与先行词结构句型转换

第十七节　与先行词it结构句型转换

某些结构与先行词it结构互相转换的例子不胜枚举。为帮助学习，本节仅归纳如下几种主要转换情况：

一、某些半助动词(semi-auxiliary verbs)加不定式结构构成的句子可转换成It．．．that分词结构

常见的半助动词有be certain to，be(un)likely to，appear to，happen to，chanced to(只用过去形式)，seem to，turn out to等。例如：

She is unlikely to have got our letter．

It is unlikely that she has got our letter．

她多半还没接到我们的信。

When the accident took place，I happened to be in that bus．

It(so)happened that I was in that bus when the accident took place．

事故发生时，我碰巧在公共汽车上。

She doesn't seem to have enough confidence in herself．It seems that she doesn't have enough confidence in herself．

她似乎对自己没有充分的信心。

He chanced to be out when she called．

It chanced that he was out when she called．

她来拜访他时，他正巧出去了。

The person I spoke to turned out to be an Italian．

It turned out that the person I spoke to was an Italian．

我说的那个人结果证明是意大利人。

上述半助动词也可用于there be存在句中，如：

There is certain to be trouble at the factory．

It is certain that there is trouble at the factory．

厂里一定有麻烦。

There appears to be no doubt about it．

It appears that there's no doubt about it．

看来这是毫无疑问的了。

二、某些形容词+ly构成的副词作评注性状语

这些副词常见的有clearly，obviously，apparently，possibly，certainly，evidently，strangely fortunately，regrettably，curiously，oddly，reasonably，interestingly，hopefully，luckily，foolishly，understandably，naturally等。例如：

Obviously，there is much room for improvement in our work．

It is obvious that there is much room for improvement in our work．

显然，在我们工作中还有很大的改进余地。

Not unnaturally，we had all felt rather alarmed．

It was not unnatural that we had all felt rather alarmed．

自然，我们都感到十分恐惧。

Understandably，her appointment has not been confirmed．

It is understandable that her appointment has not been confirmed．

可以理解，她的任命未被批准。

Hopefully，the two sides may come to an agreement on this issue．

It is hoped that the two sides may come to an agreement on this issue．

如果顺利的话，双方就这个重要问题可能会达成协议。

在“It+be+adj．+that”分句中的形容词，如果是strange，fortunate，regrettable，reasonable，curiouse等表示感情色彩的形容词，that分句中常用should+不定式一般形式或不定式的完成形式。转换时需要注意should的处理。如

Not unreasonable，he protested strongly against it．

It is not unreasonable that he should protest strongly against it．

不无道理，他强烈反对。

Strange enough，the burglar had not taken the diamond away．

It is strange enough that the burglar should not have taken the diamond away．真奇怪，盗贼竟没将宝石窃走。

Fortunately，Roberts returned the cheque．

It is fortunate that Roberts should have returned the cheque．

幸运的是，罗伯特茨归还了支票。

此外，sure enough，even more important，what is more important，in fact等评注性状语也可以与It+be+adj．+that分句结构进行转换。如：

Sure enough，a solution will be worked out to the satisfaction of all the parties concerned．

It is sure enough that a solution will be worked out to the satisfaction of all the parties concerned．

想必将会给所有有关党派做出一个满意的决断。

What is more important/Even more important，we should not let it happen again．

It is more important that we should not let it happen again．

更重要的是，我们不能让它再发生。

In fact，only four of them passed the exam．

It is a fact that only four of them passed the exam．

事实上，他们中仅有四人通过了考试。

三、两种被动句的转换

“It+passive(被动态)+that分句”被称为习惯被动句(idiomatic passive)。相当于汉语中某些习语如“据说、据信、据报道、据了解、据统计、据推测、大家知道(认为)、人们相信、众所周知”等故意避免以动作执行者作主语的用法。这种被动句还可转换成“主语+被动态+不定式结构”这一被动式结构。在这里我们将含先行it作形式主语的被动句称为句型I，将不含先行it作形式主语的被动句称为句型II并指出，这两种被动句相互转换时，句型II中的不定式形式取决于句型I中that分句的动词时态。请看以下情况：

1．That分句谓语动词为将来进行时或现在进行时，句型II中的不定式用进行形式

It is thought that she will be coming/is coming．

She is thought to be coming．

大家认为她会来的。

It is believed that he is working hard．

He is believed to be working hard．

人们相信，他正在努力工作。

2．That分句谓语动词为一般现在时，句型I的不定式用一般形式

It is said that there are troops on the frontier．

There are said to be troops on the frontier．

据说，边境有军队。

3．That分句谓语动词为过去进行时，现在(或过去)完成进行时，句型II的不定式用完成进行形式

It is reported that he was driving carelessly．

He is reported to have been driving carelessly．

据说，他当时开车很不小心。

It is said that they have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan．

They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan．

据说，他们一直在云南收集民歌。

It was known that the struggle had been going on for twenty years．

The struggle was known to have been going on for twenty years．

众所周知，这个斗争一直进行了20多年。

4．That分句的谓语动词为一般过去时，现在(或过去)完成时，句型II中的不定式形式用完成形式

It is felt that very little was done to prevent the accident．

Very little is felt to have been done to prevent the accident．

大家认为为防止事故做的事情太少了。

It is supposed that the ship has been sunk．

The ship is supposed to have been sunk．

人们估计船已被击沉。

It was reported that the enemy had been surrounded two days before．

The enemy was reported to have been surrounded two days before．根据报道，敌人在两天前就已被包围。

It is understood that both sides have agreed to a settlement．

Both sides are understood to have agreed to a settlement．

不言而喻，双方已经同意达成一个解决办法。

上述两种被动态句型能否相互转换，与句型I的主句主动有关。能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”，“相信”，“认为”，“推测”等意义的动词，常见的有：assume，believe，expect，fear，feel，know，presume，report，say，think，understand，rumour，anticipate等。口语中常用的suppose也可归于此类。