戏曲名的翻译

一、戏曲名的翻译

1．意译

◆ 话说众人看演《荆钗记》，宝玉和姐妹一处坐着。林黛玉因看到《男祭》这一出上，便和宝钗说道：“这王十朋也不通的很，不管在那里祭一祭罢了，必定跑到江边子上来作什么!俗语说，‘睹物思人’，天下的水总归一源，不拘那里的水舀一碗看着哭去，也就尽情了。”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第四十四回)

Baoyu was sitting with the girls as everybody watched The Tale of the Thorn Pin．When it came to the scene in which the hero sacrifices to his drowned wife，Daiyu remarked to Baochai：

“What a fool this Wang Shipeng is!Surely he could offer a sacrifice anywhere．Why must he rush off to kneel beside the river?The proverb says： Things have their associations．But water the whole world over in the last analysis comes from the same source．He could have ladled out a bowl of water anywhere and wept over it to work off his feelings．”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】《荆钗记》：南戏剧本，元·柯丹丘作。该剧描写南宋时王十朋和钱玉莲夫妻悲欢离合的故事，其《祭江》、《见母》两出，脍炙人口，至今仍上演不衰。

《男祭》：即南戏《荆钗记》第35出《时祀》。

◆ 一个穿花衣的末脚拿着一本戏目走上来，打了抢跪，说道：“请老爷先赏两出!”万中书让过了高翰林、施御史，就点了一出《请宴》，一出《饯别》，施御史又点了一出《五台》;高翰林又点了一出《追信》。(吴敬梓《儒林外史》第四十九回)

A small-role actor in bright clothes came in with a list of plays．He walked forward and knelt on one knee．

“Please choose a few scenes，sir，”he said．

Wan tried ineffectively to persuade Mr．Kao and Censor Shih to choose first，then selected“An Invitation to a Feast”and“The Farewell．”Shihchose“Brothers Meet on Mount Wu Tai，”and Kao“The Pursuit of Han Hsin．”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

◆ 至上酒席时，贾母又命宝钗点。宝钗点了一出《鲁智深醉闹五台山》。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第二十二回)

When the feast was ready the Lady Dowager told Baochai to select another opera，and she asked for The Drunk Monk．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】《鲁智深醉闹五台山》：清初昆曲折子戏，通名《山门》或《醉打山门》，出自明清之际戏曲家丘园(一说朱佐朝)《虎囊弹》一剧。

◆ 林黛玉道：“安静看戏罢，还没唱《山门》，你倒《妆疯》了。”说的湘云也笑了。于是大家看戏。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第二十二回)

“Do be quiet and watch，”said Daiyu．“Before we've seen the The Drunk Monk you're playing The General Feigns Madness．”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】《山门》又名《鲁智深醉打五台山》或《醉打山门》，亦称《三门》。是清初朱佐朝所作《虎囊弹》传奇中的一出。说鲁智深在打死恶霸郑屠之后，为避祸到五台山出家，喝醉了酒，打坏了寺院和僧人，被师傅智真长老遣送到东京大相国寺的故事。

《妆疯》：昆曲折子戏，为《缀白裘》中《北诈》(即北曲《诈疯》)。

◆ 于是忽而想到赵太爷的威风，而现在是他的儿子了，便自己也渐渐的得意起来，爬起身，唱着《小孤孀上坟》到酒店去。(鲁迅《阿Q正传》)

And then the thought of the prestige of Mr．Zhao，who was now his son，gradually raised his spirits．He scrambled up and made his way to the tavern singing The Young Widow at Her Husband's Grave．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

◆ (贾母)指湘云道：“我象他这么大的时节，他爷爷有一班小戏，偏有一个弹琴的凑了来，即如《西厢记》的《听琴》，《玉簪记》的《琴挑》，《续琵琶》的《胡笳十八拍》，竟成了真的了，比这个更如何?”众人都道：“这更难得了。”贾母便命个媳妇来，吩咐文官等叫他们吹一套《灯月圆》。媳妇领命而去。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第五十四回)

Pointing at Xiangyun she added，“When I was her age，her grandfather had an opera troupe in which someone performed real lyre music when they played‘Listening to the Lyre’from The Western Chamber，‘Seduction by the Lyre’in The Romance of the Jade Hairpin and‘Eighteen Songs to the Hun-nish Pipe’in The Lute Player's Return．What do you think of that?”

All admitted that such a thing was even rarer．Then the old lady told servants to order Wenguan and her troupe to play with lute and flute Full Moon at the Lantern Festival，and they went off to carry out her instructions．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

*The Romance of the Jade Hairpin：By the Ming playwright Gao Lian．

*The Lute Player's Return：By Gao Lian，Gao Xueqin's grandfather．

【注】《听琴》：传统昆曲折子戏。原为王实甫《西厢记》中的一折。昆曲演出本大都源于明李日华的改编本《南西厢记》。《寻梦》：《牡丹亭》第12出。《玉簪记》：明高濂写的传奇剧本，描写尼姑陈妙常摆脱宗教羁绊，嫁给书生潘必正的故事。《琴挑》是该剧第十六出，原名《奇弄》，舞台演出本称《琴挑》，叙潘陈二人借琴传情事。《续琵琶》：是曹雪芹祖父曹寅写的传奇。写汉末蔡邕的女儿蔡文姬，被南匈奴掠走，后为曹操设法赎归，夫妻得以团圆。剧中《制拍》一出表现出蔡文姬写作《胡笳十八拍》，以倾诉自己一生的不幸遭遇。(张俊等，1987：886)

2．直译

◆ 少时，太监出来，只点了四出戏：第一出，《豪宴》;第二出，《乞巧》;第三出，《仙缘》;第四出，《离魂》。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第十八回)

Presently four pieces were chosen：“The Sumptuous Banquet，”“The Double Seventh Festival，”“Meeting the Immortals”and“The Departure of the Soul．”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

※The Sumptuous Banquet：from A Handful of Snow by the Ming playwright Li Yu．

※The Double Seventh Festival：from the Palace of Eternal Youth by the early Qing playwirhgt Hong Sheng．

※Meeting the Immortals：from The Dream at Handan by the Ming palywirght Tang Xianzu．

※The Departure of the Soul：from The Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu．

【注】《离魂》：汤显祖《牡丹亭》第20出《闹殇》。汤显祖(1550—1616年)，今江西抚州人。其著述丰富，除诗文外，最重要的成就就是他的戏曲创作。他平生写过五部传奇，处女作是《紫箫记》，与友人合作，且未完成。另外四部是《紫钗记》、《牡丹亭》、《还魂记》、《南柯记》、《邯郸记》，合称《临川四梦》(《玉茗堂四梦》)。《牡丹亭》在《临床四梦》中成就最高。作者自己也说：“一生四梦，得意处惟在《牡丹》。”

《牡丹亭》剧情介绍：南安郡太守杜宝的女儿杜丽娘，耐不住读经的枯燥，在丫鬟春香陪伴下，到花园游玩。姹紫嫣红、群鸟争喧的浪漫春光，突然使她感悟到青春的美好和短暂，引起无限伤感。一时间精神困倦，矇眬睡去。梦中见一翩翩书生，手执柳枝与她幽会。醒来怅然，追思不已。再度寻梦，不见伊人。丽娘相思染病，临终前描下真容，题诗在上，埋于花园太湖石下。不久，丽娘香消玉殒，葬于牡丹亭边，建起梅花庵。三年后，广州书生柳梦梅赴京赶考，拾到丽娘的真容画像，竟和梦中所见女子一模一样。梦梅焚香拜画。入夜，丽娘竟从画上走下。梦梅遵丽娘之嘱，掘墓开棺，丽娘竟得复生。二人结为夫妻，同赴临安应考，又至扬州寻父。杜宝将柳梦梅当成掘墓之贼，痛打关押，也不信丽娘复生。后经反复验证，才信此事。最后，皇帝出面方得圆满解决。

《乞巧》：即洪升《长生殿》传奇第22出《密誓》。《长生殿》剧情介绍：唐明皇(685—762年，712—756年在位)心爱的宠妃杨玉环，不但娇羞动人，更娴熟音律，入宫即得三千宠爱于一身。玉环不仅得宠，杨氏一门也尽得提拔。兄长杨国忠位列丞相，却穷奢极欲纳贿专权。神仙嫦娥知明皇通识乐理，将梦中的玉环召唤至月宫，传授她“霓裳羽衣”仙乐。玉环依照梦中记忆谱曲，与明皇合制了传世之作《霓裳羽衣曲》。玉环嗜食荔枝，明皇特命从中国南方以快马进献，递送的驿吏踏毁了无数百姓的良田，民怨四起。

七夕之夜，玉环与明皇相携盟誓，银河上，牛郎织女也见证了他们的爱情。而大唐宫中的甜蜜时光却因一场暴乱而成镜花水月。面对暴乱，明皇亦挽救不了玉环的命运。平乱后，明皇命人用檀木塑了玉环的座像，将思念与忏悔之情赋予塑像。死后的玉环，不但受到了土地神的眷顾，而且受到织女的同情，助其重新列入仙班。在嫦娥、织女等众神的帮助下，二人终于在中秋夜月宫重圆，永不分离。

《仙缘》：汤显祖《邯郸记》传奇第22出《合仙》。

《豪宴》：明末李玉《一捧雪》传奇第5出。

◆ 车过去了，还得跟着，他现在没什么表现，焉知道他到单牌楼不缓过气来而高唱几句《四郎探母》呢?(老舍《骆驼祥子》)

The chart passed，but everyone pressed on behind．He was silent now，but what if he were suddenly to sing out a few lines from“Silang Visits His Mother”when he reached the single archway?(施晓菁译)

◆ 那一日正当三月中浣，早饭后，宝玉携了一套《会真记》，走到沁芳闸桥边桃花底下一块石上坐着，展开《会真记》，从头细玩。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第二十三回)

One day，about the middle of the third month，carrying a copy of The Western Chamber he strolled after breakfast across the bridge above Seeping Fragrance Lock．There he sat down on a rock to read under a blossoming peachtree．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】《会真记》系唐元稹所作传奇小说，又名《崔莺莺传》。会真：与仙真相会的意思。相传张生即元稹的托名，自述其经历之事。后来金元人的《西厢记》故事，都取材于此。这里指元王实甫的杂剧《西厢记》(张俊等，1987：286-287)

◆ 贾珍一时来回：“神前拈了戏，头一本《白蛇记》。”贾母问“《白蛇记》是什么故事?”贾珍道：“是汉高祖斩蛇方起首的故事。第二本是《满床笏》。”贾母笑道：“这倒是第二本上?也罢了。神佛要这样，也只得罢了。”又问第三本，贾珍道：“第三本是《南柯梦》。”贾母听了便不言语。贾珍退了下来，至外边预备着申表、焚钱粮、开戏，不在话下。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第二十九回)

Presently Jia Zhen came to report that lots had been drawn before the shrine for the operas，and the first was to be The White Serpent．

“What's the story?”asked the old lady．

“It's about the First Emperor of Han who killed a serpent，then founded the dynasty．The second is Every Son a High Minister．”

“So that's the second?”The Lady Dowager nodded，smiling．“Well，if this is the wish of the gods，what must be must be．And what's the third?”

“The Dream of the Southern Tributary State．”

At this she made no comment．Jia Zhen withdrew to prepare the written prayers，burn incense and order the actors to start．But no more of this．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

*Every Son a High Minister：A story about Guo Ziyi of the Tang Dynasty．

*The Dream of the Southern Tributary State：Based on a Tang story in which a scholar had a dream of great wealth and splendour;then he woke up and found it was just an empty dream．

【注】《白蛇记》：明代无名氏弋阳腔剧本，演刘邦斩白蛇起义故事。

清初范希哲作《满床笏》传奇，又称《十醋记》。川剧、汉剧、徽剧、秦腔、豫剧、晋剧、河北梆子、滇剧等剧种《打金枝》，即出于《满床笏》。

“焚钱粮”：用金、银箔纸叠成元宝等物，祭神时焚烧，叫“焚钱粮”。

◆ 宝钗推让一遍，无法，只得点了一折《西游记》。贾母自是喜欢，然后便命凤姐点。凤姐亦知贾母喜热闹，更喜谑笑科诨，便点了一出《刘二当衣》。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第二十二回)

The Lady Dowager called on Baochai to name her choice．The girl declined the honor at first but finally，to the old lady's delight，named a scene from Pilgrimage to the West．Next，Xifeng was ordered to take her pick．And knowing the old lady's liking for lively plays，especially comedies and burlesques，she pleased her even more by selecting Liu Er Pawns His Clothes．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】《刘二当衣》：弋阳腔剧目。自明传奇《裴度还带记》(沈采著)第13出《刘二勒债》改编。

◆ 凤姐儿立起身来答应了一声，方接过戏单，从头一看，点了一出《还魂》。一出《弹词》，递过戏单去说：“现在唱的这《双官诰》，唱完了，再唱这两出，也就是时候了。”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第十一回》

Xifeng rose to signify obedience．Taking the list she read through it and marked The Resurrection and The Rhapsody．Handing it back she observed，“When they've finished this Double Promotion there'll be just time enough for these two．”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

*The Resurrection：A scene from The Peony Pavilion，by the Ming playwright Tang Xianzu．

*The Rhapsody：A scene from The Palace Youth，by the Qing play-wright Hong Sheng．

*Double Promotion：A popular opera chosen for its auspicious title．

【注】《还魂》：汤显祖《牡丹亭》第35出，亦名《回生》。

《弹词》：洪升《长生殿》第38出。演唐明皇与杨贵妃的爱情故事。

《双官诰》：传奇名，清陈二白撰。今京剧、川剧、湘剧、汉剧、晋剧等有《三娘教子》，均由此而来。

◆ 贾蔷忙答应了，因命龄官作《游园》、《惊梦》二曲。龄官自为此二曲原非本角之戏，执意不作，定要作《相约》、《相骂》二出。贾蔷扭他不过，只得依他作了。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第十八回)

Jia Qiang hastily agreed and suggested“A Visit to the Garden”and“The Dream”．But since neither formed part of her repertoire，Lingguan insisted“The Pledge”and“The Quarrel”instead．And Jia Qiang had to let her have her way．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

The Dream：Two more scenes from The Peony Pavilion．

The Quarrel：Scenes from The Hairpin and the Bracelet by a Ming playwright by the pseudonym of Mater of the Moon Pavilion．

【注】《游园》、《惊梦》：即汤显祖《牡丹亭》第十出《惊梦》。昆曲演出本分为两出，前半为《游园》，后为《惊梦》。

《相骂》：明传奇《金钗记》第13出。《相约》：明传奇《金钗记》第8出。

◆ 他的思想仿佛风似的在脑里一回旋：《小孤孀上坟》欠堂皇，《龙虎斗》里的“悔不该……”也太乏，还是“手执钢鞭将你打”罢。(鲁迅《阿Q正传》)

His thoughts revolved like a whirlwind：The Young Widow at Her Husband's Grave was not heroic enough．The passage“Alas，in my cups”in The Battle of the Dragon and the Tiger was too feeble．“Steel in hand I shall trounce you”was still the best．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

◆ 宝玉便笑道：“姐姐通今博古，色色都知道，怎么连这一出戏的名字也不知道，就说了这么一串子。这叫《负荆请罪》。”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第三十回)

“Why，cousin，”he cried，“surely you're sufficiently well versed in ancient and modern literature to know the title of that opera．Why do you haveto describe it?It's called Abject Apologies．”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】《负荆请罪》：元·康进之《李逵负荆》杂剧。

◆ 正唱《西楼·楼会》这出将终，于叔夜因赌气去了，那文豹便发科诨道：“你赌气去了，恰好今日正月十五，荣国府中老祖宗家宴，待我骑了这马，赶进去讨些果子吃是要紧的。”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第五十三回)

This was towards the end of the scene“Encounter in the Tower from The West Tower”，when Yu Shuye flings off in a rage．The girl playing Wenbao adlibbed：

“So you're leaving in a huff．Luckily this is the fifteenth of the first month，and the Old Ancestress of the Rong Mansion is holding a family feast．I'm going to ride there as fast as I can on this horse to ask for some goodies now．That's the thing to do．”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

The West Tower：By Yuan Yulin，a Qing playwright．

【注】《西楼·楼会》：清初袁于令撰《西楼记》传奇中的一出。剧本写于叔夜和妓女穆素徽悲欢离合的故事。第八出《病晤》，写于、穆二人正在西楼相会，书童文豹来传于父之命，让他去“赴社”;于只得与穆相别，恹恹而去。这出戏的演出本，俗称《西楼会》。(张俊等，1987： 870)

◆ 当下天未二鼓，戏演的是《八义》中《观灯》八出。正在热闹之际，宝玉因下席往外走。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第五十四回)

It was not yet the second watch．Eight scenes from Eight Gallants at the Lantern Festival were being performed，and the climax had just been reached when Baoyu rose to go out．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】《八义观灯》：八义：即《八义记》，明徐元所作传奇剧本。据元纪君祥《赵氏孤儿》改变而成。写春秋时晋国权臣屠岸贾残杀赵盾全家，只有赵氏孤儿赵武幸存;后赵武长大成人，报了冤仇。为赵家出力的，先后有程婴等八人，故名《八义记》。《观灯》指该剧第五出《宴赏元宵》(张俊等，1987：884)

◆ 秋纹笑道：“外头唱的是《八义》，没唱《混元盒》，那里又跑出‘金花娘娘’来了。”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第五十四回)

“They're playing The Eight Gallants over there，not The Magic Box，”quipped Qiuwen．“So where does this Goddess Jinhua come from?”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】《混元盒》：明末清初的一部神魔剧。全剧以水神金花娘娘同张真人斗法为线索，每本演一个兴妖作怪的小故事，内容荒诞。《混元盒》是张真人的一件法宝。(张俊等，1987：885)

◆ (贾母)说着又道：“叫葵官唱一出《惠明下书》，也不用抹脸。只用两出叫他们听个疏异罢了。若省一点力，我可不依。”文官等听了出来，忙去扮演上台，先是《寻梦》，次是《下书》。众人都鸦雀无声。(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第五十四回)

She then told Kuiguan，“Sing that aria‘Huiming Delivers a Letter’and don't trouble to make up.Just sing a couple of scenes to amuse these ladies with our amateur style．But mind you do your best．”

Wenguan and the others assented and withdrew to change their clothes．First they staged“Seeking the Dream，”then“The Letter Is Delivered．”All listened in absolute silence．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

【注】《惠明下书》：《西厢记》第二本第一折，叙和尚惠明给白马将军杜确送信请他来普救寺解围。是明代传奇剧本《南西厢记》中的一出，李日华作，系王实甫《西厢记》的改编本。

《西厢记》取材于唐代大诗人元稹的传奇小说《崔莺莺传》(又名《会真记》)。《西厢记》的故事情节并不复杂，说的是唐代崔老相国去世后，老夫人携女儿莺莺扶灵归葬，丫鬟红娘一路陪伴。因道路阻隔，暂停灵于河中府蒲州境内的普救寺，借宿西厢小院。父母双亡、书剑飘零的洛阳书生张生赴京赶考，为会朋友白马将军来到蒲州，游佛殿时邂逅莺莺，为其无比的艳丽而惊喜。莺莺乍见翩翩少年，也不禁深情回眸一望。经过隔墙吟诗，互表心迹。同做道场，增进了解，两人开始默默相爱。这时，叛将孙飞虎兵围普救寺，要抢崔莺莺做压寨夫人。危急之中，老夫人许下：谁能退兵救女，便招为女婿。张生投书白马将军，退班解围;但老夫人却在酒宴上赖婚，坚持把莺莺许给侄儿郑恒，让张生和莺莺兄妹相称。张生以琴声向莺莺倾诉相思之苦，又通过红娘寄柬。莺莺假意闹柬，同时又托红娘给张生捎信，相约夜晚花园幽会。但当红娘把跳墙而进的张生领到面前时，莺莺又突然变卦。张生又气又恼，一病不起。红娘同情，莺莺心疼，终于深夜来到张生书房，共度佳期。老夫人发觉后，拷打红娘。红娘据理反驳，晓以利害，老夫人哑口无言，只好承认既成事实;但又逼张生进京赶考，求取功名。深秋黄昏，张生和莺莺在十里长亭依依惜别。张生夜宿草桥，梦莺莺偕行，醒来惟见晓风残月，备感伤情。莺莺闺房挥笔，写不尽缕缕情思。张生高中，正拟归完婚之际，郑恒来到普救寺，谎称张生已另赘别娶，胁迫莺莺成婚。老夫人再次出尔反尔，声称要将莺莺嫁给郑恒。幸亏张生及时赶来，再得白马将军相助，才与莺莺成就百年之好。

《寻梦》：明汤显祖《牡丹亭》第十二出，写杜丽娘在梦中与柳梦梅相会后，次日又循迹回忆梦境的情节。(张俊等，1987：886)

◆ 众皆不识，听见外面人说：“这是新打的《蕊珠记》里的《冥升》。小旦扮的是嫦娥，前因堕落人寰，几乎给人为配，幸亏观音点化，他就未嫁而逝，此时升引月宫。”(曹雪芹《红楼梦》第八十五回)

No one knew what opera this was till they heard it said outside that this was the scene“Returning to Heaven from Hell”from the new opera The Tale of Ruizhu．The girl was the moon goddess who descended to earth and became betrothed to a mortal;luckily the goddess Guanyin had shown her the right course and she died before her marriage took place．She was now going back to the moon．”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

※The Tale of Ruizhu：the playwright is unknown．

◆ 少刻，摆上酒席，打动锣鼓，一个人上来做一出戏。也有做《请宴》的，也有做《窥醉》的，也有做《借茶》的，也有做《刺虎》的，纷纷不一。后来王留歌做了一出《思凡》。(吴敬梓《儒林外史》第三十一回)

Soon the feast was served，and music sounded as the first actor ascended the stage．One acted“The Feast”，another“The Drunken Singer”，yet others“Borrowing Tea”or“Killing the Tiger”．No two scenes were the same．Wang Liu-ko presented“The Nun Longs for Earthly Pleasures”．(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)