第三单元 口译记忆训练（三）
第一部分 技能总述
口译训练非一朝一夕，需持久的练习才能入门、掌握。本单元继续介绍口译记忆训练方法，重点探讨如何在理解的基础上记忆口译内容。
1. 复述训练
复述是以听或读的方式获取材料内容之后，用语言重复记忆中的材料内容，通过对材料内容的心理操作强化记忆。
心理学家证实，复述是短时记忆的主要认知操作，它不仅能够保持短时记忆中的内容，而且能将短时记忆中的信息进行加工处理并转移到长时记忆里，如果没有复述训练对内容的加工，短时记忆中的信息就有可能会丢失。由此可见，复述训练在提高短时记忆能力以及将短时记忆中储存的信息输入长时记忆的过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。（穆雷：2007）
口译中的复述训练应循序渐进，可按照以下步骤进行：
（1）从单句复述逐步过渡到段落复述、篇章复述，先从短句简单句开始训练，然后进行结构较复杂的长句复合句。复述段落不应过长，200至300字左右即可，复述篇章应为逻辑结构清晰，表述清楚的文章；
（2）从源语复述逐步过渡到目标语复述。复述训练的开始阶段应降低语言难度，从中文的源语复述开始，也就是听中文的原文，然后用中文复述文章内容。第二步进行英文的源语复述，听英文用英文复述。之后可以逐渐增加难度用目标语复述，即听中文材料用英文复述，听英文材料用中文复述；
（3）从无笔记复述逐步过渡到有笔记复述。刚开始训练时不需要记笔记，将全部精力应用在听解、分析和记忆，做无笔记复述。然后，进入有笔记复述阶段，此时应注意，练习时70％的精力应用于听解、分析和记忆，30％的精力应用于记笔记，初学者往往投入过多的精力在记笔记上，直接导致听解、分析和记忆出现问题，笔记记下的也只是只言片语，没有任何的辅助记忆作用。
（4）从内容简单的材料逐步过渡到内容较难的材料。在材料选择上应遵循“先易后难”的原则。“易”和“难”涉及的方面有：对材料内容和背景的熟悉程度、陌生词汇的多少、专业术语和数字的多少、发言者方言是否易于接受、发言者吐字是否清晰、讲话是否流畅等、发言者的逻辑是否清晰、语速的快慢以及是否喜好跳跃性思维等。
（5）从摘要复述逐步过渡到详细复述。起初阶段复述练习应侧重对篇章整体逻辑构架的把握，能够在听解记忆之后，根据篇章安排复述出文章的主要大意和思想脉络。在教学中我们发现这是学生的弱项，需要在复述练习中加大训练的强度和量。待掌握篇章中心思想之后可以进入详细复述阶段，重听原文，注意对细节的分析和记忆，此时为了能够扩大记忆的容量，在听解时应注意分析细节之间的逻辑关系，将各细节之间有机地结合起来组成一个信息单位，扩大记忆的储存空间。
（6）从阅读复述逐步过渡到听解复述。以阅读的形式复述，练习者可以以文字为依托，降低记忆的压力。在规定时间内完成快速阅读，不可重复阅读文章，之后放下材料做无笔记复述或有笔记复述。之后过渡到听解复述，无文字材料的辅助，练习时需要全神贯注于听解和记忆，先做无笔记复述再做有笔记复述。
2. 逻辑分析训练
逻辑分析训练与复述训练可以同时进行。在教学中发现对篇章进行逻辑分析，归纳总结出中心思想和逻辑框架是学生的弱项。学生在阅读或听解仅一遍之后，往往不能快速及时地分析出发言者意图、抓住要点。在口译训练中逻辑分析能力是增强短时记忆容量的必要条件。
可以针对不同文体的特点展开逻辑分析训练，口译中常见的文体主要有三种：记叙文、议论文、说明文。在一篇文章中作者通常会使用一种或多种文体，占主导地位的文体决定全篇文章的文体风格。如果想弄清楚每种文体的逻辑安排，首先应弄清楚每种文体的定义和特点。
（1）记叙文是指用来描述事物的文章。记叙文有六要素，即时间、地点、人物、起因、经过、结果。记叙文从物体的运动状态，形态或变化上来描写物体。因此，当我们遇到记叙文时，要特别注意事件发生的六个基本要素，观察作者如何陈述六要素，六要素之间以何种方式联系到一起。此外，在描述物体时，要注意物体的状态、形状和变化。
（2）议论文是通过逻辑推理和证明从正面提出某种见解、主张，或是驳斥别人的错误观点，从而阐述作者的立场和观点的文章。根据议论文的定义和特点，我们在听到议论性发言时应首先抓住论点，然后找出分论点，再研究发言者运用了什么写作方法来说理或驳斥，比如：归纳法、例证法、演绎法、比喻法、对比法等等。
（3）说明文通过对事物、事件或事理的解释说明，阐明事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事件、事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而使读者获得有关知识。说明文中常见的顺序有：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。采用什么顺序，主要取决于作者的说明对象的特点和性质。根据说明文的定义和特点，我们在听到发言稿时，可以根据材料的说明顺序紧跟说话者逻辑框架。其次，还应注意发言者采用了那些说明的方法，例如举例子、作比较、下定义、列图表、作诠释、打比方、摹状貌、取引用、分类别、列数字等等。
逻辑分析训练的关键在于译员应透彻理解文章的意义，通过分析句中关系、句与句的关系、意群与意群的关系、段落与段落的关系，先从整体把握文章构架，再从局部展开细节，注重文章的逻辑层次分析，将各个部分有机地联系到一起，增加记忆的储存空间，从而有效地提高短时记忆的能力。
在口译记忆训练的过程中，应时刻牢记口译中的记忆必须建立在理解的基础上，记的是意义而非机械地记忆。只有通过大量反复地练习才能减少信息提取的耗时，提高信息提取速度，增强短时记忆和长时记忆激活的程度，这就要求我们要提高相关知识的使用频率和使用的新近程度，也就是从量和深度上同时强化训练。
3. 抗干扰训练
此外，抗干扰练习和抗压练习是记忆训练中不可或缺的环节，在现实口译环境中，译员的状态和表现会受到客观环境和内在压力的干扰，导致短时记忆能力大打折扣。因此，在平时的训练中，我们可以加入适当的干扰，例如让学生制造噪声、播放音乐等。
同时，模拟真实的口译环境，让学生在有观众的环境下在教室前面做练习，在班级内举行小型的国际会议或商贸洽谈会，通过这种练习方式可以锻炼学生的抗压能力。最后，不能忽略长时记忆的训练，平时应多读书读报，增加百科知识的积累，使长时记忆中的信息保持一定的活跃程度，这样在涉及相关知识时才能很快地提取长时记忆中被激活的信息。
第二部分 技巧解析
下面是联合国秘书长2010国际消除贫穷日的致辞。记忆这样的一个段落时可以进行逻辑分析，这样才能有助于进行复述训练。
UN Secretary-General’s Message on the International Dayfor the Eradication of Poverty 2010
联合国秘书长2010国际消除贫穷日致辞
1. This year’s observance of the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty focuses on decent work,meaningful employment,income-generating livelihoods. In a word:jobs. Decent and productive work is one of the most effective ways to fight poverty and build self-sufficiency.
在这一例句中，要特别注意逻辑分析。首先确定文章的文体是说明和议论相结合，向听众分析现状、说明情况，同时呼吁共同采取行动。第一段点出主题——消除贫困的重点是促进就业，第二句进一步解释主题内容。
2. Yet today,more than half the world’s working population is in vulnerable employment. They lack formal work arrangements and social security,and often earn too little to provide for their families,let alone climb the ladder of economic opportunity. The global economic crisis has further pushed an estimated 64 million into poverty and unemployment is up by more than 30 million since 2007.
第二段通过数字说明存在的问题和困难——就业环境脆弱导致贫困人口和失业人数增加。
3. How can we bridge the gap from poverty to decent work? By investing in economic and social policies that foster job creation; promoting decent labour conditions and deepening social protection systems. Access to education,public health and job training is also essential.
第三段介绍解决失业与贫困问题的具体办法，列举了三个解决办法。
4. We must also put a special emphasis on youth employment. Young people are three times more likely to be unemployed than adults. Last year,more than 81 million young people were unemployed,the highest on record. One of the best ways for youth to see a future of hope is through the promise of a decent job.
第四段与前一段是递进关系，用数据进一步说明问题的严重性以及工作的重点——青年就业问题。
5. Last month at the Millennium Development Goals Summit in New York,world leaders agreed on an action agenda to intensify the global poverty fight. Despite encouraging advances in many corners of the globe,hundreds of millions of people still live in appalling conditions,lacking even the most basic services. Addressing the global jobs crisis is central to changing this picture—to defeating poverty,strengthening economies and building peaceful and stable societies. Widespread economic uncertainty and fiscal austerity should not be excuses to do less. Rather,they are reasons to do more.
第五段指出尽管贫困问题得到关注，但是仍然存在困难，再次强调改变就业状况的重要性，并表明决心。
6. On this International Day for the Eradication of Poverty,let us hear the voices of the poor and strive to expand job opportunities and safe working conditions everywhere. Let us work for a world of decent work for all.
呼吁世界各国为消除贫苦、创造就业机会共同努力。
通过对以上篇章和段落的逻辑分析，我们弄清楚了文章的文体和全篇的逻辑框架，这对复述文章非常有帮助。根据文章的逻辑安排和作者的论证和说明方法，我们可以逐步从复述全文大意过渡到复述全文细节。长期练习可以提高学生在短时间内分析文章并记忆文章内容的能力，并且可以大大缩短记忆时间。同时，通过复述，记忆的内容在头脑中保存得更扎实，不易忘记。通过反复的复述，短时记忆中的内容可以向长时记忆转化。这样不仅可以提高学生短时记忆的效率，还能增加学生长时记忆中百科知识的储备量。
第三部分 课文详解
词汇拓展
sponsor 提供；赞助
conceive 构想，设想
enlist 劝说……加入；请求……帮助forge 建立
dinar 第纳尔（前南斯拉夫和一些穆斯林国家的货币单位）
rupee （印度）卢比
rupiah （印尼）卢比
Closing Remarks at the Presidential Summit on Entrepreneurship
It is such a pleasure to be with you at one of the most exciting gatherings of entrepreneurs anywhere in the world today. And I join those who have already welcomed you to Washington and thank you for helping to make President Obama’s Summit on Entrepreneurship such a success. With this summit,we carry forward a conversation about the role that entrepreneurs can and must play in a healthy,thriving,prosperous,stable society,and how each of us,no matter where we live or who we are,can help to spread the principles and the benefits of entrepreneurship to people everywhere.
I would imagine that some of you came wondering,well,what is this really all about and why is the United States and the Obama Administration sponsoring this conversation? And it is because we believe that by bringing together men and women from dozens of countries and all walks of life,this summit has made one thing clear:Being entrepreneurial does not depend on your job title or what you studied in school or even that you went to formal schooling at all. Entrepreneurship is a way of looking at the world and seeing not just obstacles,but opportunities; not just the world as it is,but the world as it could be,and then having the confidence,the determination,and the resources to move those worlds closer together.
An entrepreneur is anyone with the imagination to conceive of a new product,process,or service,and the ability and persistence to turn that idea into something real. My father was a small businessperson. By that,I mean very small. He employed maybe one,two,or three laborers depending upon what he was doing. He ran a small printing plant for fabrics. He enlisted my mother,my brothers and me. We were often down there at the factory doing the work of pouring the paint into the silk screens and pushing the paint through the design and then lifting the screen up and moving it down these very long tables. And it was really remarkable that my father made a success of that small business just by stint of hard work,persistence,commitment,and a belief that he could.
Because engaging through entrepreneurship can benefit every country represented here,including,I might add,the United States,by forging closer ties through increased trade,new educational exchanges,new partnerships in science and technology,greater cooperation on global challenges like hunger,poverty,or climate change. Relations between nations are sustained by the connections between their peoples. And so we are all stronger for your time together here.
And I hope each of you will return home full of new ideas and a renewed sense of both purpose and possibility. But as you know,an entrepreneur’s life is not always easy,especially in the early days of a new enterprise when success is far from certain and partners may be hard to find. But every one of you is now part of this global community,with access to a network of information,advice,and support. And I hope you will help expand this community and turn the conversations you’ve had here into collaborations that endure.
And as you do that,I hope you’ll remember that the fullest measure of your impact will not only be in dollars or dinars or rupees or rupiahs,but in the lives you change and the progress you inspire and the better futures you help to create. Because you have the power not only to drive economic growth,but to promote shared prosperity,call for open and accountable governance,help expand access to services like healthcare and education. These are the pillars of stable,thriving societies. And you are the people with the talent and opportunity to help build them.
And you can count on the United States to be your partner,because this summit reflects the new approach to foreign policy that President Obama described last year at Cairo University,one that we have been putting into practice through partnerships based on shared values,mutual respect,and mutual responsibility. These partnerships are not only with governments,but they are with citizens like all of you who can help us generate local,regional,and global progress. So far,we have developed initiatives that will build on the work of this summit and support entrepreneurs worldwide in the months and years ahead.
Source:http://www.kouyi.org/conference/1272.html
解析
1. It is such a pleasure to be with you at one of the most exciting gatherings of entrepreneurs anywhere in the world today.
译文：我十分高兴今天与你们共同出席这次会议，这是全世界最令人振奋的创业者会议之一。译文中很好地应用了英译汉的拆分技巧，将原文的一句拆为译文的两句，意思表达完整流畅。
2. I would imagine that some of you came wondering,…
译文：我想你们中间有些人在前来出席会议时也许会有疑问……
词性转换的另外一个例子，原文动词“wondering”结尾，译文中变成动宾结构“有疑问”。
3. An entrepreneur is anyone with the imagination to conceive of a new product,process,or service,and the ability and persistence to turn that idea into something real.
译文：任何人都能成为创业者，只要有想象力，能设想一种新产品、新工艺或新服务方式，并具备将这种设想变为具体成果的能力和坚持不懈的精神。
原文中的介词“with”在译文中译作“有”“具备”，介词转换为动词。原文中“service”译作“服务方式”，补充“方式”意思表达更加完整准确。
4. He enlisted my mother,my brothers and me.
译文：他还动员我母亲、兄弟和我参加。句尾补充“参加”，符合汉语习惯，意思表达完整。
5. And it was really remarkable that my father made a success of that small business just by stint of hard work,persistence,commitment,and a belief that he could.
译文：实在是了不起，我父亲就从这个小企业起家而获得了成功，靠的就是艰苦奋斗、百折不挠、意志坚定和相信自己的信念。
这句根据口译的语序先说结果再说原因，而在笔译中，我们通常先说因再说果。从而可以看出，口译与笔译还是有区别的。口译强调顺译，这样做也是为了减轻记忆压力，因为口译不像笔译有充足的时间去斟酌语序、措辞等。
6. Relations between nations are sustained by the connections between their peoples.
译文：国与国之间的关系是靠两国人民之间的联系来维系的。
译文中用了一个“靠”字化解了原文的被动语态，英语中的被动语态在译到汉语中时，多转为主动语态，更符合汉语的表达习惯。
7. And I hope each of you will return home full of new ideas and a renewed sense of both purpose and possibility.
译文：我希望你们每个人返回本国时都能满载新的思路，以及对目标和潜能的新的认知。
原文的形容词短语译作译文中的动词短语，表达灵活准确。
8. But as you know,an entrepreneur’s life is not always easy,especially in the early days of a new enterprise when success is far from certain and partners may be hard to find.
译文：但正如你们所知，一个企业家的历程并不总是一帆风顺的，尤其是在一个新企业创建之初，成功还是一个未知数，合作伙伴可能很难找到。
两处译文十分灵活，没有局限于原文的字面表达，译文准确到位。在翻译中，应吃透原文意思，然后忘记原文结构，用地道的目标语表达。
9. So far,we have developed initiatives that will build on the work of this summit and support entrepreneurs worldwide in the months and years ahead.
译文：到目前为止，我们已经制定出计划，在本次峰会的基础上继续努力，在未来的岁月里支持全球的企业家。
原文中的较为精确的时间表达在译文中译作模糊时间，翻译时可以根据上下文灵活运用，前提是忠实原文的意思。
第四部分 技巧练习
（一）复述下面的段落，并译成英语。
1. 蓬勃发展的区域经济合作为泛珠三角地区带来了新的机遇。当前，经济全球化进一步发展，区域经济合作成为一种新的潮流，双边自由贸易区和区域性合作组织不断涌现。据WTO统计，世界上签署的各种区域经济合作协定已经达到三百四十多个。内地也高度重视发展区域经济合作，大力推动双向互利开放。近年来，内地与东盟国家签署了货物贸易和服务贸易协议，中国—巴基斯坦、中国—智利自贸协议已经签署并实施，正在加紧与新西兰、澳大利亚、海湾合作委员会、新加坡、冰岛等商谈自贸区。
Source:http://www.hunancom.gov.cn/swdt/7416.htm
2. 这次北京奥运会是在中国这样一个最大的发展中国家举行的。国际社会对中国政府和人民为此做出的努力给予了高度评价。奥运会的成功举办，使中国人民受到了极大的鼓舞，增强了实现现代化的信心和力量。同时，我们清醒地看到，中国有13亿人口，虽然经济总量已经位居世界前列，但人均收入水平仍排在世界100位之后，城乡发展和区域发展很不平衡，农村特别是西部地区农村还很落后，还有数以千万计的人口没有解决温饱。
Source:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_518573440100bib2.html
3. 农业是多哈谈判的核心。发达国家和发展中国家都面临压力，但富国和穷国的压力是不同的。在全球26亿农民中，发展中国家有25亿，而且大多数处在贫困状态。即使发展中国家有雄心、有诚意去推进贸易自由化，也不能不顾及几千万甚至几亿农民的基本生计。如果让那些已处于贫困线上的农民遭受更大的冲击，将引发灾难，届时发达国家也不得安宁。因此，应立即给予最不发达国家免关税、免配额的待遇，应该给予发展中国家“特殊产品”和“特殊保障机制”的待遇。
Source:http://wenku.baidu.com/view/59235cd63186bceb19e8bbe2.html
4. 当年为了实现乌拉圭回合，关贸总协定各个成员付出了艰苦努力，但事后的结果并不乐观，世界经济仍不平衡，两极分化越加严重。面对这一现象，发展中国家不能容忍，发达国家也感到了危机。正因为如此，大家才把现阶段多边贸易谈判多哈回合定名为发展回合。这是WTO历史上重大的进步，也是各个成员富有远见的选择。果能如此，不论富国还是穷国，都会因为生活在一个更加和谐的世界而获得持久发展的环境。反之，如果发展的主题仅仅是口号，没有实际内容，谈判将失去意义，失去动力，也会令世人对世贸组织感到失望。
Source:http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/translatorsgarden/famousspeech/200803/20080305438324.html
5. 亚太新兴市场国家发展迅速，但仍面临诸多艰巨挑战。我们应该看到，虽然亚太新兴市场国家发展取得显著成就，但生产力总体水平不高，自主创新能力有待加强，长期形成的结构性矛盾和粗放型增长方式尚未根本改变。亚太新兴市场国家普遍面临着发展经济、改善民生的艰巨任务，面临着工业化、城镇化、现代化的崭新课题，面临着促进城乡、区域、经济社会协调发展的重大挑战，面临着健全制度体系、提升创新能力等紧迫问题。亚太新兴市场国家在实现全面发展方面仍有很长的路要走，还需要长期艰苦努力。
Source:http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/
（二）复述下面的段落，并译成汉语。
1. Over the past 16 months,we have worked together to lay the foundation for that positive,cooperative,and comprehensive relationship that President Obama and President Hu have committed our nations to pursuing. We launched the strategic and economic dialogue last year in Washington,as the premier convening mechanism in our relationship. And this year we have assembled an even broader and deeper team,here in China,to address our growing agenda. We have built avenues of cooperation and identified areas of mutual interest.
Source:http://bbs.24en.com/thread-177675-1-1.html
2. We agreed to reform our system of global economic cooperation and governance. We can no longer meet the challenges of the 21st century economy with 20th century approaches. And that’s why the G20 will take the lead in building a new approach to cooperation. To make our institutions reflect the reality of our times,we will shift more responsibility to emerging economies within the International Monetary Fund,and give them a greater voice. To build new markets,and help the world’s most vulnerable citizens climb out of poverty,we established a new World Bank Trust Fund to support investments in food security and financing for clean and affordable energy. And to ensure that we keep our commitments,we agreed to continue to take stock of our efforts going forward.
Source:http://www.enmajor.com/cn/Html/Translation/Interpretation/98097.html
3. Officials expect to reject numerous applicants after asking them:“What is your greatest weakness?” “Candidates often respond with something that is not a weakness,said Christopher Morrow,senior vice president of the Calabasas,Calif.,concerned. “It is a deal breaker.” The weakness question represents the most common and most stressful one posed during interviews. Yet in today’s weak job market,the wrong answer weakens your chances of winning employment. Some people offer replies they mistakenly assume that bosses love,such as ‘I am a perfectionist.’ That response will be used against you because you appear incapable of delegating.
Source:http://www.hxen.com/interpretation/kouyiziliao/2009-02-16/68569.html
4. On climate and energy,we have built on the memorandum of understanding signed at the last round of the dialogues,collaborating on new,clean energy research,including a center. We have committed ourselves to an electrical vehicle initiative,and a renewable energy partnership,and more. At Copenhagen,for the first time,all major economies,including both the United States and China,made national commitments to curb carbon emissions and transparently report on their mitigation efforts. Now we must work to implement the Copenhagen accord with balanced commitments that are reflected in the ongoing negotiation.
Source:http://bbs.24en.com/thread-177675-1-1.html
5. I see China’s future in you young people whose talent and dedication and dreams will do so much to help shape the 21st century. I’ve said many times that I believe that our world is now fundamentally interconnected. The jobs we do,the prosperity we build,the environment we protect,the security that we seek all of these things are shared. And given that interconnection,power in the 21st century is no longer a zero-sum game; one country’s success need not come at the expense of another. And that is why the United States insists we do not seek to contain China’s rise. On the contrary,we welcome China as a strong and prosperous and successful member of the community of nations,a China that draws on the rights,strengths,and creativity of individual Chinese like you.
Source:http://5utime.cn/xuexi/yingyu/2009-11-19/673_4.html
第五部分 练习拓展
1. 当前，亚欧合作站在了一个新的历史起点上，面临着新的发展机遇。亚洲人口众多，市场潜力巨大，是目前全球经济增长最快和最具活力的地区。欧盟是全球最大的经济体，科技先进，市场成熟，在很多方面引领世界潮流。随着澳大利亚、新西兰和俄罗斯的加入，亚欧会议成员国在地缘上东西贯通，真正成为一个紧密相联的利益共同体。48个成员人口和贸易额约占世界的60％，经济总量超过世界的50％，亚欧合作的分量和作用进一步提升，合作的空间和前景更加广阔。我们要把握机遇，顺应形势，从战略高度和长远角度不断扎实推进亚欧合作进程。
Source:http://www.kekenet.com/kouyi/115161_2.shtml
2. 很高兴总统阁下能出席本次中国新年庆祝活动，您的莅临令我们不胜荣幸。自古以来，中国人都将每年欢庆春节视作最重要的传统。对生活和工作在马尼拉的外交官来说，这个旧的传统呈现出新的意义。它不仅是家人团聚的时刻，也成为我们向总统阁下以及菲律宾的好朋友们致以诚挚的节日问候的重要时刻。难忘的2009年见证了中菲战略合作伙伴关系稳步发展。两国的高层互访加强了两国的政治联系，增进了相互信任。互利共赢的经济合作取得了可喜进展，获得了实质性的成果。在教育、旅游等多领域合作取得的新成就为中菲关系欣欣向荣提供了不竭动力。
Source:http://www.putclub.com/html/ability/translation/interpretation/exercise/Diplomatic/2010/0311/13175.html
3. That capitalism has been shown,in practice,to be endemically flawed should come as no surprise. That is the nature of mankind. What is more important is that history,notably the history of the world after the Second World War,has demonstrated beyond dispute that every other system of economic organisation is far worse. So capitalism both deserves to survive,and will survive,just as it did after the even greater economic disaster of the 1930s. But there is another lesson of the 1930s. It is that although capitalism survives it is capable of retreating behind a protectionist shell,at great cost to global prosperity. This is a real danger today. The “Buy American” provisions in President Barack Obama’s fiscal boost are an ominous sign.
Source:http://tr.hjenglish.com/page/68964/
4. The United Nations understands the enormous impact of scholarship,innovation and ideas. We are trying to harness that great power to build a better world—A world where human ingenuity will make our homes,communities and consumption patterns socially and environmentally sustainable; A world where research receives the funding and support it needs to defeat disease,deprivation and despair; A world where the “unlearning” of intolerance will bridge barriers that still divide nations and peoples. Promoting and advancing these goals is the essence of the United Nations Academic Impact. We have been laying the groundwork for this initiative for some time now,with great support from the academic community. Later this month,we will launch it officially at United Nations headquarters in New York.
Source:http://www.exam8.com/english/trans/k/gj/201012/1722115.html
第六部分 段落实战与演练
Passage 1
2009年宋哲大使欧洲与中国学术战略对话会讲话
词汇补充
委员 Commissoner
第十一次中欧领导人会晤 the 11th China-EU summit
两位数 double-digit
外向型生产企业 export-oriented enterprise
上升 amount
密切关注 watch closely on
引起 incur
刺激计划 stimulus plan
经历，承受 undergo
政治纷争 political strife
尊敬的瓦尔德纳委员，梅里特秘书长，女士们，先生们，朋友们，
今天下午，我将赶赴布拉格，参加定于明天举行的第十一次中欧领导人会晤。我很高兴今天上午有这样一个宝贵的机会，在领导人会晤举行前夕同各位探讨中欧关系的战略意义和发展前景。当前我们讨论任何问题，都离不开全球金融危机严重冲击各国经济社会发展这个大背景。今年一季度，中国GDP同比增长6.1％，远低于近年来两位数的增长幅度；对外贸易总额同比下降24.9％，一大批外向型生产企业陷入经营困难。欧盟国家面临经济衰退，欧委会预测欧盟经济今明两年将相继萎缩4％和0.1％，欧盟将新增失业人口850万，失业率上升至10.9％。
金融危机给各国经济社会发展都带来严峻挑战。此时此刻，各国政治家、企业家、专家学者都在密切关注全球经济形势的发展以及其他国家的应对举措，期盼世界经济尽快走出谷底，实现复苏，避免因经济长期不景气带来更多的社会问题、政治矛盾甚至国际冲突。但是如果我们坐视不管，危机不会消失。我们应该采取果断行动和有效措施，加强更为密切和强有力的合作。欧盟去年12月提出总额2 000亿欧元、相当于欧盟GDP1.5％的经济刺激计划，各成员国近几个月来也相继推出整顿金融、振兴经济、保障就业的规划和战略。
中国政府自去年下半年起及时、果断地出台了一系列强有力的应对措施，形成了一个以“保增长、保民生、保稳定”为目标，着眼长远、统筹协调的综合系统方案。为扩大需求，大规模增加政府投资，实施总额为4万亿元人民币（约合5 860亿美元）的经济刺激计划，实行结构性减税；为改善供给，对十个重点产业实施调整振兴规划，推进结构调整和优化升级；为提高生产要素，大力推进自主创新，加大科技投入，加强科技支撑；为保证持续增长，大幅度提高社会保障水平，努力扩大城乡就业，促进社会事业发展。
Source:http://www.51test.net/show/738437.html
Passage 2
2010年国家主席胡锦涛新年贺词
词汇补充
辞旧迎新 bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new
中国国际广播电台 China Radio International
特别行政区 Special Administrative Regions
中国特色社会主义事业 the socialist course with Chinese characteristics
坚定不移 unswervingly
三个代表 Three Represents
女士们，先生们，同志们，朋友们，
新年的钟声就要敲响，2010年的帷幕即将拉开。在这辞旧迎新的美好时刻，我很高兴通过中国国际广播电台、中央人民广播电台和中央电视台，向全国各族人民，向香港特别行政区同胞、澳门特别行政区同胞、台湾同胞和海外侨胞，向世界各国的朋友们，致以新年的祝福！
2.09年是中华人民共和国历史上十分重要的一年。中国各族人民隆重庆祝新中国成立60周年，为伟大祖国的发展进步感到无比自豪，决心在新的起点上把中国特色社会主义事业继续推向前进。
面对国际金融危机的严重冲击，中国各族人民坚定信心、迎难而上、万众一心、共克时艰，坚持把保持经济平稳较快发展作为经济工作的首要任务，统筹做好保增长、保民生、保稳定各项工作，实现了经济总体回升向好。中国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得新的显著成就，人民生活继续改善，社会保持和谐稳定。中国积极参加应对国际金融危机、气候变化等问题国际合作，扩大同世界各国交流合作，为世界和平与发展作出了新的贡献。
2.10年是中国实施“十一五”规划的最后一年。在新的一年里，我们将坚定不移高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，保持宏观经济政策的连续性和稳定性，继续实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，根据新形势新情况着力提高政策的针对性和灵活性，更加注重提高经济增长质量和效益，更加注重推动经济发展方式转变和经济结构调整，更加注重推进改革开放和自主创新、增强经济增长活力和动力，更加注重改善民生、保持社会和谐稳定，更加注重统筹国内国际两个大局，努力实现经济平稳较快发展，继续推进全面建设小康社会进程。
Source:http://edu.qq.com/a/20100105/000050.htm
Passage 3
胡锦涛主席在庆祝新中国成立60周年大会上的讲话
词汇补充
代表 on behalf of 全国人大 the National People’s Congress
国务院 the State Council
全国政协 the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
中央军委 the Central Military Commission
浴血奋战 blooded struggle
中华人民共和国 the People’s Republic of China
马克思主义 Marxism
全国同胞们，同志们，朋友们：
今天，我们隆重集会，庆祝中华人民共和国成立60周年。在这个喜庆而又庄严的时刻，全国各族人民都为伟大祖国的发展进步感到无比自豪，都对实现中华民族伟大复兴的光明前景充满信心。
在这里，我代表党中央、全国人大、国务院、全国政协和中央军委，向一切为民族独立和人民解放、国家富强和人民幸福建立了不朽功勋的革命先辈和烈士们，表示深切的怀念！向全国各族人民和海内外爱国同胞，致以热烈的祝贺！向关心和支持中国发展的各国朋友，表示衷心的感谢！
六十年前的今天，中国人民经过近代以来一百多年的浴血奋战终于夺取了中国革命的伟大胜利，毛泽东主席在这里向世界庄严宣告了中华人民共和国的成立。中国人民从此站起来了，具有五千多年文明历史的中华民族从此进入了发展进步的历史新纪元。
六十年来，在以毛泽东同志、邓小平同志、江泽民同志为核心的党的三代中央领导集体和党的十六大以来的党中央领导下，勤劳智慧的我国各族人民同心同德、艰苦奋斗，战胜各种艰难曲折和风险考验，取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就，谱写了自强不息的壮丽凯歌。今天，一个面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的社会主义中国巍然屹立在世界东方。
新中国六十年的发展进步充分证明，只有社会主义才能救中国，只有改革开放才能发展中国、发展社会主义、发展马克思主义。中国人民有信心、有能力建设好自己的国家，也有信心、有能力为世界作出自己应有的贡献。
Source:http://www.ebigear.com/res-1812-7777700104915.html
Passage 4
Remarks at the Opening Ceremony of China Brand Show 2009 ＆ the Promotion Conference of the 106th Session of the Guangzhou Fair
词汇补充
Respected Mr. Brian K. Krolicki,Lieutenant Governor of Nevada,
Dear Guests,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Good morning!
Today,we gather here to celebrate the grand opening of China Brand Show 2009 and the Press Conference of the 106th Session of the Canton Fair. On behalf of the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM),I would like to extend a warm welcome to all the guests and friends present today.
Thanks to the great support of US friends from all corners of the society and the active participation of Chinese enterprises,China Brand Show has been successfully held for 6 consecutive sessions and has become an important window for showcasing Chinese export commodities to US consumers. This year’s show is co-sponsored by MOFCOM and the people’s governments of Guangdong and Zhejiang Provinces. Many premium products have been selected from across China,especially from Guangdong and Zhejiang,for this Show. I believe those products will be well received here in the US and North America. The Canton Fair,with the 106th session coming up from October 15th to November 4th in Guangzhou,is China’s flagship international trade show with the longest history,the largest scale,the most complete offerings of commodities,the highest turnout of participants,and the most fruitful results. For this session,the sponsors are assembling more than 20 000 enterprises with 150 000 varieties of exhibits and are expected to attract approximately 200 000 overseas buyers. We cordially invite buyers from the US to source at the Canton Fair,and look forward to the display of US products which meet the needs of the Chinese market. I am sure that US business people will gain new business opportunities at the Fair.
Ladies and gentlemen,
China and the US are each other’s second largest trading partner. We share wide-ranging common interests and great promises for cooperation. At this critical juncture when the world economy is bouncing back from crisis to recovery,China and the US have taken proactive measures,particularly availing the occasion of the just concluded first China-US Strategic ＆ Economic Dialogue (S＆ED),to send another bracing message of taking joint actions for tiding over the difficulties. Such measures play a positive role in helping the two countries and the world economy out of the current economic downturn. In its response to the crisis,the Chinese government will consistently pursue the opening-up strategy of mutual benefits and win-win,maintain a level playing field,resist trade protectionism with actions,and join other countries in promoting global trade recovery and growth. A more open,dynamic Chinese economy will bring about tremendous development opportunities for the entire world including the US. China-US trade and commercial relations will surely prosper at a new starting point.
To conclude,I wish China Brand Show 2009 ＆ the Press Conference of the 106th Session of the Canton Fair a complete success. Thank you.
Source:http://www.ch7w.com/html/200909/16103945.shtml
参考答案
第三部分 课文详解
我十分高兴今天与你们共同出席这次会议，这是全世界最令人振奋的创业者会议之一。你们为奥巴马总统倡导的创业峰会取得如此圆满的成功作出了贡献，我和其他已表示欢迎你们前来华盛顿的人一道对你们表示感谢。通过这次峰会，我们促进了相互间的对话，讨论创业者在一个健康、兴旺、繁荣和稳定的社会中能够和必须发挥什么作用；我们每一个人，无论住在哪里，无论具有什么身份，将如何发挥自己的作用，向全世界各地人民传播创业的原则，介绍创业的成效。
我想你们中间有些人在前来出席会议时也许会有疑问，这究竟是怎么一回事，美国和奥巴马政府为什么倡议举办这样的讨论会？这是因为我们相信，通过邀请几十个国家和社会各界的男女代表共聚一堂，这次峰会已说明了一个问题：能否创业并不取决于你的职位，也不取决于你在学校学的是什么，甚至不在于你是否受过正规的学校教育。创业需要以某种方式观察世界，不仅看到障碍，而且看到机会；不仅看到现实的世界，而且看到世界可能发生的变化，从而获得信心、决心和资源，一步步走向未来的世界。
任何人都能成为创业者，只要有想象力，能设想一种新产品、新工艺或新的服务方式，并具备将这种设想变为具体成果的能力和坚持不懈的精神。我父亲是一个小企业主。我说的“小”是非常之小。根据他当时所从事的业务，他聘用一个、两个或三个雇员。他经营一家小型纺织品印花厂。他还动员我母亲、兄弟和我参加。我们常去工厂干活，把颜料注入丝网，用一种工具使颜料穿透图案模具，然后提起丝网顺着长长的桌子向另一端移动。实在是了不起，我父亲就从这个小企业起家而获得了成功，靠的就是艰苦奋斗、百折不挠、意志坚定和相信自己的信念。
因为借助创业精神互相接触可以让每一个有代表在座的国家受益——我还要补充说，这也包括美国——通过加强贸易联系、新的教育交流、新的科技伙伴计划以及为应对饥饿、贫困和气候变化等全球性挑战增进合作，能够建立更密切的关系。国与国之间的关系是靠两国人民之间的联系来维系的。因此，你们在这里聚会为我们所有人增添了力量。
我希望你们每个人返回本国时都能满载新的思路，以及对目标和潜能的新的认知。但正如你们所知，一个企业家的历程并不总是一帆风顺的，尤其是在一个新企业创建之初，成功还是一个未知数，合作伙伴可能很难找到。但是，你们每一个人现在都是这个全球社会的一分子，可以利用这个信息、咨询和支持网络。我希望你们能够帮助扩大这个全球社会，把你们在这里展开的对话转化为持久的协同合作。
当你们这么做的时候，我希望你们记住，最全面地衡量你们的影响力的不仅是美元、第纳尔或卢比，而是你们所改变的生活，你们所激发的进步以及你们帮助建设的更加美好的未来。这都是因为你们拥有力量，不仅能推动经济增长，而且能促进共同繁荣，要求公开、负责的治理，帮助普及医疗和教育等各项服务。这些都是稳定和繁荣的社会的支柱。你们就是有才干、有机会帮助构建这些支柱的人。
你们可以信赖美国会成为你们的合作伙伴，因为这次峰会反映了奥巴马总统去年在开罗大学阐明的新型外交政策。通过以共同价值观、相互尊重和共同责任为基础的伙伴关系，我们正在着手实施这项政策。这种伙伴关系不仅存在于各国政府之间，而且存在于像诸位这样的公民之间，你们可以帮助我们在地方、地区乃至全球取得进步。到目前为止，我们已经制定出计划，在本次峰会的基础上继续努力，在未来的岁月里支持全球的企业家。
第四部分 技巧练习
（一）复述下面的段落，并译成英语。
1. The vigorous development of regional economic cooperation has brought about new opportunities for the Pan-Pearl River Delta. Currently,with the further development of economic globalization,regional economic cooperation has become a new trend,and bilateral free trade areas and regional cooperation organization have been growing in number. According to WTO statistics,more than 340 regional economic cooperation agreements have been signed worldwide. The mainland has paid great attention to regional economic cooperation and promoting two-way mutually beneficial opening-up. In recent years,the mainland has signed agreements on trade in goods and services with ASEAN countries. China-Pakistan and China-Chile FTA have been signed and taken effect. FTA talks with New Zealand,Australia,Gulf Cooperation Council,Singapore and Iceland are ongoing very well.
2. The just concluded Olympic Games was held in China,the largest developing country in the world. The international community has highly commended the efforts made by the Chinese Government and people for the Games. At the same time,we are soberly aware that China is a country with 1.3 billion people. Though its total GDP is one of the highest in the world,it trails behind more than 100 countries in terms of per capita income. Development between urban and rural areas and among different regions in China is unbalanced. The rural areas,particularly those in western China,are underdeveloped. Tens of millions of Chinese lack adequate food and clothing.
3. Agriculture is the centrepiece of the Doha Round negotiations. Although both developed and developing countries are faced with pressures,the nature of their difficulties is very different. Of the farming population of 2.6 billion in the world,2.5 billion reside in the developing countries,and the majority of them are living below poverty lines. Even if some developing countries were willing to embark on the road of trade liberalization,they would have to take into account the basic livelihood of millions or even billions of their farmers. To expose those poor farmers to further external shocks could trigger disastrous consequences. Should such scenario occur,the lifestyle of the rich countries would be endangered,too. It is therefore sensible to offer duty-free,quota-free treatment to products from the least developed countries immediately. Developing countries should also be entitled to the concepts of “Special Products” and“Special Safeguard Mechanism”.
4. During the Uruguay Round,GATT Members had worked very hard to bring it to a conclusion. However,the outcome of that Round turned out to be somewhat disappointing,in the sense that the imbalance in the world economy had not been addressed effectively,and the problem of polarization was getting increasingly serious. As a result,developing countries have been complaining a lot,and the developed ones have been feeling the heat. This is perhaps the primary reason why the current round of multilateral trade negotiations is named“Doha Development Agenda” or Doha Round. This represents a major step forward in the history of the WTO. This is also a wise and visionary choice by the WTO Members. If the objectives of development can be realized through this Round,then countries,no matter rich or poor,would benefit from an environment favourable to sustainable development and peoples of different countries would be able to co-exist in a world of greater harmony. On the other hand,if the theme of development were an empty slogan,the negotiations would become meaningless and lack momentum. If that is the case,the WTO may risk further erosion of its credibility.
5. Asia-Pacific emerging markets still face many daunting challenges despite their rapid development. We must recognize that although emerging markets in our region have scored remarkable achievements in development,the overall level of their productivity is not high and their ability for innovation is not strong. They are confronted with structural problems accumulated over the years and their extensive growth model is yet to be changed in a fundamental way. For them,developing the economy and improving people’s livelihood remains an arduous task and achieving industrialization,urbanization and modernization is an unprecedented endeavor. They must meet the major challenge of ensuring coordinated development between urban and rural areas,among different regions and between the economic sector and the social sector. And they have a pressing need to improve their institutions and enhance their innovation capabilities. In short,they still have a long way to go before they can achieve comprehensive development and they must make sustained and strenuous efforts.
（二）复述下面的段落，并译成汉语。
1. 奥巴马总统和胡锦涛主席要求两国建立积极、合作和全面的关系，过去16个月来我们共同努力，为双方的关系奠定了基础。去年，我们在华盛顿启动了战略与经济对话，为两国关系建立了主要的对话机制。今年，我们派出代表性更广泛和更深入的团队，前来中国讨论日益增多的议程。我们构建了合作的平台，确定了拥有共同利益的领域。
2. 我们一致同意改革我们的全球经济合作与治理体制。我们不能再用20世纪的方法应对21世纪经济带来的挑战。因此，G20将带头制定一种新的合作方法。为使我们的机构反映这个时代的现实，我们将在国际货币基金组织内部让新兴经济体承担更多责任，并赋予它们更大的发言权。为了建立新市场，帮助世界上最易受到伤害人们摆脱贫困，我们建立了一个新的世界银行信托基金，以支持食品保障方面的投资，并为开发价格适度的清洁能源提供资金。为了确保承诺得到履行，我们一致同意在今后继续追踪我们的努力结果。
3. 招聘人员预计，在向应聘者提出“你最大的缺点是什么？”之后，会有很多人被淘汰。Worldwide高级副总裁莫罗（Christopher Morrow）说，“对这个问题，应聘者的回答往往并非缺点”，他们因此过不了关。“缺点”问题是求职面试中最常见也最让人头痛的一个问题。而在眼下就业市场疲软的情况下，不恰当的回答将降低你赢得工作的机会。 一些应聘者会给出误以为老板会喜欢的答案，比如，“我的缺点是过于追求完美”。这个回答会对你求职不利，因为它显得你似乎没有能力分配任务给他人。
4. 在气候和能源方面，我们在第一轮对话期间签署备忘录的基础上继续努力，为研究新的清洁能源进行合作，包括建设一个中心。我们已对电动汽车计划、可再生能源伙伴关系等给予承诺。在哥本哈根，所有主要经济体，包括美国和中国，第一次以国家的名义承诺控制二氧化碳排放并就各国缓解气候变化的努力提供透明公开的报告。现在我们必须努力实施哥本哈根协定，坚持正在进行的谈判所反映的实现整体平衡的承诺。
5. 我从你们年轻人身上看到了中国的未来，你们的才能、你们的献身精神、你们的梦想在21世纪实现方面会发挥很大的作用。我说过很多次，我认为世界是互相连接的，我们所做的工作，我们所建立的繁荣，我们所保护的环境，我们所追求的安全，所有这些都是共同的，而且是互相连接的，所以21世纪的实力不再是零和游戏，一个国家的成功不应该以另一个国家的牺牲作为代价。这就是美国为什么不寻求遏制中国的崛起。相反，我们欢迎中国作为一个强有力的、繁荣的、成功的成员出现在国际社会。
第五部分 练习拓展
1. ASEM cooperation now stands at a new historical starting point and faces new development opportunities. Asia has a large population and huge market potential. It is the fastest-growing and most vibrant region in the global economy. The EU is the world’s largest economy with advanced science and technology and a well-developed market. It is a world trendsetter in many fields. With the joining of Australia,New Zealand and Russia,ASEM partners have formed a close-knit community of interests,covering the entire Eurasian continent from east to west. The 48 ASEM partners account for about 60％ of the world’s population and trade and over 50％ of the global economy. This has made Asia-Europe cooperation all the more important and its scope even broader. We must seize the opportunities,keep up with the times,and take solid steps to advance Asia-Europe cooperation from a strategic and long-term perspective.
2. How much honored we are that Your Excellency is gracing us with your presence at this very festive event to celebrate the Chinese New Year. The Spring Festival has been celebrated by the Chinese people every year as the most important tradition since ancient times. For the Chinese diplomats living and working in Manila,this old tradition takes on new meanings. It’s more than a time simply for family reunion. It has become a momentous occasion when we extend our heart-felt season’s greetings to Your Excellency and our good friends in the Philippines. Memorable should be the past 2009 which witnessed steady development of the strategic and cooperative relationship between our two countries. Exchange of high-level visits strengthened our political ties and enhanced our mutual trust. Economic cooperation to mutual benefit made gratifying progress and yielded concrete results. Fresh cooperation achievements in various fields such as education and tourism provided sustaining driving force behind the vibrant China-Philippines relationship.
3. 实践已表明，资本主义存在固有缺陷，这一点不足为奇。那是人类的天性。更重要的是，历史——尤其是二战之后的世界历史——已无可辩驳地证明，其他所有经济组织制度都要糟糕得多。因此，资本主义既应当继续存在下去，也将会继续存在下去，正如上世纪30年代那场甚至比目前更为严重的经济灾难之后的情况。但上世纪30年代还有一个教训：尽管资本主义幸存了下来，但它会缩进一个保护主义的壳里，让全球繁荣付出了惨重代价。目前这是一种真实存在的危险。美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马（Barack Obama）财政刺激方案中的“买美国货”条款就是一个不祥之兆。
4. 联合国十分清楚知识、创新和理念的巨大作用。我们正努力利用这些巨大的能量来建造一个更美好的世界。在这个世界里，人类的聪明才智将发挥作用，我们将建造新型的家园、社区，采用社会可持续发展和环境可持续发展的消费模式。在这里，人们将投入更多的资金，加大对研究的支持，努力消除疾病、消灭剥削、增强信心。在这里，人们将更加宽容，分割不同国家与民族之间的壁垒将减少。本届学术影响力国际研讨会的核心便是推动这些目标的实现。为了促成这个项目的展开，在学术界的支持下，我们已经作了一些时日的准备工作，奠定了基础。本月末，我们将在联合国总部纽约正式举办这个活动。
参 考 文 献
刘和平. 口译理论与教学. 北京:北京对外翻译出版公司，2005.
刘宓庆. 口笔译理论研究. 北京:北京对外翻译出版公司，2006.
莫雷. 教育心理学. 北京：教育科学出版社，2007.
张威. 口译记忆：历史、现状、未来. 外语研究，2006：（6）.
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