六级写作中如何写出连贯性强的段落

在英语四、六级写作中如何写出连贯性强的段落?

段落的连贯性(coherence)是指借助信息的逻辑排列使读者能够清晰地看到上句与下句之间的合理发展，以达到交际的目的。增强一个段落连贯性的手段多种多样，根据四、六级考试对段落写作的要求，这里介绍以下四种常用的方法。

一、演绎法(deductive order)

演绎法就是作者首先在主题句(topic sentence)中提出自己的观点或看法，然后再通过具体的事实或例子对主题句展开进一步论证、解释或说明:

Never miss class. At the end of the term，instructors look more kindly on students who came to class regularly than on those who skipped a lot. Besides，being absent deprives those absentees(逃课者) of information useful in preparing for tests or in doing homework. Furthermore，missing class may mean missing important quizzes or exams，which will hurt their final grade.

此段落的第一句话为主题句，作者持有的观点是:千万不要逃课。展开句(developing sentences)从三个角度对逃课所造成的后果逐条进行了论证。

近年的四、六级写作多以论说文为主，而采用演绎法来完成论说文的写作则是最佳选择。现以2012年6月16日四级考试真题为例。在On Excessive Packaging的英文题目下有三点汉语提纲，它们是1.目前许多商品存在过度包装的现象2.出现这一现象的原因3.我对这一现象的看法和建议。考生可先将这三点汉语提纲转化为三个英语主题句:

Excessive packaging is widely visible.

The reasons for such a phenomenon are obvious.

Listed below are my opinions about and suggestions on excessive packaging.

然后便可分别在这三个主题句后面续写出展开句，即:列举所观察到的一至两种现象、罗列两至三个原因、提出自己的若干看法和建议了。

而展开句绝不是一些互不相关的句子的简单堆砌，要让自己的论证、解释或说明更有条理，可选用下面两种方法将展开句进行有序的排列。

二、跌降法(descending order)

跌降法就是把最重要的内容放在最前面讨论，然后依次讨论次重要的和相对而言不太重要的内容:

Love is of three varieties. Unselfish love is of the highest kind. Here，the one who loves，seeks only the welfare of the beloved and does not care whether he suffers pains and hardships thereby. The second kind of love is mutual love in which the one who loves desires not only the happiness of his beloved，but has an eye to his own happiness also. Selfish love is the lowest. It makes a man care only for his own happiness without having any regard(关心) for the feelings of the beloved.

此段落的作者认为爱有三种，在展开句的排序中，将自己推崇备至的“无私的爱”最先讨论，“互爱”次之讨论，而把嗤之以鼻的“自私的爱”放到了最后讨论。

三、递进法(ascending order)

递进法就是先讨论相对而言不太重要的内容，然后再讨论次重要的，最后讨论最重要的内容:

Several serious consequences result when an oil spill occurs. The immediate effect is the death of large numbers of fish and waterfowl from the oil in the water. Many birds that are not killed consume quantities of oil which cause disease or death later. When a spill occurs close to shore，a more serious result is the destruction of beaches. Enormous amounts of work and money are required to clean the oil from beaches. However，the most serious consequence of a spill may be the damage done to microorganisms(微生物) on the ocean floor.

通过段落中使用的the immediate effect，am ore serious result和the most serious consequence三个短语，我们了解到石油泄漏所造成的损害一个比一个严重。

2011年6月18日六级考试真题为The Certificate Craze。其中第二个汉语提纲要求考生分析证书热的种种原因。在续写展开句时，就可使用跌降法或递进法。今后遇到类似汉语提纲要求时，考生不妨尝试一下这两种排序方法。

四、时间顺序法(chronological order)

时间顺序法是指按事情发生的先后顺序安排写作内容:

Peter's typical day at work is far from ordinary. He starts his day by putting on face makeup and a large red nose. He then puts on his oversize shoes and gets into his polka-dotted(圆点花斑的) car and drives to a different location each day，usually a birthday party or a special event. When he arrives，he puts on a performance that includes jokes，balloon animals，funny stories，and magic tricks. When his performance ends and the audience is happy，Peter returns home，satisfied that he has done his job well as a clown.

在以上自然段中，展开句将一个小丑一天的活动安排按照前后发生的顺序排列，层次分明、条理清晰。

如果四、六级写作有写叙述段落的汉语提纲，考生便可采用时间顺序法来完成该段落。以2005年6月18日四级考试真题为例。在In honor of teachers on the occasion of Teacher's Day的英文题目下，第二个汉语提纲要求是:从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献。考生可先将其转化为英语的主题句: The moving story below shows how my teacher once helped me.然后便可按时间顺序把一个动人的故事娓娓道来。

考生可根据考题的要求，选用以上介绍的四种方法，让自己的行文前后贯通、自然顺势，从而交出一份满意的答卷。