认为文言文怎么翻译

第三节　直译与意译

本节主题承接第三章第四节第二小节项下所讲的“两大方法”。一般而言，物质名词及其他普通名词中的大多数，一部分上下文简单的形容词，还有一小部分简单句等均可“直译”。即便是难一些的句子，其中多数短语也是可以直译的。“意译”是指以汉语句子为翻译单位，联系上下文有所演绎而写出的英语译文，注重句子整体的语意转达。

本节的主题是对上一节所讲道理的具体化应用，似可这么概括：汉译英应当是译“文”译“意”，不是译“字”译“词”；是传神达意，不是照搬形式；是转达语义信息，不是转换语言符号或样式；局部可以直译，整体需要意译；短句可以直译，长句需要意译；事实应当直译，意象需要意译。其他章节的例句也可拿来印证本节的主题，同时这里举证说明的方法在其他章节的大多数例句中也得到了应用。

例13　我们公司正在装修，现在一家饭店办公。

D1. Due to the renovation of our company, we are now working in a hotel.

D2. Our company is under renovation, so now we do office work in a hotel.

D3. We rent rooms for work in a hotel because our company is on furniture now.

D4. Our company is being renovated .Therefore, we are now working out in a hotel.

D5. Our company is under decoration, so now we take a hotel room as our office.

D6. Our company is on the redemdation and at the moment we do our business in a hotel.

D7. Our company is still being decorated, so we have to locate our offices in a hotel.

D8. As our company is now being decorated, it sets up a temporary office in a restaurant.

D9. We temporarily handle office work in a hotel as our company is on re-decorated.

原文应当梳理，后半句应理解为“现在我们在一家饭店里办公”。D类译文中以company为主语的，问题仍是“意合”的汉语原文在译文里“形合”不够。也就是说，汉语的“公司”可以是个机构，也可以指公司拥有的房屋设备，而英语的renovate之类的动作，其支配对象不大可能是作为机构的“company”。类似“Our company is being renovated”的表达均属“译词”，不是译意。有关这个问题，第十章例19可供参看。

C1. Our working place is under decoration and now we are working in a hotel.

C2. Our company is under renovation right now, so we move our office to a hotel.

C3. As the working place is under decoration now, we are now working in a hotel.

C4. Now we handle official business in a hotel for our company is on the decoration.

C5. We temporarily handle office work in a hotel as our company is under renovation.

B. Our company has offices in a hotel now, because our own offices are being fitted.

原文的“装修”，“译词”便可以是decorate（如D7至D9），“译意”则有许多对应的英文单词，比如fit up, refurbish, refurnish, remodel, renovate等。在学习与本书配套的《商务英汉翻译（本科）》时，如对第六章第二节“异词同译”下面的例句看得仔细一些，便会选择恰当的词语。

A1. We now work in a hotel as the office rooms of our company are being refurnished.

A2. We rent some rooms in a hotel, because our own offices are being renovated.

例14　我们公司生产的有机鸡蛋在海外市场很畅销。

D1. The eggs of organic chicken | produced by our company are selling well in abroad.

D2. The organic egg | produced by our company | is sold well on foreign markets.

上例中讲到人们不大可能装修a company，本例说的是a company不大可能会produce eggs，尽管中文里“一家公司”可以“生产鸡蛋”。D2讲的是该公司总共才下了一个蛋。两个例证均与如何正确表达原文的“语意”直接相关。

B. Our company’s organic eggs are sold very well in foreign market.

A1. The green eggs of our company sell very well in the overseas market.

A2. XX (brand name) green eggs from XX Company are selling well overseas.

例15　小型车（19座以下）请停放到1号停车场。

D1. Small vehicle (Below 19 seats) please stop to T1 Parking Lot.

D2. Small vehicle (Below 19 seats) please stop in T1 Parking Lot.

D3. Light-duty | vehicle (19 seats or less) please park in Parking Lot No.1.

C1. For vehicles under 19 seats, please park to 1# parking lot.

C2. The small-size vehicles (with less than 19 seats) should be parked in No.1 parking.

原文及译文D1采集自北京首都国际机场3号航站楼的双语指示牌。上面五个译文都给人以汽车总动员的感觉。笔者认为围绕着“意思”来选择句型和主语（第八章第三、四节）就会简单得多。如果采用vehicle作主语，就应根据“意思”而使用被动语态，如果不是，则可以采用省略人称主语的祈使句——因为从“意思”上讲，原文是说给司机听的。

A1. Small vehicles (with seats fewer than 19) shall be parked in Parking Lot No. 1.

A2. Please park small vehicles with passenger seats fewer than 19 in Parking Lot No. 1.

例16　有些中国银行竟然能做到净利润同比增长100%。

D1. Some of Bank of China can raise net profit by 100%.

D2. Some of Chinese bank actually done the net profit up 100%.

D3. Some Banks of China even get their profits increase by 100%.

D4. In some of Bank of China, actually they can make 100% retained profits.

D5. It is unexpected that the net profit has increased 100% for a few of Bank of China.

D6. The growth of net profit for some Bank of China can even reach 100% comparedwith the same period.

汉语是“意合”，专有名词没有大小写等形式化的明确表示，“有些中国银行”实际上是“中国有些银行”；需要调整词序（第九章第一节），需要形式化表达。这么一个简单的“意思”，以上六个译文未能正确表达。

从另外一个角度来看，倘若汉语原文的作者采用了正统汉语的词序，他或她本来应当写作“中国有些银行”的。由于他或她受了英语中类似于some American banks或some US banks的表达的影响，也就是在英译汉的时候仅仅满足于照词直译，并且潜移默化中形成了欧化词序，所以在使用汉语写作的时候也保留了“有些美国银行”的形式。

跨越式的联想是：倘若越来越多的人继续把洋文直译为汉语当作现代化国际化，那么将来全体汉语读者深受其害的现象势必会越来越多；同时，使用洋文却又半通不通的时候也会越来越多。这一点与本章关联不大，与英译汉关联密切，故此附带一句。

D7. Some Chinese banks even can get benefit increase about 100% than the same time before actually

D8. Some banks of China can achieve the net profit unexpectedly | to grow | to 100% compared to the same period.

C1. Some Chinese banks’ net margin unexpectedly increases by 100% over the same period last year.

C2. The net profit of some Chinese banks, comparing to the same time last year, even increased 100% this year.

B1. Some banks of China even made a100% year on year increase of net profit.

B2. Some Chinese banks’ net margin unexpectedly increased by 100% over the same period last year.

以上译文解决了专名问题，只是尚有普通名词、动词和其他词类问题，请见黑体标记部分。就本节主题而言，似可在B2与两个A类译文之间逐词对比一下，能够注意到汉译英应当“化简为繁”（第十章），也就是调整词序，增加一些层次，将汉语原文中某些本来简单的直线叙述搞得复杂一些。比如说可以利用介词短语这么译：

A1. Some of the Chinese banks grew by a 100 percent in their net profits over the same period of last year.

A2. The net profits of some Chinese banks grew by 100 percent over the same …

例17　在我市所有的民营企业中，这家公司今年盈利最多。

D1. All our city-owned folk-manage companies yield big profits this year.

D2. This company made larger profits than any other companies in our city this year.

D3. Of all the private enterprises in our city, this company makes the biggest profit.

D4. This company makes the most profit among all private-owned enterprises this year.

D类译文都与原文的“意思”不符。D1误会了“我市所有的”的意思。D3漏译了“今年”，谓语动词用了现在时，结果一时一地的一个数据变成了一个企业神话。

C1. The company profits most this year among all private enterprises in our city.

C2. The company has earned much more profit than other private companies in our city.

没有具体数据支持的情况下，译文C2难以成立。A1是其修改版，修改的依据便是本章开头的第二段，具体做法是体现了英语的“形合”特征。

B1. Among all private enterprises in our city, this one earned the most this year.

设若共有10家企业，盈利总额100元。那么不赚五六十元，是难以当得起earned the most的。汉语“意思”比较含糊，原文可能涵盖的幅度要宽得多。在平均盈利10元的条件下，赚个十几元就可以讲“盈利最多”啦。所以说，B1仍有可能与原文的“意思”不一致。

B2. A company is the most profitable one among all the private enterprises in A city.

A1. The company has earned much more profit than any other single private company in our city this year.

A2. Among all the private enterprises in the city, this is the most profitable company this year.

A3. This firm ranked the first in earnings this year among all the private companies in our city.

A4. The earnings of this firm this year ranked the first among those of all the private companies in XX city.

例18　我国的矿产资源总回收率比国外先进水平低20个百分点。

D1. The mineral resources recovery in China is 20% lower than the foreign advanced.

D2. China‘s recovery rate in mineral resources is 20 percentage points lower than the up-to-date level | iin | foreign countries.

D3. The overall coefficient of recovery of mineral resources is 20 percent lower than developed countries that possessed high technology.

D4. The total recovery of mineral resources is 20% lower than foreign advanced level.

D5. The total recovery rate of mineral resources in our country is 20% lower comparing with that of in advanced world.

C1. The total recovery rate of mineral resources in China is 20% lower than foreign advanced level.

C2. Total recovery rate of mineral resources in China is 20 percent lower than the advanced level of overseas.

C3. The total recovery rate of minerals resource in China is 20% lower than the advanced level in the foreign countries.

对上列译文的打分是个人看法，也是综合考虑，恕不一一指出。就本节主题而言，D类和C类共同的问题在于两点，均与“译意”直接相关。一是以多种方式表达的“外国”是特定的吗？那些国家里存在那么一个level吗？那些“外国”是同一个level吗？另请参见第九章例5项下的解释。

另一个与“译意”有关的问题表现在D4至C3的total。几个数相加为total，几个率相加没有意义。“意译”的average能够表达这个“意思”。

A1. The average recovery rate of mineral resources in China is 20% lower than the advanced countries.

A2. The recovery rates of mineral resources in China are on average 20 percent lower than the industrially advanced countries.