现在分词作宾补与动名词作宾语之区分

第十一节　现在分词作宾补与动名词作宾语之区分

动名词的复合结构(gerundial complex)作宾语时，动名词的逻辑主语往往既可以用名词所有格或物主代词，也可用名词通格或代词宾格。一旦动名词的逻辑主语用了名词通格或代词宾格形式，“名词(代词)+动词-ing”结构中的动词-ing形式与复合宾语(complex object)中作宾语补足语的现在分词形式相同。怎样识别作宾补的现在分词与作宾语的动名词，本节谈谈如下几种鉴别方法，仅供大家参考：

一、从动词上鉴别

英语中的感官动词和使役动词要用现在分词作宾语补足语，常见的有see，hear，notice，watch，keep，find，observe，smell，catch，discover，leave，have，start，get；词组有come across，come upon，listen to，look at等。例如：

He often watched the PLA men training on the drill-ground．他常常看解放军战士在操场上操练。

Once we caught him dozing off in class．有一次我们发现他在上课时打盹。

We should not leave him wondering what he should do．我们应该让他知道他该怎么办。

How shall we set the whole thing going?

我们该怎样着手把这件事推动起来?

She could feel her heart beating violently．她可以感觉到自己的心跳得很厉害。

I'm sorry to have kept you waiting long．

我很抱歉让你久等了。

英语中有些动词需要用动名词作宾语，常见的有：dislike，like，hate，fancy，mean，mind，propose，recollect，remember，stop，suggest，understand，miss，regret，can'thelp，can't stand，can't bear，enjoy，continue，avoid，consider，deny，escape，imagine，permit，等等。词组有：insist on，object to，approve/disapprove of，agree to，be afraid of，be surprised at等，其中有些动词所要求的动名词有逻辑主语。例如：

She hates people losing their tempers．她讨厌人发脾气。

Better stop him getting into mischief before it's too late．最好趁早别让他捣乱。

He objects to you making private calls on the office phone．他反对你用办公室里的电话办私事。

He insisted on my brother going with him．他坚持要我兄弟跟他一起去。

I can't understand him behaving so foolishly．我无法理解他的那种如此愚蠢的表现。

二、从句型结构上鉴别

现在分词作宾语补足语是S+V+O+C句型，简称“主动宾补结构”。在这种结构中只能用“名词通格(代词宾格)+动词-ing形式，分词前绝对不可用名词所有格代物主代词。动名词的复合结构作宾语是S+V+O句型，简称“主动宾结构”。在这一结构中，动名词的逻辑主语既可用名词所有格或物主代词，也可用名词通格或代词宾格。前者是一种较正式的用法，后者多出于非正式英语中。但是，在现代英语中也很普遍。试比较：

I saw Peter putting his hand into his pocket．(现在分词作宾补，这里不能用Peter's)我看着彼得正把手伸进衣袋里。

His criticism started me thinking seriously．(现在分词作宾补，这里不能用my。)他的批评引起我认真思考。

I don't remember my brother/my brother's complaining about prices．(动名词作宾语)我不记得我哥哥对于物价的抱怨了。

She resented him/his being promoted before her．她对他比她早提升表示不满。

We can't agree to you/your taking part in such a function．(动名词作宾语)我们不能同意你参加这样的正式典礼。

三、从意义上鉴别

动名词作宾语表示动作的意味较强，现在分词作宾补表示状态或特征。在时间上，前者和句子谓语动词表示的动作有先有后的习惯性的行为，并无进行含义；而后者则表示同时发生，并有进行意义。试比较：

I can't imagine anything happening to him．(I can't imagine that anything will happen to him．)(动名词作宾语，表示其动作发生在谓语动词之后。)我不能想像他将要发生什么事。

Do you mind me opening the window?(Do you mind if I open the window?)我打开窗子好吗?

I don't remember you speaking on that subject．(I don't remember that you have ever spoken on that subject．)(动名词作宾语，其动作发生在谓语动词之前。)我记不起你对那个项目已谈过意见。

I don't like young people smoking．(动名词作宾语，表示习惯性、经常性的行为。)我不喜欢年轻人抽烟。

We heard the children shouting upstairs．(The children were shouting upstairs，did you hear?)(现在分词作宾补表示动作正在发生。)我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。

I didn't notice him waiting．(I didn't notice that he was waiting．)(现在分词作宾补，表示动作正处于发生的过程中，还没有结果。)我没注意他在等候。

四、现在分词作宾补

一般可将现在分词前的名词通格或代词宾格变为被动句中的主语，作宾语补足语的现在分词在被动句中就成为主语补足语。动名词的复合结构作宾语时，则不能将动名词前的名词通格或代词宾格变为被动句中的主语，其原因是它们不是宾语，仅是动名词的逻辑主语。试比较：

We found the children playing on the sports．(分词)我们发现孩子们在操场上玩耍。

The children were found playing on the sports．

Tom proposed you travelling by helicopter．(动名词)汤姆提议你乘直升机旅行。

上面这个句子就不能用上述同样的方法改为被动句：You were proposed travelling by helicopter．