用作外加语的副词

第二节　用作外加语的副词

有些当代语法学家如R.Quirk等人根据状语是否结合到句子结构中的情况把它分为三大类：那些在一定程度上结合到句中的状语叫做附加语(adjunct)；那些只在句子结构外围的状语叫做外加语和联加语。附加语是一种修饰性的状语，它结合在句子结构里面，为句子内容提供附加材料，主要是对谓语进行修饰或说明，所以又叫修饰性状语或结合性状语。外加语不修饰谓语或谓语动词，而是结合全句作些说明或解释，表示说话者对于他所说的内容所持的态度和个人看法。由于它不与它所评说的句子或分句在结构上紧密结合，独立于句子的主体之外；所以也叫评注性状语或分离性状语，传统语法称句子状语。联加语除有状语作用外还起连接句子的作用，也叫连接性状语。

外加语多由副词表示，也可以是介词词组、非限定分句、限定分句等。本章着重研究作外加语的副词，传统语法称这类副词为句子副词(sentence adverb)。

一、形态结构

从形态结构来看，作外加语的副词主要是派生词，多数是由形容词加上副词后缀-ly构成。例如：

Generally，the two writers were against any censorship．

Presumably，they have sold their house．

这类副词中有些是由-ing或-ed分句(形容词)加上-ly构成的，如：

Amusingly，he did not explain his position to me．

What，interestingly enough，pleased them most was his eloquence．这类副词中有少数是复合词或缩略词。

下列句中的副词indeed和perhaps分别由in+deed和per+ haps(hap的复数形式)组成，maybe由it may be缩略而成：

This machine is up-to-date，indeed．

Maybe that's because he doesn't have technical skill．

二、语义及分类

从语义的角度来看，作外加语的副词可以分为语体(或方式)外加语(style disjunct)和态度外加语(attitudinal disjunct)两类：

1．语体外加语

语体外加语表示说话人讲话的方式。通常表现在说话人对他所采取说话形式的看法，以某种方式说明了他是在什么情况下说的。根据词汇意义，作语体外加语的副词又可分为三小类：

1)表示说话人确认自己正在说的是真实情况，如bluntly，candidly，flatly，frankly，honestly，seriously，strictly，truly，truthfully等。例如：

Seriously(in all seriousness)，we haven't heard much of our two heroes lately，have we?

Bluntly(Put bluntly/To be blunt)，you're unwise to do so．

2)表示说话人在概括自己所说的话，如approximately，briefly，broadly，crudely，generally，roughly，simply等。例如：

Briefly(To be brief/In brief)，there are too many people and too little food．

3)表示其他的意义，如confidentially，literally，metaphorically，personally等。如：

Personally(Personally speaking/To be personal)，I quite agree with you．

作语体外加语的副词和这个副词所归属的分句的关系可以通过一个分句表示出来。在这个分句中，主语就是说话人I，谓语是由speak，say，tell等交际动词(communicative verbs)构成。如：

Frankly，I don't want to go with you．

句中的frankly相当于一个分句I tell you frankly，I say frankly或I speak frankly。这种分句既可转换成主句结构，也可转换成条件分句。

主句结构：I will say frankly'I tell you frankly that I don't want to go with you．

条件分句：If I can speak frankly，I don't want to go with you．

作语体外加语的副词可由其他一系列结构代替。以上句中的frankly为例，相应的结构就有介词短语(in(all)frankness)、不定式分句(to be frank，to speak frankly，to put it frankly)、-ing分词分句(frankly speaking，putting it frankly)、-ed分词分句(put it frankly)、限定性动词分句，即评说分句(if I may be frank，if I can speak frankly，if I can put it frankly)等。

上述列出的所有副词中，几乎都有相应的带speaking的分词结构，这些结构都可以作语体外加语。如：

strictly=strictly speaking

broadly=broadly speaking

seriously=seriously speaking

在这种结构中，副词通常位于speaking之前，有时亦可后置。如frankly speaking，speaking frankly两者都可以说，但后者不如前者普通。个别副词无相应的带speaking分词结构，如flatly不能代之以flatly speaking。

许多作语体外加语的副词还有to be加形容词干这样相应的不定式分句形式，如上句中的bluntly=to be blunt，personally= to be personal，briefly=to be brief。凡是能有这种不定式的副词，还可以有相应的带if的限定性分句，如：if I may be blunt，if I may be personal．

2．态度外加语

态度外加语表示说话人对话语的态度，对交谈内容的看法。根据词汇意义，作态度外加语的副词可分为两大类，然后再分为若干小类。

第一大类：这类外加语对所说的话是否真实提出了某种看法。表示说话人究竟在多大程度上相信他所说的话是真实可靠的。这类包括：

1)不含有察觉正在说的话是真实的，也不表示对正在说的话的真实程度作出判断。其中表示确信的有：admittedly，certainly，definitely，indeed，surely，undeniably，undoubtedly，unquestionly，unarguably等。表示某种程度怀疑的有：arguably，allegedly，conceivably，doubtless，(quite very)likely，maybe，perhaps，possibly，presumably，reportedly，supposedly，probably等。如：

Surely(To be sure)，I've made a mistake．(I'm sure that I have made a mistake/It must be accepted that I've made．．．)

The accident happened，possibly，when I was in the garden．(I considered it possibly that the accident happened when I was in the garden．/It is possible that the accident happened when I was．．．)

2)表达人们根据客观事实对所讲内容的真实性看法。其中表示确信的有：clearly，evidently，obviously，plainly，patently等。表示某种程度的怀疑的有seemingly，apparently等。如：

Clearly，there has been a mistake．(It is clear to us and to everybody else that there has been a mistake．)

There was nothing to be done，apparently．(It seems/it appears to us that there was nothing to be done．)

3)表示说话人判断所说的事情是真实的还是虚假的。通常指所说内容实际上是否存在。其中表示所说的事情是实际上存在的有actually，really，factually等。表示与实际存在形成对照的有only，apparently，ideally，nominally，officially，technically，theoretically等。

表示正在说的事情在原则上是真实的有basically，essentially，fundamentally等。如：

Actually，centimeter，gram and second are units of measure．

Basically，a sentence is made up of two parts，the subject and the predicate．

第二大类：表示对所说的事情的某种态度，包括：

1)表示说话人的判断未必符合句中主语或说话人的情况。如：

Luckily，Jack came back yesterday．

这句话可理解为“Jack was lucky in doing so．”，也可理解为：“Someone else(possibly，but not necessarily，the speaker) was lucky as a result of Jack's action．”；但这句话“Luckily for John，the gun was not loaded．”就只能理解为：“John was lucky that the gun was not loaded．”进一步分析，这类副词常常表示：

所说的事情被认为是奇怪的或在意料之外的，如amazingly，astonishingly，surprisingly，curiously，funnily，ironically，oddly，remarkably，strangely，unexpectedly等表示惊讶、迷惘、失望的副词。如：

Curiously，the dog never barked．(It is curious that the dog should have never barked．)

Surprisingly for all of us(To our surprise)，they arrived before we did．(“We felt surprised that they arrived before we did．)

所说的事情被人认为是适当的或意料之中的，如appropriately，inevitably，naturally，predictably，typically，understandably等。如：

Naturally，she spoke out her mind．(As might have been expected，she spoke out her mind．)

所说的事情被认为是令人满意或不满意的，如annoyingly，delightfully，disappointingly，disturbingly，refreshingly，regrettably等。例如：

Regrettably for all of us(To our regret)，he refused our invitation．(We regretted that he should have refused our invitation．)

所说的事情被认为是幸运的或不幸运的，如表示悲伤、高兴、幸运的副词(un)fortunately，(un)happily，sadly，(un)luckily，tragically等。如：

Unhappily，he ate a lot．(It is unfortu nate that he should have eaten a lot．)

其他的表示某种判断的词，如amusingly，conveniently，hopefully，mercifully，preferably，significantly，thankfully等。

Hopefully，the two sides may come to an agreement on this issue．(“If their hopes succeed，the two sides will come to an agreement on this issue．/It is hoped that the two sides may come．．．)

2)表示从整体上对正在所说的事情的判断，并且这一判断通常也适用于句子的主语。这类副词常常表示：

对所说的事情是正确地还是错误地作出判断，如(in)correctly，(un)justly，rightly，wrongly等表示正确、错误的副词。如：

You telephoned the hospital first，quite rightly．(You are quite right to have telephoned the hospital first．)

对所描述的事物的智慧和技巧作出判断，如artfully，cleverly，cunningly，foolishly，(un)reasonably，sensibly，(un)wisely等表示聪明、愚蠢的副词。如：

Wisely，all the doors had been bolted．(People were wise to have had all the doors bolted．)

带态度外加语的句子，常常可转换为带先行it的外置(extraposition)结构的复合句。但是，带第一大类态度外加语的句子转换成这种结构时，名词从句中不能用推定意义的should(putative should)；带第二大类态度外加语的句子转换成这种结构时，名词从句中则可用should。这也是第一大类与第二大类作态度外加语的副词在语义下的区别。再比较：

Admittedly，I had no right to be there，but I had lost my way．(It must be admitted that I had no right to be there，but I had lost my way．)

Disappointingly，she had failed to see her shortcomings．(It was disappointing．．．she should have failed to see．．．)

第二大类作态度外加语的某些副词可有“S+be+adj．+ infinitive clause”或“It+be+adj．+of/for+infinitive clause”的相应结构，如fortunately，wisely，foolishly，rightly，typically等。如：

Foolishly，the girl did not ask your name．(The girl was foolish not to ask your name．/It was foolish of the girl not to have asked your name．)

Typically，he would come in late and then say he was sorry．(It was typical of him to come late and then say he was sorry．)

第二大类作态度外加语的某些副词还可带一个人称主语的相应结构，这个主语或是说话人I或是不定代词one。这些副词有(un)happily，sadly，thankfully，hopefully，luckily等。如：

Sadly/Thankfully，he won't be there．(I am/One is sad/ thankful that he won't be there．)

对所有各类态度外加语来说，只要能以It is+adj．+that这样的相应结构来代替，就能用与相应的起评说分句作用的句子性关系分句(sentential relative clause)来代替：

Understandably/quite obviously，he didn't want to have anything to do with them．(He didn't want to have anything to do with them，which was understandable/quite obvious．)

所有各类态度外加语都能由和它相应的评说分句(comment clause)来代替，但这个分句需要加一个像very，more或most这样的修饰语：

Certainly(What was more certain)，he didn't speak at the meeting．

Fortunately(What is most fortunate)，we did not take that bus，which had an accident．

三、句法特点

外加语不仅在句法功能上有别于附加语和联加语，而且还具有不同于两者的句法特征。

1．位置特点

外加语处于它们所评说的句子结构的边缘，一般位于句首，其次是句末，再其次是句中。书写时往往用逗号与句子主体隔开，有时也可以不用逗号。一般来说，外加语的位置和它本身与句子在意念上的联系松紧程度有关。位于句首，它的意义就比较抽象。位于句末，它与句子在意念上的联系程度最松懈。位于句中，它与句子的联系程度最紧密。如：

Really I don't have any idea about it．

He is unquestionably the best cricketer in England．

I don't want the money，confidentially．

当外加语出现在句中时，通常位于谓语动词之前或第一个助动词之后。但在表示强调时，都出现在第一个助动词之前，比如：

He certainly won't be much longer in making up his mind．

当外加语与整个主谓结构发生意念上的联系时，它在句中的位置最为灵活。例如：

Evidently you are right．

You are evidently right．

You evidently are right．

You are right，evidently.

这四句话的意思都是It is evident(clear)that you are right．

2．可被修饰的特征

大多数外加语可以被修饰，常用的前置修饰语有very，quite和比较级形式more，most，less，least：

Rarely，very rarely，the master would admit defeat．

What does it give you?Quite simply，it gives you faster，more efficient internal communications．

Strangely，he has not been here lately．Even more strangely，he has not phoned．

Most probably，they have already finished it．

否定副词not经常用作surprisingly和一些带否定前缀的副词(unexpectedly，unreasonably，unwisely，unusually，unnaturally)的前置修饰语：

Not unnaturally，we had all felt rather alarmed．(It was not unnatural that we had all felt．)

Not unreasonably，he protested strongly against it．(It is not unreasonable that he should protest strongly．

Enough是最常见的后置修饰语。比如：Oddly enough，he didn't raise any objection to the plan．

此外，有些态度外加语后还可以加上由for引导的介词短语，明确所指范围。例如：

Happily for all of us，the weather has changed for the better．

Annoyingly for his father，John failed the exam several times．

3．判断标准

有些副词既可用作附加语，亦可用作外加语。如：

Did you get it honestly?(1)

I didn't tell anyone，honestly I didn't．(2)

例1)中的honestly作in an honest manner解时，是附加语，修饰谓语动词get；而例2)中honestly则作speaking truthfully解时，充当评注性状语，即外加语。它们互为句法同形异义语(syntactic homonyms)，形式虽同，而词义和句法功能各异。附加语与外加语的区别可有以下几条判断标准，凡符合其中任何一条便是外加语：

1)能作为独立语调组，出现于否定句的句首。例如：ironically在下句中是以降调语调作为独立语调组出现于否定句句首，从而断定它是外加语：

Ironically，the reputed expert in Chinese language could not speak a single sentence of modern Chinese．

2)不能在选择疑问句结构中处于信息中心的位置。外加语作为独立语调组出现于句首时，就不可用作选择疑问句的信息中心。因此really在下句中便是附加语，而不是外加语：

Is he really worried or is he just pretending to be worried?

3)不能在句中作为被否定的中心词项。例如：He is not really worried；he is just pretending to be worried．句中的really是附加语，而不是外加语。

4)不能在分裂句(cleft sentence)中作中心成分(focus element)，处于特别受强调的位置。cleverly在下句中就是外加语。因此，下句不能转换为分裂句：

Cleverly，the boys solved the problem so quickly．It was cleverly that the boys solved the problem so quickly．