条件句的特殊表现形式

第十四节　条件句的特殊表现形式

一、并列结构

1．祈使句+and(if)

这个句型表示肯定“条件”，and表示自然的结果，即and= and then。例如：

Make haste，and you will be in time for the meeting．(If you make haste，you．．．)

快一点，你就会按时到会。

Let's give him some help，and he will be able to improve in his studies．

如果我们给他一些帮助，他就会改进他的学习。

2．祈使句+or(if not)句型表示否定“条件”，表示结果。即or=or else，otherwise．．．也可用or else(else)，or otherwise(otherwise)连接第二个分句

例如：

Hurry up，or(else)we'll be late for the meeting．(If we don't hurry up，we．．．)

赶快，否则我们开会要迟到了。

Put on more clothes，or you will catch cold．

多穿点，否则你会感冒的。

3．名词短语+and(if)

这种句型不但简洁，而且“条件”意义十分突出。例如：

One more effort and you will succeed．

(If you make one more effort，you．．．)

再努一把力，你就会成功的。

Another half hour and all doors would be locked．(If another half hour should pass，all doors．．．)

再过半个钟头，所有的门都要上锁了。

二、动词say，suppose引导的从句

这种句型多用于疑问句中，同supposing引导的从句用法一样。

1．Let's say that．．．

Let's say(that)the reading-room is closed，where would you study?

如果阅览室不开的话你到哪里去学习?

Let's say we can't get a new dictionary，what should we do?

倘使买不到新词典，我们将怎么办?

2．Say(if；let's say)假定，姑且说

Say the plane doesn't arrive on time we'll have to postpone the meeting．

假定飞机不准时到达，我们就得推迟会议。

Say it were true，what then?

假如这是真的，那又怎么样呢?

3．Suppose(supposing)

Suppose he were here，what would you do?

(If we suppose(that)he were here，what would you do?)

假使他在那里，那你怎么办?

Then suppose he should refuse?(主句全省略，可称含蓄结果句)

假如他不干怎么办?

三、定语从句

A nation which stopped working would be dead in a fortnight．(If it stopped working，a nation．．．)

一个国家如果停顿工作，两周内就会灭亡。

Anybody who should do that would be laughed at．．．

任何人如果那样做，就会被人嘲笑。

四、状语从句

1．Before从句(must/have to．．．before．．．can/could．．．)

这是before的一种特殊用法，表示“在……之前”，“必须(只有)…才能…”。例如：

Electronic computers must be programmed before they can work．必须为电子计算机编好程序，它才能工作。

2．When从句

The people became masters only when they overthrew the ruling class．

只有推翻统治阶级，人民才能当家做主人。

3．While从句

The brothers and other relations might do as they would，while they did not disgrace the name．(．．．If they did not disgrace the name．)

兄弟们只要不玷污名声，他们便可为所欲为。

4．So that从句

So that our language conforms to usage，we don't mind whether grammars approve of it or not．(If our language conforms to usage，we．．．)

我们使用的语言只要符合惯用法，语法家不同意，我们不必介意。

五、简单句

从句完全省略，一个简单句表示含蓄条件。

Such mistakes could have been avoided．(If we had been more careful，such mistakes．．．)

这种错误本来是应该避免的。

I shouldn't worry about that now．

(If I were you，I．．．)

我现在就不会为这件事发愁了。

六、倒装语序

假设条件从句中含有were，had，should时，可省掉if，将这些词提到句首，构成假设条件句。例如：

Were it not for their assistance，we couldn't have got over the difficulties．

要不是他们协助，这些困难我们是克服不了的。

Had they time，they would certainly come and help us．

如果他们有时间，他们一定会来帮助我们的。

Should there be a flood，what should we do?

万一发生水灾，我们怎么办?

七、非限定动词短语

1．不定式短语

表示真实条件和虚拟条件，表示含蓄条件较通常。如：

It would be a mistake not to help him．

(．．．if we didn't help him．)

不帮助他将是一个错误。

To hear him speak English，one would take him for an Englishman．

如果听他讲英语，你就会把他当成英国人。

2．分词，分词短语(或分词独立结构)

Judging from what you say，she'd stay for the night there．

照你所说的来看，她将会留在那里过夜。

United we stand，divided we fail．

团结则存，分裂则亡。

All things considered，her paper is of greater value than yours．

如果考虑到各方面，他的论文比你的论文更有价值。

下列分词均已用作连词引导条件从句：

Seeing(that)，providing/provided(that)，considering(that)，supposing(that)，granting/granted(that)，given(that)，assuming(that)，persuming(that)等。

八、介词短语

可表示真实条件和虚拟条件，表示含蓄条件较通常。

1．But for(if it were not for．．．，if it had not been for．．．)

But for these setbacks，we might，perhaps have realized our dream．(If it had not been for these setbacks，we．．．)

要不是有这些挫折，我们的梦想也许已经实现了。

But if the leadership of the Party，we couldn't live a happy life．(If there were not for the leadership of the Party，we．．．)

要不是党的领导，我们不可能过幸福生活。

2．without(unless)

We could not have done the work well without the peasant's help.(We．．．if it hadn't been for peasants'help．)

要是没有农民的帮助，我们不可能做好这个工作。

Without steel，there would be no industry．(If there were no steel，there．．．)

没有钢铁，就不可能有工业。

表示条件的介词短语还有in case of，in the event of，in the absence of，with，apart from等，下列介词短语已转换成连词词组引导条件从句on the supposition that，in the event that等。