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服饰的社会文化内涵

时间:2023-03-30 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:一、服饰的社会文化内涵服饰的三大要素是服饰的色彩、质料和款式。这三大要素历来都是服饰文化所重视的,因为他们折射出服饰的社会文化内涵,能体现一个人身份的尊卑和地位的高低。黄色在传统文化中被认为是中华民族的代表色。2.“红”的社会文化内涵中国古代表示红色系列的词主要有赤、朱、丹、红等。

一、服饰的社会文化内涵

服饰的三大要素是服饰的色彩、质料和款式。这三大要素历来都是服饰文化所重视的,因为他们折射出服饰的社会文化内涵,能体现一个人身份的尊卑和地位的高低。

(一)服饰色彩的文化内涵

胡文彬(2005:449)认为中国服饰色彩发展具有历史性、时代性、地域性、民族性的特征。据《舆服志》载:夏尚黑,商尚白,周尚赤,秦复夏制尚黑,汉复周制尚赤;唐服尚黄而旗帜尚赤,宋相沿,元尚黄;明改制取法周、汉尚朱(赤);清又复黄。家国一统,少有逾越。他(2005:449)认为:中国服饰色彩的变化,其崇尚的色彩是与历代帝王五方正色信仰崇拜密切相关,这种服饰美的后面蕴含着帝王们色彩崇拜的观念意识,这一观念也渗透在历代天子服饰的季节色彩上:孟春穿青色,孟夏穿赤色,季夏穿黄色,孟秋穿白色,孟冬穿黑色。按照季节的阴阳五行制定出五方正色,并将它作为一种礼俗来推行。如,唐朝的官服制度规定:帝王的服色为赭黄,三品以上官员衣紫,四五品衣绯,六七品衣绿,八九品衣青。汉语中黄、红、白、黑的社会文化内涵分别是:

1.“黄”的社会文化内涵

黄色在中国传统文化中是一个极富象征意义的色彩。“黄”代表金木水火土中的“土”,“土”处于中央,黄色是大地的本色,其自然之性,万世不易,有天德之美,古人以此为尊,而统辖四方的最高统治者处在中央,故称黄帝。

“黄色”在中国传统文化之中一直被当做“尊色”。从汉代起,“黄色”成为帝王之色,这与儒家“君权神授”的思想有关,儒家思想认为:天子的一切都是秉承天意,因而代表天德之美的黄色既体现了自然之色,也是皇权、崇高和尊严的象征。由于黄色是属于帝王的颜色,社会生活中与帝王有关系的事物都与黄色有关,因此在古汉语中许多词汇都同“黄”字一起组成。如:“黄屋、黄榜、黄袍、黄袍加身”等。如:

◆ 宝钗亦悄悄的笑道:“还不快作上去,只管姐姐妹妹的。谁是你姐姐?那上头穿黄袍的才是你姐姐,你又认我这姐姐来了。”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第十八回)

Suppressing a smile Baochai replied,“Hurry up and finish instead of talking such nonsense.Who are you calling‘sister’?That's your sister sitting up there in the golden robes.Why call me your sister?”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

后面方是八个太监抬着一顶金黄绣凤版舆,缓缓行来。贾母等连忙路旁跪下。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第十八回)

Last of all,borne slowly forward by eight eunuchs,came a gold-topped palanquin embroidered with phoenixes.All present,including the Lady Dowager,hastily fell to their knees by the side of the road.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】贾母乃是《红楼梦》宁荣二府中地位最高的人物,但当她看见“一顶金黄绣凤版舆”(贾妃坐的轿子,“黄”代表着皇室的成员),也连忙跪在路旁,以示尊敬。

黄色在传统文化中被认为是中华民族的代表色。黄色同黄金同色,与皇权、土地关系密切,它不仅象征着神圣、尊贵,还象征着希望、富有、辉煌。传说中的天马也是黄色,叫“飞黄”,成语“飞黄腾达”就是借天马奔腾,比喻人得志,官职、地位升得快(驼峰,2004:26)。但是随着封建社会的瓦解,皇权制度的消灭,黄色的高贵意义现在并不常用。

在现代社会,黄色是低级、下流的象征,如“黄色刊物、黄色新闻、黄色图像、黄色小说、黄色音像”等。黄色从皇权的象征演变到腐化、堕落的象征,也反映了时代的变迁。

2.“红”的社会文化内涵

中国古代表示红色系列的词主要有赤、朱、丹、红等。“赤”是火红色。“朱”比“赤”颜色深,属于大红。“丹”属于正色,古时候使用范围较广。“红”产生的年代较晚,是一种浅红色。“红”最终发展成为泛指一切“红”色的基本色彩词。“红”可以象征兴隆、权势、地位,喻指得势,如:

◆ 如君坊的酒比别的酒家贵,可生意却越来越红火,这可忙坏了文君和相如。(徐飞《凤求凰》第四章)

In spite of the high price of its wine,the Rujun Tavern was doing a roaring trade.Wenjun and Xiangru were run off their feet.(Paul White译)

在中国习俗中,“红”色常与驱疫避邪联系在一起。我国古籍《荆楚岁时记》中记载:“八月十四,民并以朱水点儿头额,名为天灸以厌疾。”逢年过节,驱邪为的是吉庆。从古至今,人们总是把红色和喜庆联系在一起。新春佳节,家家户户要剪红窗花,贴红对联,放红纸包裹的爆竹,挂红灯笼;结婚办喜事,事先要发红喜帖,新郎要戴红花披红绸,新娘要穿红裳红袄,戴红盖头,新房要贴红双喜,点上一对红蜡烛。电影《白毛女》中一贫如洗的杨白劳在过新年时想方设法为自己的女儿喜儿买上二尺红头绳,希望女儿能够欢欢喜喜过个年,反映了穷苦人们对幸福生活的向往。

现代生活中表示美好的、象征吉祥的事物都离不开红色,如红包、红利、红双喜。生孩子给亲朋好友送红鸡蛋,人们当了先进上红榜,戴大红花,一切喜庆之事都可成为“红事”。如:

◆ 刘老头子仰着头看了一遍,觉得满意。紧跟着家伙铺来卸家伙:棚里放八个座儿,围裙椅垫凳套全是大红绣花的。一份寿堂,放在堂屋,香炉蜡扦都是景泰蓝的,桌前放了四块红毡子。(老舍《骆驼祥子》)

Old Man Liu craned his neck to look them over,and was very satisfied.Shortly after,the furnishers arrived and installed eight tables and sets of chairs and stools in the marquee.The chair covers and the cushions for the stools were embroidered with bright red flowers.An altar to the God of Longevity was set up in the hall with cloisonné incense-burners and candle-sticks.Four red rugs were placed before it.(施晓菁译)

3.“白”的社会文化内涵

“白”象征凶事,喻指悲哀。因为“白”在古代五行说中与金对应,西方属金为白色。星占家以二十四宿象四方,将西方七星合称为白虎。白虎被认为是凶神、恶相。民间迷信的人把带来灾难的人比作“白虎星”,白色含“凶兆”的意思。在汉语中,人们将死亡称作“一命归西”,把丧事说成“白事”或“白喜事”。如:

◆ 明儿又要送南安府里的礼,又要预备娘娘的重阳节礼,还有几家红白大礼,至少还得三二千两银子用,一时难去支借。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第七十二回)

Tomorrow I have to send presents to the Prince of Nan'an and prepare Double-Ninth gifts for Her Imperial Highness;then there are weddings and funerals coming up in several other families too.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

“白色”象征纯洁,这一象征意义自古有之,人们常常颂扬白雪、白玉、月光的高洁、纯净。“白璧无瑕”被用来比喻人或事物没有缺点,将人操守纯洁、没有污点称为“清白”。如:

◆ 只见她上穿一件青底白花的小袄,腰间系着一条白色的围裙,一只手还握着汗巾。天气已热,她不住底揩去额上的汗珠。(徐飞《凤求凰》第四章)

Wenjun wore a short green jacket decorated with white flowers,and a white apron.She held a cloth,with which,as the weather was hot,she was constantly wiping sweat from her brow.(Paul White译)

在古代“白衣”指没有功名的人。如:

◆ 贾敬虽白衣无功于国;念彼祖父之功,追赐五品之职。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第六十三回)

Though Jia Jing was an ordinary citizen who performed no special service for the state,in view of his grandfather's merit he is to be promoted posthumously to the fifth rank.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

4.“黑”的社会文化内涵

汉语中,“黑”的象征意义多为贬义,比如,汉语中的“抹黑”一词中的“黑”就有不光彩的含义。“黑”代表着没有光明的黑夜,传说中的阴曹地府就是暗无天日。“黑”会使人想起“黑暗、死亡、阴险、恐怖、狠毒”,汉语中,人们用“黑暗”比喻“落后、腐朽的社会”,用“黑心肠”形容阴险狠毒的人。

(二)服饰质料的文化内涵

所谓“质料”,就是产品所用的材料。服饰质料,其质量的好坏不仅会影响到服饰的质地、美观,而且还能彰显出服饰的文化内涵。穿绸缎之人富贵,而穿麻布、粗布之人则贫穷;穿颜色鲜艳之人富贵,穿颜色灰暗之人则贫穷。如下面第一个例句中的女客带着丫鬟,穿着绸缎衣服,显得富贵;第二个例句中所描述的范进,穿的是麻布衣服,戴的是破毡帽,显得贫寒,地位低下,而周进(周学道)穿绯袍,戴金带,不仅说明其富贵,而且还显示出其地位高。如:

◆ 那船上女客在那里换衣裳:一个脱去元色外套,换了一件水田披风;一个脱去天青外套,换了一件玉色绣的八团衣服;一个中年的脱去宝蓝缎衫,换了一件天青缎二色金的绣衫。那些跟从的女客,十几个人,也都换了衣裳。这三位女客,一位跟前一个丫鬟,手持黑纱团香扇,替他遮着日头,缓步上岸。那头上珍珠的白光,直射多远;裙上环佩,叮叮当当的响。(吴敬梓《儒林外史》第十四回)

There were women pilgrims changing their clothes in the boats.One of them took off a black coat and put on a green cape;another changed a sky-blue jacket for an embroidered jade-colored gown.Yet another,who was middleaged,slipped out of a sapphire-blue silk tunic into sky-blue silk gown embroidered with golden thread.There were about a dozen serving-women with them,who changed their dresses too.Then preceded by a maid carrying a round black gauze fan to shade her from the sun,each lady advanced slowly up the slope.The pearls on their heads sparkled brilliantly in the sun,and the jade pendants on their skirts tinkled prettily.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

◆ 最后点进一个童生来,面黄肌瘦,花白胡须,头上戴着一顶破毡帽。广东虽是地气温暖,这时已是十二月上旬,那童生还穿着麻布直裰,冻得乞乞缩缩,接了卷子下去归号。周学道看在心里,封门进去。出来放头牌的时节坐在上面,只见那穿麻布的童生上来交卷。那衣服因是朽烂了,在号里又扯破了几块。周学道看看自己身上,绯袍金带,何等辉煌!因翻一翻点名册,问那童生道:“你就是范进?”(吴敬梓《儒林外史》第三回)

The last candidates to enter was thin and sallow,had a grizzled beard and was wearing an old felt hat.Kwangtung has a warm climate;still,this was the twelfth month,and yet this candidate had on a linen gown only,so he was shivering with cold as he took his paper and went to his cell.Chou Chin made a mental note of this before sealing up their doors.During the first interval,fromhis seat at the head of the cell he watched this candidate in the linen gown come up to hand in his paper.The man's clothes were so threadbare that a few more holes had appeared since he went into the cell.Commissioner Chou looked at his own garments—his magnificent crimson robe and gilt belt—then he referred to the register of names,and asked,“You're Fan Chin,aren't you?”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

(三)服饰款式的文化内涵

中国古代的服饰制度是以尊卑等级关系为基础的。所谓服饰,是服和饰的合称。“服”指的是上衣下裳,还有头帽、鞋袜;“饰”指的是头饰和佩戴的戒指、耳环、手镯、项圈、念珠、拂尘及香囊、荷包、扇套、玉佩、绦子、汗巾、披风、头巾、手帕诸物。除此之外,服上所加的镶边、插牙、百褶、出锋、绣花也属于装饰。(胡文彬,2005:446)如:

◆ 宝玉笑道:“每人一吊钱。”众人道:“谁没见那一吊钱!把这荷包赏了罢。”说着,一个上来解荷包,那一个就解扇囊,不容分说,将宝玉所佩之物尽行解去。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第十八回)

“You shall each have a string of cash,”he(Baoyu)promised them.

“Who hasn't seen a string of cash?”cried one.“Give me your pouch.”

Swarming round without so much as a“by your leave,”they striped him of his scented pouch,fan-sheath and other pendants.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

1.冠类款式

冕和弁是周代贵族戴的冠。冠是最高级别的帽子,只有天子、诸侯、卿大夫可以戴冕,而且还只能用于敬天祭祖、朝贺册封等典礼活动。冕的形制是下有冕圈,称为“武”,冕圈上覆有长约一尺多、宽约半尺余的木板,叫做“延”,延的表面糊有上黑下红的布帛或丝帛。延的前后用五彩绳穿串珠玉的垂旒(帝王礼帽前后的玉串),垂旒的数量依身份高低而定,天子12旒,等级最低的大夫仅2旒。冕作为礼服,一直沿用到明末,只是到了后期,冕服成为帝王及皇室的专用服饰,一般官员不可戴冕。

弁,在周代,是仅次于冕的一种男式皮质礼帽,自天子至士在一般的正式场合都可以戴。弁主要有爵弁和皮弁之分。

秦汉统一中国后,对冠式做了礼仪典制的规定,冠式成为官员和品秩的标志,如文官戴进贤冠,武官戴武弁大冠,执法官戴獬豸(古代传说中的异兽,能辨曲直,见人争斗就用角去顶坏人)冠。品秩的高低以冠上的冠梁多少来加以区分。

魏晋南北朝的冠服多承袭汉冠制度,头衣的主要变化表现为庶民戴的头巾开始在上层流行。本来按照礼仪制度的规定,士人以上者戴冠,庶人则束巾。但自东汉末年起,上层人士也喜欢使用脱戴方便的头巾。如:

◆ 那日早晨梅玖、荀玫先到,和尚接着,两人先拜了佛,同和尚施礼。和尚道:“恭喜荀小相公,而今挣了这一顶头巾,不枉了荀老爹一生忠厚,做多少佛面上的事,广积阴功。”(吴敬梓《儒林外史》第七回)

Mei Chiu and Hsun Mei arrived first at the temple on the morning of the feast,and were greeted by the monk.They bowed before Buddha and nodded to the monk,who said,“Congratulations,Mr.Hsun,on becoming a scholar! This is a reward for all the good deeds your worthy father did to the glory of Buddha.”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

从隋唐起,官员朝服与公服的冠戴和服饰搭配有了定制。朝服是文武官员朝参时的服饰,公服则为从事一般公事的穿戴。隋唐朝服中典型的冠式为进贤冠。进贤冠:三品以上三梁,五品以上两梁,九品以上一梁,为三师傅、三公、太子、尚书、尚书省、秘书省、诸寺省、太子詹事及教官亲王、诸绉、县、关津岳渎等流内九品以上服之。因此,进贤冠是唐朝一品至九品官员、亲王等的朝服,他们品秩的高低是以进贤冠上的冠梁多少来加以区别的。

宋朝沿用唐制。明朝建立以后,根据汉族习俗,重新规定服饰制度。冠冕只准皇帝、太子、亲王、郡王穿戴,而且只能在祭天地、享太庙、册立、登基时穿戴。日常官服规定皇帝穿黄龙缎袍,头戴“翼善冠”(形似善字,故名),腰束玉带。百官则依品级不同穿不同颜色绣有其他花纹的宽大袍服,头戴乌纱帽。清代订立本朝服制,冠式沿用满族旗服,分为凉帽和暖帽两种。帽顶以珠玉宝石为饰,称为“顶珠”。顶珠的数量、颜色和质地可以用来区别官品职别。如果帽后饰有金花或孔雀翎,则表示显贵,通常只有一至三品高官才能拥有佩戴。

2.服装及饰品类款式

古代帝王服装与官员服装大致可分为朝服和公服两大类。朝服是在朝受事或祭典礼仪时穿的衣服,其款式多为宽衣大袖。秦汉以前为交领,唐朝以后多为盘领,领、袖、裾都有缘边,袖有纹饰。公服是官员在职公事或接待宾客时穿的衣服,公服纹饰简约。

冕服是周代帝王和官员的朝服。帝王和官员头戴有垂旒的冕,身穿绘有纹饰的袍。帝冕之服的纹饰共有12章,包括日、月、星、龙、山、火等图案,这种服饰一直沿用到明代。

袍在唐朝称为官袍,帝王及官员的公服是身穿圆领官袍,头戴幞头(男子用的一种头巾),足登皮靴。唐朝规定:帝王的服色为赭黄,饰纹龙,称为“龙袍”,龙袍在胸前饰有“坐龙”,寓意坐镇天下,龙爪要五爪伸开,象征威慑八方;官员三品以上衣紫,四五品衣绯,五六品衣绿,八九品衣青。这是其一的品色衣制度,即以服装色彩区别品秩的高低。如:

◆ 只见贾母穿着青绉绸一斗珠的羊皮褂子,端坐在榻上,两边四个未留头的小丫鬟都拿着蝇帚漱盂等物;又有五六个老嬷嬷雁翅摆在两旁,碧纱橱后隐隐约约有许多穿红着绿戴宝簪珠的人。王太医便不敢抬头,忙上来请了安。贾母见他穿着六品服色,便知御医了。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第四十二回)

The Lady Dowager in a blue silk tunic lined with a curly sheepskin was seated on the couch.On either side stood two short-haired young maids holding whisks,rinse-bowls and the like,while ranged beside them were half a dozen old nurses;and behind the green gauze screen the doctor glimpsed other figures wearing gay silks and trinkets set with precious stones and pears.Lowering his head,he advanced to pay his respects.The Lady Dowager saw from his robes of the sixth official rank that this was one of the Imperial physicians.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】“未留头”是指“未留发”的意思。未留发绝不等于剃“光头”或剪“背头”,只是指未“留满头”而言的。这些从前口耳相传的词汇,“留头”、“留发”、“留满头”,是人所共喻的。又有小男孩发未长长时,留一辫顶,俗称“杩子盖”。(启功,2006:32-33)

唐朝的皮带制度规定:官员品阶不同,革带上的饰片有异;唐朝章服制度规定:官员进出宫门,必带鱼符。鱼符者,以明贵贱,三品以上饰以金,五品以上饰以银。

明朝的官服以“补子”为饰。补子的形状是一块方形布,饰于官衣的前胸和后背,所以又名“背胸”。补子纹饰定位九品制,文官的补子绣飞禽,武官的补子绣走兽,纹样按品级不同而不一样。如一品文官是鹤,武官是麒麟;二品文官是锦鸡,武官是狮子;三品文官是孔雀,武官是豹;四品文官是雁,武官是虎;五品文官是白鹇,武官是熊;六品文官是鹭丝,武官是彪;七品文官是img15img16,武官是彪;八品文官是鹌鹑,武官是犀牛;九品文官是练雀,武官是海马。身上所佩,以牙牌代替鱼袋。牙牌用象牙制成,刻官职于上,以字号分等;公、侯、伯用“勋”字,驸马用“亲”字,文官用“文”字,武官用“武”字,教坊用“乐”字等。贵妇服饰,皇后戴龙凤珠翠冠,穿龙凤真红大袖子,加霞帔,着红罗长裙。其他依等变化。民间一般服饰为男子青布衣裤,女子上衣下裙,或着袍衫,颜色浅淡,不得用大红、鸦青、黄色。

清朝官服采用满制,但以补子为饰仍用明制。皇帝着龙袍,文武百官的朝服为蟒袍,所绣蟒纹的多少依据官品的高低而定。如:

◆ 话说宝玉举目见北静王水溶头上戴着洁白簪缨银翅王帽,穿着江牙海水五爪坐龙白蟒袍,系着碧玉红鞓带,面如美玉,目似明星,真好秀丽人物。宝玉忙抢上来参见,水溶连忙从轿内伸出手来挽住。见宝玉戴着束发银冠,勒着双龙出海抹额,穿着白蟒箭袖,围着攒珠银带,面若春花,目如点漆。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第十五回)

Looking up,Baoyu saw that the Prince of Beijing had on a princely silverwinged tassels,a white robe embroidered with zigzag wave patterns and five clawed dragons,and a red leather belt studded with green jade.With his face fair as jade,his eyes bright as stars,he was truly a handsome figure.

Baoyu started forward to make his obeisance.As the prince from his palanquin raised him up,he noticed that Baoyu was wearing a sliver chaplet in the form of two dragons rising from the sea,an archer's coat embroidered with white serpents,and a silver belt set with pearls.His face seemed a flower in spring,his eyes black as lacquer.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】“江牙海水五爪坐龙白蟒袍”:古代的一种官服。“江牙海水”:指蟒袍下摆处所绣的波涛和人字形五彩花纹图案。“蟒袍”:明时称“蟒衣”,亦名“花衣”。一种上绣蟒形图案的袍服。《清稗类钞》“服饰类”:“蟒袍,亦名花衣,明制也。”明沈德符《野获编》云:“蟒衣为象龙之服,与至尊所御袍相肖,但减一爪耳。清制,皇子、亲王等亲贵及一品至七品官皆穿蟒袍。惟皇子、亲王之蟒袍绣五爪金黄色蟒九,其一至七品官之蟒,则按品级,绣四爪蟒八至五,并不得用金黄色。

“红鞓”:红色皮革,原为宋金官员的一种服饰。(张俊等,1987:246)

清朝官服具有满族的特点,例如袖口连接处装有马蹄袖,行礼时放下,礼毕卷起,又叫“龙吞口”。

清朝官服除蟒的数目因品级不同而异外,在蟒袍的外面,还加一外褂,也称“补服”,短袖、对襟、前后正中习明朝绣补子,以表示官衔。官服上所绣的鸟兽与明朝大同小异。如:

◆ 他(匡超人)欢喜谢了宗师。宗师起马,送过,依旧回省。和潘三商议,要回乐清乡里去挂匾、竖旗杆。到织锦店里,织了三件补服:自己一件,母亲一件,妻子一件。(吴敬梓《儒林外史》第十九回)

Exultantly,Kuang Chao-jen thanked examiner,and when he had seen him off he went back to Hangchow to discuss with Pan how to return to Yueching County to put up a wooden placard and erect a flagpole in his ancestral temple to honor the family.He also ordered three court costumes from an embroidery shop,one for himself,one for his mother and one for his wife.(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

另外,挂在脖子上的朝珠,也能体现官职,因为只有五品以上官员才能悬挂108珠的朝珠在脖子上垂于胸前。满族男子一般系腰带,长袍外面加背心或马褂。女子则喜穿旗袍,外罩马甲。汉族妇女多沿明制,上穿袄、衫,下穿裙、裤。到清朝后期,京师妇女多在衣服镶嵌滚边。

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