第十三节 目的状语从句与结果状语从句的辨析
So that既可引导目的状语从句也可引导结果状语从句。如何区别它们,有关语法书及杂志已作了不少介绍。为了进一步从语义关系上和结构形式上进行分辨,本节特作如下探讨:
1.目的是以观念形态存在的潜在的可能性和意欲,不是事实
这一潜在的可能性或意欲的实现,则是结果。目的是主观意念,结果是客观现实。因此,从句若反映一种意欲、一种可能性,则是目的从句;若是一种事实,就是结果从句。试比较:
I am going to take an early bus so that I'll get there in time.(Purpose)
我打算乘早班公共汽车,以便及时赶到那里。
I took an early bus so that I got there in time.(Result)
我乘了早班公共汽车,及时到了那里。
2.目的从句表示动机(即一种可能性),并非事实
此从句只是想要达到某个结果的意愿,因而从句中多用假定性的谓语动词,常有can,may,will,could,might,would,should等情态动词。情态动词本身并无词汇意义,只是一种虚拟用法“结果从句表示客观事实,所以用陈述语气的谓语动词,从句中常无情态动词”。试比较:
We planted many shrubs so that the garden should/might look more beautiful.(Purpose)
我们栽了很多灌木,为了让花园看起来更美一些。
We planted many shrubs,so that the garden soon looked more beautiful.(Result)
我们栽了很多灌木,花园里不久就好看多了。
I always write so carefully that I may make my meaning clear.(Purpose)
我写作时总是字斟句酌,为了让人看懂我的意思。
I always write so carefully that I make my meaning clear.(Result)
我写作时总是字斟句酌,结果把意思讲得一清二楚。
Every precaution was taken that the plan might not fail.(Purpose)
已经采取了各种措施,好让计划不致遭失败。
I must be getting absent-minded that I forgot to bring my ticket.(Result)
我一定是心不在焉,结果票也忘了带。
值得一提的是,从句中如用情态动词could,有时会使得目的和结果的界线模糊。比如下面这个句子既可表示结果也可表示目的:
He spoke loudly so that everybody could hear him.(Result or purpose)
有时,即使从句中用了can,could,should等,它仍是一个结果状语从句。请看下面三个句子:
The room was packed with people,so that we couldn't get in.房间里挤满了人,我们进不去。
It is raining,so that I cannot go out.
天在下雨,我出不去了。
What have I done that you should be so angry with me?我干了些什么使你对我如此恼火?
3.目的状语从句与主句的关系紧密
在讲话时一气呵成,而结果从句则是句子的外在因素,讲话时往往在主句和从句之间须略加停顿,书写时一般用逗号断开。
试比较:
We all arrived at eight,so(that)the meeting began promptly.(Result)
我们都是8点到达的,结果会议马上就开始了。
We'll come at eight(so)that the meeting can begin early.(Purpose)
我们要8点来,以便会议能早点开始。
He violated the regulation,so he was punished.(Result)
他违反了规章制度,所以他受了处分。
I sent the letter airmail so he would get it right now.(Purpose)
此信我寄了航空,好让他随即收到。
4.目的状语从句可以移至句首,从而达到进一步强调目的意义;而结果状语从句不可以,只能置于主句之后。这表明目的从句在句中的位置比较自由,结果从句在句中位置一般比较固定
例如:
So that everyone could hear,they used a loud-hailer(They used a loud-hailer so that everyone could hear.)
为了使人人都能听到,他们使用了扩音器。不能说So that I could hardly stand,I was tired.
So that we should/might see the sunrise,we started for the peak early.
为了看日出,我们一早就出发到山顶去。
5.目的状语从句是句子不可分割的一部分,是句子的内在修饰语(adjunct),结果状语句并非句子的有机组成部分,是句子的外围修饰语(disjunct)
因此,前者可以成为分裂句的强调中心,而后者却不可以,例如:
It is so that his students may understand well that the teacher speaks clearly.
正是为了使学生很好理解,教师才讲得清清楚楚。
不能说It's so that he can't sleep at night that he worries about his financial conditions.
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