亲去世了，所以只剩下我母亲一个人抚养我们哥俩，她一个月的工资不到十美元。因此，即使十岁了，梦想这个词对我来说，依然是一个非常陌生的词汇，我从来不会去想它。我看不到这个家庭的希望，只是会感觉，那个时候的每一个冬天都很寒冷，因为我所生活的那个城市离苏联更近。但是就在我看不到希望的1978年的时候，不管是中国这个国家，还有中国与美国这两个国家之间，发生了非常巨大的变化，那是一个我们在座的所有人，今天都该记住的年份。
Source:http://www.rr365.com/english/200904/english_21167.html
Passage 3
世博会高峰论坛闭幕式《上海宣言》
词汇补充
由……赞助的 under the auspices of
解决 tackle
城市时代 urban age
丰富成果 abundant fruits
前所未有的 unprecedented
人口爆炸 population explosion
交通拥堵 traffic congestion
文化冲突 cultural conflicts
开创性的 ground-breaking
我们来自全球各地的参展方和所有参与者，在“城市，让生活更美好”主题的引导下，共同参与第一次在发展中国家举办的世博会，在184天的会期里，各具创意的展览展示，精彩纷呈的文化活动，智慧迭出的论坛研讨，让我们认识到人类对美好生活的理解与追求引领城市发展。我们高度认同，必须重要审视城市化过程中人、城市与地球家园的关系，我们一致认为，通过创新来建设和谐城市是城市可持续发展的解决之道。
今天，50％以上的人已经居住在城市，我们的星球进入了城市时代，城市化和工业化在带给人类丰富现代文明成果的同时，也伴随着前所未有的挑战，人口爆炸、交通拥堵、环境污染、资源紧缺、城市贫困、文化冲突正在成为全球性的问题。由于历史和现实的原因，这些现象在发展中国家尤为突出。中国2010年上海世博会在挑战中应运而生，在世博会历史上首次以“城市”为主题，通过“城市最佳实践区”和网上世博会等创举，总结实践经验，勾勒未来图景，对解决人类共同面临的难题进行了开创性的探索。
今天，上海世博会即将闭幕，我们高度肯定，世博会作为文明展示与交流平台的重要价值，作为对本届世博会思想成果的总结，我们一致同意发表《上海宣言》，以表达城市时代全球公众对和谐美好城市生活的共同愿景。我们一致认为，和谐城市应该是建立在可持续发展基础之上的合理有序、自我更新、充满活力的城市生命体。和谐城市，应该是生态环境友好、经济节约高效、社会公平和睦的城市综合体。我们相信，这样的和谐城市是实现“城市，让生活更美好”的有效途径。
Source:http://www.51test.net/show.asp?id=1403578＆Page=2
Passage 4
奥巴马就职演讲
词汇补充
take the presidential oath 宣誓就任总统
in the midst of 处在……之中
a sapping of 逐渐消耗
grievance 委屈，苦衷，不满，怨恨
My fellow citizens:
I stand here today humbled by the task before us,grateful for the trust you have bestowed,mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation,as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet,every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments,America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office,but because we the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers,and true to our founding documents.
So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war,against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened,a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some,but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our healthcare is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
These are the indicators of crisis,subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land—a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable,and that the next generation must lower its sights.
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this,America—they will be met.
On this day,we gather because we have chosen hope over fear,unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
On this day,we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises,the recriminations and worn out dogmas,that for far too long have strangled our politics.
We remain a young nation,but in the words of Scripture,the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift,that noble idea,passed on from generation to generation:the God-given promise that all are equal,all are free,and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation,we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted—for those who prefer leisure over work,or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather,it has been the risk-takers,the doers,the makers of things—some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labour,who have carried us up the long,rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
Source:http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0514/06/1139846_27492026.shtml
参考答案
第三部分 课文详解
唐司长，各位嘉宾：
午安，
首先，谨代表民航处热烈欢迎各位拨冗出席民航处新总部奠基典礼。承蒙政务司司长唐英年先生今天莅临主持奠基仪式，深感荣幸。对于香港航空业的发展，唐司长向来关心备至，全力支持。
对航空界来说，今年无疑是非常艰难的一年。不过，最新的航空交通统计数字显示，航空业的前景依然乐观。展望将来，亚太区，尤其是我们的祖国——中国的航空交通会迅速增长。其实，亚太区很可能会在未来十年内成为全球最大的航空市场。这是难得的机遇，但也是我们不久便要面对的重大挑战。航空交通持续增长，为了未雨绸缪，应付日后服务需求，我们有需要更换沿用了15年的航空交通管制系统，同时兴建新总部，容纳新的航空交通管制系统和本处所有办公室。在此，我要对在座各位业界伙伴一直鼓励落实这个项目，表示感谢。这个项目对维持航空业的长远发展、保持香港的竞争优势，至为重要。我更要特别感谢香港机场管理局拨出土地，供本处兴建新总部。
民航处新大楼以可持续发展、环保及卓越航空培训中心为主要设计主题。新大楼可为业界伙伴及公众提供持续的一站式服务，也有足够空间及弹性，供民航处日后扩展。新建航空交通管制中心落成后，现有航空交通管制员的工作站会增加一倍，增至56个，足可应付至少到2025年的航空交通需求。
新大楼将达到香港建筑环境评审法的最高环保验证标准，即白金级别；采用多项环保设施，包括在大楼内善用自然光、设置循环水系统作冲厕用途，以及预留大范围辟建绿化屋顶及园景平台。
新总部设有多用途培训设施，支援各式各样的本地、区域及国际会议、研讨会及培训课程。此外，新大楼还设置教育径，展示香港航空发展历史资料及展品。这些设施都有助香港发展为卓越航空培训中心。
今天承蒙政务司司长主持民航处新总部奠基仪式，标志这项工程的重要里程碑。工程虽然规模庞大而复杂，但进度良好。预计新总部最晚在2012年年底落成，新的航空交通管制中心也会在2013年年底前启用。我们采用最先进的空管系统及经改良的空域管理程序，再加上同事精明干练、人手充足，对于满足日后航空业迅速发展而引起的各项需求，绰有余力。在政府的鼎力支持及业界的共同努力下，我们定能维持香港作为国际及区域航空枢纽的地位。
最后，这项工程得到建筑署、政府产业署、政府物流服务署及许多其他机构给予协助、支持和意见，谨此衷心致谢。过去多年，各位同事紧守岗位，尽忠职守，藉此表示感谢。在未来的日子，仍有赖各位继续竭尽所能、全心全意投入工作。今天这个盛典由香港宝嘉筹办，在此谨向他们致谢。政务司司长唐英年先生和运输及房屋局局长郑汝桦女士于百忙中抽空出席奠基仪式，谨再次深表谢意。
谢谢各位。
第四部分 技巧练习
（一）用以下段落进行影子练习和听写练习，并译成英语。
1. To complement one another with the advantages each possesses,and to bring the Pan-Pearl River Delta region into international competition. The 9 mainland provinces and autonomous regions have a vast hinterland. Situated at the crossroads between the mainland and ASEAN nations,they have access to the ASEAN nations in terms of geographical location,people and economy,and affluent markets,science and technology and human resources. Hong Kong and Macao are broadly linked to the international community,and equipped with relatively complete legal system,sophisticated infrastructure and sound business climate. Particularly,Hong Kong,as the hub of international finance,trade and maritime transport,and Macao,as the platform connecting the Portuguese-speaking countries and EU,are well-placed to explore into the international markets.
2. In the long history of mankind,the destinies of countries have never been so closely linked as they are today. Given the global nature of issues threatening the survival and development of mankind such as climate warming,environmental degradation,resources constraints,frequent outbreaks of diseases and natural disasters and the spread of terrorism,and in the face of the intertwining challenges of finance,energy and food,no country can expect to stay away from the difficulties or handle the problems all by itself. The ongoing financial volatility,in particular,has affected many countries and its impact is likely to become more serious. To tackle the challenge,we must all make concerted efforts.
3. In the face of the escalating financial crisis,there is an increasing international consensus on strengthening cooperation and resisting trade protectionism.
4. I cannot emphasise strongly enough the importance of the WTO. It is the only international organization that deals with the rules of trade between economies. It is the rules-based forum at which 149 Member Economies negotiate agreements and resolve disputes over trade issues.
5. Coming out of crisis,China must now work to upgrade its own industries in areas such as high-end manufacturing and environmental goods and services.
（二）用以下段落进行影子练习和听写练习，并译成汉语。
1. 很抱歉，我的中文远不如你们的英文，所以我期待和你们的对话。这是我首次访问中国，我看到你们博大的国家，感到很兴奋。在上海这里，我们看到了瞩目的增长，高耸的塔楼、繁忙的街道，还有企业家的精神。
2. 我们同意维持我们的复苏方案，直到经济恢复增长，直到为繁荣制定的新框架得到实施。我们相互协调的刺激经济方案为避免灾难发挥了不可缺少的作用。目前，我们必须切实做到，在恢复增长之时——工作机会也能得到保证。
3. 美国重申欢迎外来投资，包括对其金融部门和通过中国外汇储备和主权财富基金所做的以商业为导向的投资，并重申：（1）对经合组织（OECD）确定的接收主权财富基金投资的开放和非歧视性原则的承诺；（2）对中资的银行、证券公司、基金管理公司的所有申请实行统一的监管标准，这些标准也适用于在同等条件下的美国或其他外国的金融机构；（3）快速审批中资金融机构的申请；（4）确保在美外国投资委员会在审查过程中一致、公平地对待所有外国投资，不论其来源地。
4. 对于国际安全方面的挑战，美国和中国就伊朗核项目构成的挑战进行了密切协商。伊朗拥有核武器的可能性受到我们大家的关注。为了消除这个威胁，我们共同采取了接触与施压的双轨方式，目的是促使伊朗领导人改弦易辙。
5. 个人计算机行业起步之初，最大的特点是人人都可以免费看热闹：一众公司不论大小纷纷倒闭，在那场疯狂的争夺中，它们都没能坐上这个崭新业务领域的头把交椅。
第五部分 练习拓展
1. Today,we are gathered here on this solemn occasion to mark the first anniversary of the devastating Wenchuan earthquake. At this moment,our thoughts are with those compatriots who fell victim to the earthquake and those heroes who gave their lives for the remarkable success of the rescue and relief operation. At 14:28 on 12 May 2008,a massive earthquake struck Wenchuan of Sichuan Province. It was an earthquake that shocked the world. It caused heavy casualties and property damage,and inflicted enormous losses on local economic and social development. In the face of the unprecedented natural disaster,the whole Party,armed forces and people of all ethnic groups in China rallied behind the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee,the State Council and the Central Military Commission,and worked as one to fight the disaster with great determination,courage and strength. We launched a rescue and relief operation which was faster in response and mobilized more personnel and resources than ever before in China’s history. We made the utmost effort to save lives and minimize the damage,and achieved major success in the fight against the disaster,demonstrating the indomitable and unyielding spirit of the Chinese people and writing a touching and heroic chapter in the history of our nation.
2. The Rt. Hon. Prime Minister Gordon Brown,
Dear Colleagues,
I am pleased to come to London in this balmy spring season and join you in discussing ways to tackle the global financial crisis and restore world economic growth. Let me first of all express sincere thanks to Prime Minister Brown for his kind invitation and thoughtful arrangements. More than four months ago,we met at the Washington Summit on Financial Markets and World Economy. At that Summit,we reached a series of agreement on working together to counter the global financial crisis,strengthen financial regulation and promote reform of the international financial system. Since then,countries around the world have adopted policies to stabilize the financial sector and stimulate economic growth,which have produced initial results. Preliminary work has begun in reforming the international financial system. The international financial crisis,however,is still spreading and deepening,and its impact on the global real economy is becoming more and more evident. The world economic and financial situation remains complex and grave. Quite a number of countries have slid into economic recession and are confronted with severe challenges in maintaining social stability.
3. 谢谢你，贝蒂，谢谢你的热情欢迎，谢谢你与我们分享了你作为美国本年度最佳教师对教学的挚爱。四月贝蒂来白宫领取本年度最佳教师奖时，我见到了她。那天贝蒂在致辞中说：“能够因自己喜欢做的事得到表彰是一件莫大幸福的事。”所有教师在我们的课堂、我们的国家作出的贡献都值得表彰。教学是最伟大的公共事业，我们应对教师表示赞赏和尊敬。今天在座的每一位教师都代表了教学的典范，学生尊敬你们正证明了你们过人的天赋和奉献。我很高兴地说布什总统非常热爱教师，他还娶了一位教师，他让我转达他对各位的祝贺和感谢。
4. 过去的八年，我们努力扩大美国人民所拥有的机会与希望。在美国，学生不断上进，以求符合公立学校更高的标准。对于老人和残疾人来说，一种新的医疗处方药福利令他们颇感舒心。每个纳税人缴纳了更少的税款。通过以信仰为基础的治疗项目，那些瘾君子和痛苦的人们找到了新希望。过去八年来的工作更好地保护了人脆弱的生命。对于退伍老兵的补助几乎增加了一倍。美国的一山一水都真切地变得更为干净。睿智的最高法院法官山姆·阿力拓、和大法官约翰·罗伯茨加入到联邦法院中。
参 考 文 献
Daniel Gile. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,1995.
Lambert,S ＆ Moser-Mercer. Bridging the Gap:Empirical Research On Simultaneous Interpreting. Amsterdam ＆ Philadelphia:John Benjamins,1994.
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