第十五节 If引导让步状语从句析疑
If引导让步状语从句,在意义上相同于even if,even though或although。例如:
If he is wrong,you are at least not absolutely right.
即使他错了,至少你也不是绝对的正确。
If he is little,he is strong.
他年纪虽小,力气倒很大。
If he is rather slow,he is very diligent.虽然他有些迟钝,可是他非常勤奋。
上述让步状语从句与if引导的条件状语从句形式相同。如何判断if从句是表示让步,还是表示条件,关键在于识别句子语义(即深层结构)上的差异。让步状语从句表示的是阻碍主句动作或情状发生的不利条件,主句的动作或情状的发生,与从句的合乎逻辑的结果形成鲜明的对比,产生的是出乎意料的结果。条件状语从句表示的则是为主句提供了必要的前提,主句的动作或情状的发生是从句的合乎逻辑的正常的结果。让步从句与主句之间存着一种相互对立的状态,而条件从句与主句之间具有相互依赖的关系。试比较以下三组例句:
I will go out if it should rain.(让步)即使下雨,我也要出去。
I will not go out if it should rain.(条件)如果下雨,我就不出去。
If I have enough money,I will not buy it.(让步)虽然我有足够的钱,但我不愿买它。
If I had enough money,I would buy it.(条件)如果我有足够的钱,我就买它。
If the sun were to rise in the west,I would not break my word.(让步)即使太阳从西方出来,我也不会背弃我的诺言。
If the sun were to rise in the west,I would break my word.(条件)如果太阳从西方出来,我就背弃我的诺言。
由于让步从句与主句之间在语义上均存在一种“对比”或“相反”的关系,所以含让步从句的复合句均可用but或yet改写成并列句而保留其合乎逻辑的原义。含条件句的复合句可用since改写。试比较上述后两组例句:
I have enough money,but I will not buy it.
The sun may rise in the west,yet I will not break my word.
Since I haven't enough money,I will not buy it.
Since the sun will not rise in the west,I won't break my word.
If作让步连词虽在意义上相当于even if(though)或although,但还有着细微的差异;if表示一种带有保留意味的让步概念,这是其他几个连词所缺乏的。因此,if引导的让步从句,主句中往往有表示保留范围的某些微量词的状语。例如:
If they are poor,they are at any rate happy and satisfied with this condition.尽管他们一贫如洗,但总是乐天安贫。
If he is weak,he is at least ambitious.虽然他体弱,但至少他有雄心壮志。
If he is poor,he is also honest.他虽穷,但为人忠厚。
If引导的让步从句常可省略成无动词分句,尤其是多见于“if+形容词”结构。例如:
His style,if mannered,is pleasant to read.他的写作风格虽然有些矫揉造作,但读起来却不错。
If too old to work much,the retired worker is enthusiastic about neighbourhood affairs.那位退休工人虽年老不能多操劳,但仍热心于邻里工作。
If over sixty,this veteran cadre is very enthusiastic about his work.这位老干部尽管年逾花甲,仍热衷于工作。
If引导的让步从句,主句多用否定式或含有否定意义和少量意义的词语。例如:
If it makes me rich,I won't do it.哪怕这能使我发财,我也决不会干的。
Seldom,if at all,does he go to the city.即使他进城也是很少的。
There is little,if any,difference between them.它们之间即使有差别也是很小的。
If Oliver lacked charm,he certainly didn't lack emotion.奥列佛魅力不足,然而热情有余。
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