茶具的翻译

三、茶具的翻译

◆ 妙玉听了，忙去烹了茶来。宝玉留神看他是怎么行事。只见妙玉亲自捧了一个海棠花式雕漆填金云龙献寿的小茶盘，里面放一个成窑五彩小盖钟，捧与贾母。贾母道：“我不吃六安茶。”妙玉笑说：“知道。这是老君眉。”贾母接了，又问是什么水。妙玉笑回“是旧年蠲的雨水。”贾母便吃了半盏，便笑着递与刘姥姥说：“你尝尝这个茶。”刘姥姥便一口吃尽，笑道：“好是好，就是淡些，再熬浓些更好了。”贾母众人都笑起来。然后众人都是一色官窑脱胎填白盖碗。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第四十一回)

Miaoyu at once went to make tea．

Baoyu watched the proceedings carefully．He saw Miaoyu bring out in her own hands a carved lacquer tea-tray in the shape of crab-apple blossom，inlaid with a golden design of the“cloud dragon offering longevity．”On this was a covered gilded polychrome bowl made in the Cheng Hua Period，which she offered to the Lady Dowager．

“I don't like Liu'an tea，”said the old lady．

“I know，”replied Miaoyu smiling．“This is Patriarch's Eyebrows．”

“What water have you used?”

“Rain-water saved from the last year．”

The Lady Dowager drank half the bowl and passed the rest with a twinkle to Granny Liu，urging her to taste the tea．The old woman drank it straight off．

“Quite good，but a bit on the weak side，”was her verdict，which made everyone laugh．“It should have been left to draw a little longer．”

All the others had melon-green covered bowls with golden designs of new Imperial kiln porcelain．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】该例句中，既提到茶具中端茶的“茶盘”、喝茶用的“盖钟”、“盖碗”，又提到喝茶用的“盖钟”、“盖碗”的质地，还提到泡茶用的茶叶“六安茶”和“老君眉”;泡茶用的水——“旧年蠲的雨水”和茶水的浓淡等，真是浓缩“茶文化”的句子。

“成窑”：指明代成化年间景德镇官窑所烧制的一种瓷器。坯胎细腻纯净，白釉莹润，造型轻灵秀美，尤以五彩者为上。“小盖钟”：有盖的小杯。

“六安茶”：产自安徽霍山县大蜀山。因霍山旧属六安郡，故称“六安茶”。(六安)茶品亦精，但不善炒不能发香，而味苦，茶之本性实佳。其中六安毛尖为贡品名茶，旧例于四月初八进贡后，始得发售。

“老君眉”是湖南洞庭湖君山所产的一种银针茶。由未开叶的肥嫩芽头制成，色泽鲜亮，其味甘醇，香气高爽。又传老子为长寿老人，长眉乃高寿的象征，所以“老君眉”还有吉祥之意。

“旧年蠲的雨水”：这里指所谓“梅水”。清顾铁卿《清嘉录》卷五：“梅水：居人于梅雨时，备缸翁，收蓄雨水，以供烹茶之需，名曰梅水。”《昆新合志》云：“人于初交霉时，备缸翁，贮雨，以其甘滑胜山泉，嗜茶者所珍也。”徐士《吴中竹词》云：“阴晴不定是黄梅，暑气熏蒸润绿苔。瓷瓮竞装天雨水，烹茶时候客初来。”《长元吴志》载梅天多雨，雨水极佳，蓄之瓮中，水味经年不变。

“官窑脱胎填白盖碗”：一种精美的青瓷盖碗。“官窑”：宋代五大名窑之一。北宋大观、政和年间，宫廷自置瓷窑烧制瓷器，称为“官窑”。南宋顾文荐《负暄杂录》：“宣政间京师自置窑烧造，名曰官窑。”窑址在京师汴京(今河南开封市)。“脱胎”有白、灰、红之分，釉色有天青、翠青、粉青、月下白、大绿。粉青为上，淡白次之。南宋时，又于修内司置窑造瓷，窑址在杭州凤凰山下，通称南宋官窑。釉色微带粉红，浓淡不一。清许子衡《饮流斋说瓷》云：“自宋以来，已有官窑、民窑之分。官窑者，由官拨款支销，设专官监督址，以进上方，备赏赉者也。……官窑之中，更有御窑，所画龙，必作五爪，专备御用，下不僭敢，然达官贵人，亦得享用官窑器物。”

“脱胎”：指一种凸印团花的青瓷器，相传用青色玛瑙釉，深浅不一，光润明亮，视若无骨，叫做“脱胎”。本为宋代汝州青器窑出产的一种瓷器。康熙窑出产了它的仿制品。

“填白”：以粉料堆填瓷赏，再蘸釉汁，以增光泽，叫“填白”。

“盖碗”：一种较盖盅小的茶杯。上有瓷盖，或镂银盖，下有铜、锡茶托，为平时招待亲友之用。(张俊等，1987：659-660)

◆ 妙玉向风炉上扇滚了水，另泡一壶茶。宝玉便走了进来，笑道：“偏你们吃体己茶呢。”二人都笑道：“你又赶了来飺茶吃，这里并没你吃的。”……又见妙玉另拿出两只杯来，一个旁边有一耳，杯上刻着“瓟斝(ban bo jia)”三个隶字，后有一行小真字，是“晋王恺珍玩”，又有“宋元丰五年四月眉山苏轼见于秘府”一行小字。妙玉便斟了一斝，递与宝钗。那一只形似钵而小，也有三个垂珠篆字，镌着“杏犀”。妙玉斟了一乔与黛玉。仍将前番自己日常吃茶的那只绿玉斗来斟与宝玉。宝玉笑道：“常言‘世法平等’，他两个就用那样古玩奇珍，我就是个俗器了?”……妙玉听如此说，十分欢喜，遂又寻出一只九曲十环一百二十节蟠虬整雕竹根的一个大出来，笑道：“就剩了这一个，你可吃的了这一海?”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第四十一回)

She invited the two girls into a side room，where Baochai sat on a couch and Daiyu on Miaoyu's hassock，while the nun herself fanned the stove and when the water boiled brewed some fresh tea．Baoyu slipped in then and accused them teasingly：

“So you're having a treat here in secret!”

The three girls laughed．

“What are you doing here?There's nothing here for you．”

．．．

Then he saw Miaoyu produce two cups，one with a handle and the name in uncial characters：Calabash Cup.In smaller characters it bore the inscriptions“Treasured by Wang Kai of the Jin Dynasty”and“In the fourth month of the fifth year of the Yuan Feng Period of the Song Dynasty，Su Shi of Meishan saw this cup in the Imperial Secretariat．”Miaoyu filled this cup and handed to Baochai．The other，shaped like a small alms-bowl，bore the name in the curly seal script：“Rhinoceros Cup．”Having filled this to Daiyu，she offered Baoyu the green jade beaker that she normally drank from herself．

“I thought that according to Buddhist law all men should be treated alike，”said Baoyu with a grin．“Why give me this vulgar object when they get such priceless antiques?”

．．．

Very gratified by this remark，Miaoyu produced a huge goblet carved out of a whole bamboo root with which was covered with knots and whorls．

“Here's the only other one I have，”she said．“Can you manage such a large one?”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】这一段落中描述了三个神奇的茶杯。第一个是“弝斝”。“、弝”：皆为葫芦类名，均可为饮器。“斝”：本为古代酒器，似爵而略大，一旁有耳。“弝斝”：用弝做成的斝形饮器。《清稗类钞》“工艺类”：“禁城园旷地，遍植葫芦，当结实之初，斫木成范，其形或为瓶，或为盘，或为盂，镌以文字及各种花痕，纳葫芦与其中。及成熟时，各随其范之方圆大小，自为一器。奇丽精巧，能夺天工，款识隆起，宛若砖文。乾隆朝所制者尤朴雅。”

“王恺珍玩”：意思是曾为王恺珍收藏玩赏，言其来历不凡。“王恺”：晋东海郯(今山东郯城县)人，司马昭妻弟，官至后将军，是当时有名的富豪。

“元丰”：宋赵神宗年号。“秘府”：又称“秘阁”，古代宫廷中藏图书秘珍的地方。

“垂珠篆字”：即“垂露篆字”，书体的一种。其笔画点缀如浓露，相传汉代曹喜工篆隶，善悬针垂露之法。

“杏犀”：用犀牛角制成的饮器。“”：碗类器皿。“杏犀”：即亮犀之一，色黄透明，质密纹隐，似柔而实坚。

“绿玉斗”：绿玉制成的有柄饮器。

“九曲十环一百二十节蟠虬整雕竹根的一个大盏”：指一种用完整竹根雕制成的松结大杯。宋《清异录》卷下：“九曲杯：以螺为杯，亦无甚奇，唯数穴极弯曲，则可以藏酒，有一螺能贮三盏许者，号九曲螺杯。”这里用以形容松枝的曲折盘旋。“十环”：形容松枝的周绕连绵。“节”：《易·说卦传》：“其于木也，为坚多节。”“一百二十节”：形容松干的结结密布。“蟠”：盘屈。“虬”：《离骚》王逸注：“有角曰龙，无角曰虬。”一说龙子有角者曰“虬”。“蟠虬”：或作虬蟠。李善注：“虬蟠，谓树如龙蛇之盘屈相纠也。”

“海”：这里指浅而大的饮器。《闽杂记》“闽俗盛宴，各馔必用大碗为敬，称为海碗。或谓海者，极言其大如海也。”(张俊等，1987：660-662)

◆ 老嬷嬷听了，于是又引黛玉出来，到了东廊三间小正房内。正房炕上横设一张炕桌，桌上磊着书籍茶具，靠东壁面西设着半旧的青缎靠背引枕。王夫人却坐在西边下首，亦是半旧的青缎靠背坐褥。见黛玉来了，便往东让。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第三回)

At once the nurses conducted Daiyu along the eastern corridor to a smallthree-roomed suite facing south．On the kang under the window was a low table laden with books and a tea-service．Against the east wall were a none too new blue satin back-rest and a bolster．

Lady Wang was sitting in the lower place by the west wall on a none too new blue cover with a back-rest and a bolster．She invited her niece to take the seat on the east．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

◆ 船舱中间，放一张小方金漆桌子，桌子摆着宜兴沙壶，极细的成窑、宣窑的杯子，烹的上好的雨水毛尖茶。那游船的，备了酒和肴馔及果碟到这河里来游;就是走路的人也买好几个钱的毛尖茶，在船上煨了吃，慢慢而行。(吴敬梓《儒林外史》第四十一回)

Each vessel carries a small，square，gilt-lacquered table，set with an Yihsing stoneware pot，cups of the finest Cheng Hua or Hsuan Te porcelain，and the choicest tea brewed with rain-water．Boating parties bring wine，dishes and sweetmeats with them to the canal，and even people traveling by boat order a few cents'worth of good tea to drink on board as they proceed slowly on their way．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)