第六节 As用作准介词及准关系代词
As用作准介词或准关系代词的共同特点是由连词转化的,由于as引导的从句中的省略使它兼有介词或代词的作用而成为介词或关系代词。下面分别介绍。
一、As短语用作宾语补足语
在英语中用as短语作宾语补足语的例子很多,其公式为:“名词或代词宾格+as+宾语补足语”。有的英语语法书上称as为宾语补足语的引导词,引出宾语补足语。在这种结构中,as并不是一个单纯的介词,因为它后面不仅可接名词,而且还可以接形容词、分词或介词短语。例如:
1.as+名词
We look upon him as a great man.
我们把他看做一个伟大的人物。
He took these words as evidence.
他把这些话当做证据。
2.as+形容词
We shouldn't regard as impossible what is really possible.
我们不能把实际上可能的事看做不可能。
We consider the new plan as practicable.
我们认为新计划是切实可行的。
They described the case as hopeless.
他们把病情说成是没有希望治好的。
3.as+分词或分词短语
They showed the compounds as having different structure.
他们证实这些化合物具有不同的结构。
We thought of him as being angry about it.
我们当时以为他对这件事很生气。
How can you describe it as lacking of experience?
你怎么能把这说成是缺乏经验呢?
We took the problems as settled.
我们认为这个问题已解决了。
We think of all matter as made up of atoms.
我们认为一切物质由原子构成。
4.as+介词短语
We regard that conclusion as of consequence.
我们把这个结论看成是具有重要意义的。
I heard the whir as from a car.
我听到的好像是汽车的发出的呼呼声。
如果将上述含有as短语的复合结构变为被动语态,原来的宾语补足语as短语,就成为主语补足语(或称为主语的表语)。其公式可以归结为:“主语+被动语态+as短语(主语补足语)”。例如:
What the teacher said was regarded as true.
老师说的话被认为是真实的。
These words may be used as determiners.
这些单词被用作限定词。
All matter should be seen as constantly changing.
一切物质应该看成不断在变化着的。
As后面之所以能接名词以外的词,这是因为as本来是连词。由as引出的本是一个状语从句,但其后从句经常省略了许多部分,只留下名词、形容词、分词(或分词短语)或介词短语。在这种结构中as虽用作介词,但仍然保留着连词的某些功能,所以它后面可以接形容词、分词、介词短语等。因此,as在这里可以看做是准介词”(quasi-preposition)。
二、as引导定语从句时,通常有如下三种句型
the same...as...
such...as...
as...as....
As原来也是连词,但经常为省略它后面的代词起见,它本身就兼有代词的作用而成为关系代词。它在句中所起的语法作用与who或which相同,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。因此,as可以看做一个准关系代词(quasi-relative pronoun)。
1.the same...as...
其基本含义是“与……同种类”。在本结构中,as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所述的内容“相似”,从句与主句所指系同类事物,本句型中的same为形容词,as既引导定语从句,又在从句中担任一定的成分。从句中常省去与前面句子中相同的成分。例如:
He is not the same man as he was(the man).
他已不是过去的他了。(as在从句中作表语)
I should like to use the same textbook as is used in your school.
我想使用你们学校里所用的同样的教科书。(as在从句中作主语)
I had the same trouble as you(had the trouble).
我和你有同样的困难。(as在从句中作宾语)
She drove by the same road as I usually do.
她行车的路线和我平时走的一样。(as作介词by的宾语)
2.such...as...
其意为“像……这(那)样的,像……之类的”。它与those...that(which,who)...并无绝对区别。在本句型中such为形容词,在主句里作定语(说明主句里某一个名词),as在其引导的从句里担任主语、表语或宾语成分。例如:
He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.
他并不是一个做事半途而废的那种人。(as在从句中作主语)
Such instruments as(are)thermometers and barometers can be found in any physics laboratory.
像温度计和气压计之类的仪器在任何物理实验室里都能找到。(本句as后出现的名词实际上是前面被修饰的名词instruments的列举,这时定语从句内的as通常省略。)
Such people as(Those people who)you described are rare nowadays.
你描写的那种人现今已很少见了。(as在从句中作宾语)
A wise man seldom talks about such things as(Those things which)he doesn't understand.
聪明人很少谈论他不懂的事。
若准关系代词as在定语从句中作介词宾语,则此介词应置于句末。如:
I hope to get such a tool as he repaired this instrument with.
我希望能够得到一个像他用来修理这个仪器的那类工具。
3.as...as...
在这种结构中,前一个as后常跟many(用于可数名词)或much(用于不可数名词),此句型有“如……一般多;如此之多”之意。前一个as为副词,后一个as为关系代词并在其引导的定语从句中充当主语或宾语。如:
We let you have as many copies as you need.
你需要多少册,我们就给多少册。(as在句中作宾语)
We have accomplished as much work in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.
我们在最近三年里完成了过去需要奋斗十年才能做完的工作。(as在从句中作主语)
Here is a bottle of ink you may use as much as you need.
这里有一瓶墨水,你需要多少就用多少。
总结:
①一般说来,the same...that则表示“与……一样”的意思,指的是同一个人或物。例如:
This is the same watch as I lost.
这跟我丢掉的那块表一样。
This is the same watch that I lost.
(This is the very watch that I lost.)
这就是我丢失的那块表。
②有时the same...as亦可表示“与……同一的”意思。如指同一事物时,此时the same...as=the same...that,两者可互换使用。如指的就是同一个人时,一般用the same...that而不用the same...as。例如:
He works in the same shop as/that I do.
他跟我在同一个车间干活。
When the same man that murdered the old lady entered the hotel once more,the waiter immediately telephoned the police.
当那位谋杀老太太的凶手再次进入旅馆时,服务员立即给警察局打了电话。
③定语从句中若省略了动词,则用as而不能用that。因为as可引出一个省略了谓语动词的定语从句。若使用that,定语从句中的动词不可省略。例如:
He uses the same books as(or that)you do.
He uses the same books as you.
他用的书和你用的是一样的。
This is the same hat(or that)you wore yesterday.
这是你昨天戴过的那顶帽子。
You've made the same mistakes as last time.
你犯了和上次一样的错误。
④在否定句中so...as...可代替as...as...结构。例如:
There is not as(so)much money as is needed.钱不够用。
⑤在以上as的三种句型中,关系代词as都有一定的先行词,但as的先行词有时也可以是整个主句,as引导非限定性定语从句,as的作用与which相同。如:
He is late,as is often the case.
他迟到了,这是经常的事。
As all know,practice is the only yardstick of the truth.
众所周知,实践是检验真理的惟一标准。
The machine,as might be expected,has stopped operating.
正如所料,这台机器停止运转。
As(is)announced in the papers,our country has launched another man-made earth satellite.
如报上宣布,我国又发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
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