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直译和意译文献综述百度文库

时间:2023-03-31 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:1.5 直译与意译在学习本节之前,请先分析下面译文中运用直译与意译的情况,以建立对直译与意译的感性认识。他是用双语写的,英文和汉语都是出自他的手。后来有人又把林语堂先生的英文译成汉语。从下面的两种汉语译文可以看出:逐字对应、亦步亦趋的译文不见得就是真正忠实于原文,而适当增减、灵活变通的译文则未必就不忠实于原文。

1.5 直译与意译

【译技自测】

在学习本节之前,请先分析下面译文中运用直译与意译的情况,以建立对直译与意译的感性认识。有了感性认识以后,才能通过理论学习获得比较深刻的理性认识。

1.His addition completed the list.

[译文1]他的加入完成了名单。

[译文2]把他加入名单就全了。

2.That's a horse of another color.

[译文1]那是一匹另一种颜色的马。

[译文2]那完全是另外一回事。

3.A great excitement overcame him.

[译文1]一种巨大的兴奋情绪控制了他。

[译文2]他兴奋不已。

4.True men choose death before dishonor.

[译文1]真正的男人选择死亡而不是侮辱。

[译文2]大丈夫可杀不可辱。

5.As a man makes his bed,so must he lie.

[译文1]自己铺的床,就得自己睡。

[译文2]咎由自取。/自作自受。/自己酿的苦酒自己喝。

6.Andy didn't marry her because she was rich.

[译文1]安迪没有娶她是因为她很富裕。

[译文2]安迪娶她为妻不是因为她很富裕。

7.A man can lead a horse to the water but he cannot make him drink.

[译文1]一个男人可以把一匹马领到水边,但是他却不能强迫它喝水。

[译文2]师父领进门,修行在个人。

8.Mr.Wu made a mistake again.It's because he is not dry behind the ears.

[译文1]吴先生又犯了个错误。这就是他耳朵后面水没干的缘故。

[译文2]由于缺乏经验,吴先生又错了。

9.The new president was rude to the teachers,but when she talks to the director,butter wouldn't melt in her mouth.

[译文1]新校长对老师态度很粗鲁,可是跟董事长谈话时,黄油含在她嘴里也不化。

[译文2]新校长对老师态度很粗鲁,可是跟董事长谈话时却满口的奉承话。

10.下面是林语堂先生写的一篇文章。他是用双语写的,英文和汉语都是出自他的手。后来有人又把林语堂先生的英文译成汉语([译文B])。从下面的两种汉语译文可以看出:逐字对应、亦步亦趋的译文不见得就是真正忠实于原文,而适当增减、灵活变通的译文则未必就不忠实于原文。问题不在于语言外形上是否一致,翻译的任务是追求内容、精神、信息与原文的一致。[译文A]是英文作者的自译,对原文理解深刻,表达得潇洒自如;[译文B]对原文的表层或外形毕恭毕敬,不敢超越半步,但许多信息却流失了。

(摘自陈文伯《译艺——英汉双向笔译》)

On Growing Old Gracefully

This desire to grow old and in any case to appear old is understandable when one understands the premium generally placed upon old age in China.In the first place,it is a privilege of the old people to talk,while the young must listen and hold their tongue.“A young man is supposed to have ears and no mouth,”as a Chinese saying goes.Men of twenty are supposed to listen when people of thirty are talking,and these in turn are supposed to listen when men of forty are talking.As the desire to talk and to be listened to is almost universal,it is evident that the further along one gets in years,the better chance he has to talk and to be listened to when he goes about in society.It is a game of life in which no one is favored,for everyone has a chance of becoming old in his time.Thus a father lecturing his son is obliged to stop suddenly and change his demeanor the moment the grandmother opens her mouth.Of course he wishes to be in the grandmother's place.And it is quite fair,for what right have the young to open their mouth when the old men can say,“I have crossed more bridges than you have crossed streets!”What right have the young got to talk?

In spite of my acquaintance with Western life and the Western attitude toward age,I am still continually shocked by certain expressions for which I am totally unprepared.Fresh illustrations of this attitude come up on every side.I have heard an old lady remarking that she has had several grandchildren,but,“It was the first one that hurt.”With the full knowledge that American people hate to be thought of as old,one still doesn't quite expect to have it put that way.I have made allowance for people in middle age this side of fifty,who,I can understand,wish to leave the impression that they are still active and vigorous,but I am not quite prepared to meet an old lady with gray hair facetiously switching the topic of conversation to the weather,when the conversation without any fault of mine naturally drifted toward her age.One continually forgets it when allowing an old man to enter an elevator or a car first;the habitual expression“after age”comes up to my lips,then I restrain myself and am at a loss for what to say in its place.One day,being forgetful,I blurted out the usual phrase in deference to an extremely dignified and charming old man,and the old man seated in the car turned to his wife and remarked jokingly to her,“This young man has the cheek to think that he is younger than myself!”

—The Importance of Living

[译文A]

我们如了解中国人之如何珍视老年,便能明了为什么中国人都喜欢倚老卖老,自认为老。第一,照中国的礼貌,只有长者有发言的权利,年轻的人只许静听。所以中国有“少年用耳不用口”那句老话。凡有年龄较高的人在座时,年轻的人只许洗耳恭听。世人大都喜欢发言而受人听,因此,在中国必须到相当的年龄才有发言权这件事,便使人期望早些达到老年,以便无论到什么地方都可以多说几句话。这种生活程序之中,人人循序而进,每个人都有同等达到老年的机会,而没有一个人能邋等超前。因此,当一个父亲教训他的儿子时,如若祖母走来插口,那做父亲的便须停口,谨敬恭听。这时他当然很羡慕那祖母的地位。年老的人能说:“我所走过的桥比你走过的街还要多几条。”因此,以经验而言,年轻的人在长者面前,没有发言的权利,只能洗耳恭听,这是很公允的。

我虽然已很熟悉西方的生活,并很明白西方人对于老年的态度,但有时所听见的话仍使我非常诧异,很出我的意料。这种使我奇异的态度,常有所遇。我曾听见过一位年老的妇人说,她已有几个孙儿女,其中以长孙儿使她受到的感触最大。她的意思是长孙儿如今已如此长大,将反映她自己的年龄之高。我很明白美国人最恨别人说他已老,但我意料不到他们的畏惧心竟会到这个地步。五十岁以下的人大都希望旁人视他为依然年富力强,这很在意中。但是一个头发已经花白的老妇人,在旁人提到她的年龄时尚要顾左右而言他,实在使我觉得出乎意外。当我在让一位老者先走进电梯或公共汽车时,我心中自不免有认为他已老的意思,但是我总不敢形之于口。有一天遇到这样一件事时,我无意之间说了出来。不料那位很尊严的老者于坐下去时,竟会向坐在他下手的太太用讥笑的口气说我:“这年轻的人,竟以为他比我年纪轻得多啊!”

——《生活的艺术》:“乐享余年”

[译文B]

当我知道一般中国人对老年人的重视时,这种变成老人或有着成老人的欲望是可以了解的。第一,老人有说话的特权,年轻人必须倾耳静听,免开尊口。中国有句俗语说:“少年人有耳无嘴。”三十岁的人在说话时,二十岁的人照理是应该敬听的,四十岁的人在说话时,三十岁的人也应该静听。人们既然几乎都有说话给人听的欲望,那么一个人年纪越大,在社会上越有说话给人听的机会。这是一种大公无私的人生游戏,因为人人都有成为老人家的机会,因此父亲在教训儿子的时候,如果祖母开口说话,他便须突然停下来,改变态度。他当然是希望有一天会占据祖母的地位的。这是十分公平的,因为当老人家说“我走过的桥比你走过的路还要多呢!”的时候,青年人有什么权利可以开口呢?青年人有什么权利可以说话呢?

我虽然颇为熟悉西洋生活和西洋人对老年的态度,可是有些话听起来还是完全出乎我意料之外,使我不断地觉得惊奇。这种态度的新例证随时随地都可以找到。我听见一个老太太说她有几个孙儿,可是“使我觉得苦恼的倒是第一个”。我深知美国人不愿使人有年老的印象,可是我还是料不到他们会说出这种话来。我颇能体谅那些不上五十岁的中年人,我知道他们要给人家一种印象,以为他们还是活跃有生气的,可是我有一次碰见一个白发的老太婆,在谈话中自然而然地谈到她的岁数,不料她竟用诙谐的态度把话题转到天气上去。我时常忘掉这一点,要让老人先入电梯或汽车。“老人先走”这句习惯的话几乎脱口而出,我连忙让这句话缩进去,可是找不到适当的话可以代替。有一天,我在车上碰到一个非常和蔼庄重的老人和他的妻子,我无意向这位老人家说出一句惯常的敬老的话,不料那老人家却转过头去,用滑稽的口吻对着坐在旁边的妻子说:“这个青年竟这么厚颜,以为他比我更年轻呢!”

——《酷爱人生》:“论老年的来临”

人类的翻译活动伊始,就有“直译”和“意译”之争。两派都以雄辩的论点和大量的例证展示了自己的合理性,大有“舍我其谁”的气势,希望能在译坛“一统天下”。但可惜的是,辩论来辩论去,谁也说服不了谁,结果是“两虎相斗,无有一伤”。何也?

首先,两派都忽略了一个客观事实,即任何两种文化或语言之间既有许多共同点,又有许多差异。所以相互转换时只使用一种方法肯定是行不通的,必须多法并举。其次是两派都有不少过激的、以偏概全或者以蠡测海的,因此也是有悖于科学精神的言论。例如,直译派说“宁信勿顺”,而意译派则说“宁顺勿信”。直译派认为:译文应该沿着原文的外形来译。打破外形,就破坏了原文的结构美,就好像把一个美女弄得面目全非,没有什么人会喜欢了。意译派则认为:“翻译如女人。美者不忠,忠者不美。”(Beautiful translations are like women:when beautiful,they are not honest;when honest,they are not beautiful.)同样是拿女人做类比,两派的论点都走了极端。再次,双方都以对方之短全盘否定其主流优势,而没有顾及二者进行兼容和互补的可能性和必要性。比如直译的缺点是容易机械对应或欠通顺,过了头可能变成“硬译”或“死译”,以致“顾形而失神”;意译的不足是语言结构美的流失,过了头则会滑向“胡译”或“乱译”,变成“舍弃外形,随意杜撰”,连意思都走了样。

因此可以得出结论说:直译和意译是翻译实践的两个车轮,缺一不可。只要扬其长、避其短,完全可以互为补充。一般来说,遇到语言的共相、语言特有的文化元素、科技及专业术语时,多以直译为主;遇到语言和文化差异,则多以意译为主。但不管是哪一种情况,都应运用适度,把持分寸,使之沿着自然的轨道运行,以求译文尽量地接近原文,乃至臻于至善。翻译尺度就好比吃饭,会吃的长精神,乱吃的长赘肉。

1.5.1 直译(Literal Translation)

所谓直译,就是在传达原文意思的时候,尽可能多地使译文的表达形式或句法结构同原文保持一致。“直译”并不完全等同于词对词、短语对短语、句式对句式的一一对应,它也允许一定的变通。完全对应的例子也是有一些的。

【译例欣赏】

【例1】This is a big mountain.

[译文]这是一座大山。

【例2】I'll go in and get the lay of the land—see if Pam's in a better mood.

[译文]我要进去了解一下情况——看看是否帕姆的心情好了一些。

【例3】Crick and Watson laid down the foundations of modern genetic research.

[译文]克里克和沃森奠定了现代遗传学研究的基础。

但是,完全对应的例子是很有限的。我们认为,译文能在外形的总体语势、主体框架上与原文基本对应(当然必须以通顺地传递原文信息为前提),就算是成功的直译。例如:

【例4】American companies are way ahead when it comes to biotechnology.

[译文]美国公司在生物技术方面遥遥领先。

[分析]译文在总体语势上或主体结构上应该说是“直译”,只是在处理when从句上采取了灵活方式。难道说非要译成“美国公司是遥遥领先的,当谈到/涉及生物技术的时候”才算是“直译”么?非也!那样译是地地道道的“死译”,如硬要称之为“直译”,岂不是自污“英名”?!

应当指出,英汉两种语言的表达方式都是以“主—系—表”、“主—谓—宾”和“there be”句型为句法主干,语言共相占主导地位。所以在许多情况下,直译法是翻译的主流方法。

【译例分析】

【例1】Blood is thicker than water.

[译文]血浓于水。

[分析]译为“血浓于水”、“血比水浓”、“血是比水浓的”都是直译,不一定非要在词的表面意义上、词的数量上、词的外形上都一一对应。上面这句英语也有译为“疏不间亲”、“远不间亲”、“胳膊肘总是向里弯”、“胳膊肘不会向外弯”、“一家人总比外人亲”,等等。这些都是“意译”了。“blood is thicker than water”的英文释义是“used to say that family relationships are more important than any other kind”,这正是以上几个意译所转达的意思,但直译为“血浓于水”已经在中文世界被广泛接受。

【例2】It's very good to have some new blood in the company.

[译文]公司增添了一些新鲜血液,太好了。

[分析]从总体语势和语法结构上,这是一例“直译”,因为从表意到外形,它都与原文基本对应。如译为“公司又进了一些新人,太好了”,则是直译和意译的融合。

【例3】The information highway is the cutting edge of the electronic revolution.

[译文]信息高速公路处于电子革命的先锋地位。

[分析]英文中的系动词“be”译为汉语的动词或其他词类,是翻译实践中经常使用的技法,称之为“词性转换法”。这样的转换,如果不是意思的转换,就不能说成是“意译”,而是“直译”。机械对译可能是:“信息高速公路是电子革命的最先进的。”这样翻译不仅可读性差,而且表意也不清。

【例4】Partly as a result of the increasing demand,whole sale tea prices have almost doubled.

[译文]部分由于日益增长的需求,茶叶的批发价格几乎翻了一番。

[分析]译文基本保留了原文的语势与框架,只是对“partly as a result of the increasing demand”做了灵活变通的表达,而并没有改变其字面意思,这又是直译的一个范例。

【例5】I read this letter with both surprise and excitement,surprise because he is still around,excitement because he didn't ever forget me.

[译文]我读到他的信时又惊又喜,惊的是他还健在,喜的是他一直没有忘记我。

[分析]这是典型的直译,虽然没有与原文一一对应。这里适当加了一些词完全是必要的,如不加词,就会变成“硬译”。

【译例欣赏】

【例1】I came,I saw,I conquered.

[译文]我只身前往,我明察秋毫,我旗开得胜。

【例2】Faith is a good guide,reason is a better guide,truth is the best guide.

[译文]信念是良好的向导,理智是优秀的向导,真理才是最好的向导。

【例3】We were born to sorrow,pass our time in sorrow,end our days in sorrow.

[译文]痛苦和我们与生俱来,我们在痛苦中生存,在痛苦中了却一生。

【例4】Love is patient and kind;love is not jealous or boastful;it is not arrogant or rude.

[译文]爱是耐心和善良;爱不是妒忌和吹嘘;爱不是傲慢和粗鲁。

【例5】We can gain knowledge,by reading,by reflection,by observation or by practice.

[译文]求知门径颇多,或阅读,或思考,或观察,或实践。

【例6】Threaten him,imprison him,torture him,kill him:you will not induce him to betray his country.

[译文]威胁他,监禁他,拷打他,处死他:这些都不能使他背叛自己的国家。

【例7】It is not wealth one asks for,but just enough to preserve one's dignity,to work unhampered,to be generous,frank and independent.

[译文]一个人要求的并非是财富本身,而是财富提供的保障:有了它,就可以维持个人尊严,工作不受阻扰,做个慷慨、率直、保持独立人格的人。

【例8】To have pride in yourself,you have to like yourself.To like yourself,you have to be yourself,not who and what others think you should be.

[译文]要有自豪感,你就得喜欢自己。要喜欢自己,你就得是你自己,而不是别人认为你应该如何如何的那种人。

【例9】A woman's whole life is a history of the affections.The heart is her world:it is there her ambition strives for empire;it is there her avarice seeks for hidden treasures.

[译文]女性的全部生活便是一部情感史。方寸柔肠便是她的天地:她的志向是在方寸之内追求自尊;她的贪婪是在方寸之内探寻隐藏的珍宝。

【例10】We shall fight him by land,we shall fight him by sea,we shall fight him in the air,until,with God's help,we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its people from his yoke.

—Winston Churchill

[译文]我们将在陆地上与他战斗,我们将在海面上与他战斗,我们将在空中与他战斗,直到——凭着上帝的庇佑,将他的阴影从地球上清除干净,将被他奴役的人民解放出来。

1.5.2 意译(Free Translation)

“free translation”的英语释义是“a translation that is free gives a general idea of a piece of writing rather than exactly translating every word”(只根据大意译,非逐字逐句地译的翻译方式)。

说得具体一些,“意译”是处理文化差异的灵活变通的翻译方法,是在直译方法行不通的时候所使用的一种替代译法,其主要任务是传达原文的信息,不得已时要打破或部分打破原文的语言外壳,让其中的隐含信息浮出水面,再以译入语的语言形式表达出来。

宋代著名诗人苏轼论画时有一句名言:“论画以形似,见于儿童邻。”(To judge a painting by the standard of bodily likeness is as naive as the way a child thinks.)而西方也有人认为:“Metaphase can hardly be made to do duty for paraphrase.”(直译几乎是无法替代意译的功能的。)任何翻译在许多情况下都是译入语对原文进行诠释,因此打破原文的语言外形有时是不可避免的。论翻译,不是一概反对形似,而是在追求形似失败时,必须把视线转向“神似”。避免译不通也要硬译,不能像中国古代寓言里那个横竿进城门的机械先生那样,一点儿也不知道灵活变通。扛着一根长竹竿进城门,横着是进不去的,但是可以平竖着进城门,调一下角度就可以了。

“意译”的核心是灵活(flexible)、权变(acting according to circumstances)、圆通(accommodating and alternative)。如果依照原文的表层意义无法把原文的真实信息表达出来,那就应该借助意译法。可以用吃冰糖的情形做个类比:冰糖块如果太大,直接吃是有困难的或不方便的。要让人们享受到冰糖的美味及营养,一般有两种变通的办法:一是把大块砸成小块;二是干脆放到水里让它融化成冰糖水。这种情况用于翻译,就是意译法,原来事物的外形改变或不见了,但事物的实质或精华一点也没有减少或大部分尚存。

意译的操持主要有三个层面:

1.5.2.1 词语的意译

我们曾在上一节中讲过,许多词汇都具有“意义广谱”,其中有指称意义(literal meaning,即字面意义)、语用意义(pragmatic meaning,即实际意义)、隐喻意义(metaphorical meaning,即比喻意义)、语境意义(specific meaning in context,即在上下文中的具体意义)、搭配意义(collocation meaning,即词语组合成的词组意义)、文化意义(meaning of ethnic diction,即民族特色措辞的意义)等。这里面,除了“指称意义”可以而且也应该直译外,其他几个方面的意义在许多情况下都需要意译。在译词时,有时会遇到“假朋友”(多为隐喻意义),应特别留神。现以英语的“be”为例,可以说它是一个启蒙词汇,最初学英语时就会学到它。但它的意义却不止一个“是”字,请观察下面一些例子。

【译例分析】

【例1】I think,so I am.

[译文]我思故我在。

[分析]这是著名哲学家笛卡尔的名句,“be”在这里译为“存在”。

【例2】God is good,therefore God is.

[译文]上帝存善,所以上帝存在。

[分析]这是中世纪西方世界的本体论证,拉丁语原文是:“Deus bonus est,ergo Deus est.”拉丁文“esse”相当于英文的“be”。

【例3】You just have to let something be.

[译文]有些事情是勉强不得的,就得顺其自然。

[分析]这里的“be”也不是译本意。

【例4】To be or not to be,that is a question.(Hamlet)

[译文]是死去还是活着,这是一个需要仔细掂量的问题。

[分析]这是知识界都熟悉的莎翁戏剧《哈姆雷特》中的名句,“be”译为“活着”。

【例5】All I am,or can be I owe to my angel mother.

[译文]我之所以能有今天,我之所以能做出一些成就,都归功于我天使般的母亲。

[分析]这里的两处“be”都有引申意义。“all I am,or can be”作动词“owe”的宾语。

【例6】A profligate is,rather than does.He is interested in nothing in a professional way.He is allowed to cultivate hobbies,even eccentricities,but must not practice a vocation.

[译文]纨绔子弟终日游手好闲,耽于声色犬马,却一点儿正事都不做。

[分析]“is”这里译为“游手好闲”,一是取决于“profligate”(纨绔子弟)这个词的含义,二是根据后面所给出的信息。译成本义“是”,绝对译不通。

【例7】His son lives under the government's expense.

[译文]他儿子正在坐牢。

[分析]“live under the government's expense”是“live in prison”的委婉说法,照实译出会让中国读者以为:既然他儿子的生活费由政府承担,那他不定是个军烈属子弟或残障人士。因此只能意译出其内在含义。

【例8】Many TV serials nowadays are dogs so that TV views rubbish them.

[译文]现在的电视剧许多都是“粗制滥造”,观众简直视为垃圾。

[分析]“dogs”在这里译为“粗制滥造”,就是意译“dog”的语用意义。“be going to the dogs”可译为“每况愈下”、“走向崩溃”、“一蹶不振”等,这是译它的搭配意义。原词的外形不见了,但意义在。

【例9】Jack and his wife have had two decades investing in each other since their marriage.

[译文]杰克和他老婆结婚20年来,一直相亲相爱。

[分析]“相亲相爱”是由原文中的“invest in each other”这一比喻手法意译而来。“invest”的常用意思是“投资”,可照此意翻译显然行不通,只能意译出其深层意味。

【例10】The research finds that young women are heading for an early grave through smoking and of lack of exercise.

[译文]这项研究发现,青年妇女由于抽烟和缺少运动,将大大缩短自己的寿命。

[分析]“head for an early grave”的字面意思是“正朝着一个早期坟墓奔去”,但这样处理肯定会让读者如坠五里云中。只有舍弃表层含义,挖掘这一习语的内在喻义,才能把这个句子的准确含义表现出来。

下面是更多的词语意译的例子:

【例1】She is very unhappy these years because she remains a golf widow.

[译文]这几年她过得很不开心,丈夫迷上了高尔夫球,对她多有冷落,简直让她“守活寡”。

[分析]“remains a golf widow”如直译为“一直是高尔夫球寡妇”,恐怕无人能懂是什么意思,等于背叛原文而又愚弄译文读者。这里的译文一下子添加了许多词语,很生动地表达了原文的意思。同样,如译“mahjong(麻将)widow”、“chess widow”,也应该使用意译法。这是典型的语用和语篇意义。这些在词典查不到的语用或语篇词,只能根据上下文进行逻辑推断。

【例2】Having this thorny problem sorted out will sort out the men from the boys.

[译文]处理一下这个棘手的问题就能知道谁的能力大谁的能力小了。

[分析]请比较一下机械对译的语言效果:“处理一下这个棘手的问题将把男人从男孩中区分出来。”这样的译文既不顺畅又不达意,甚至可能伤害读者的阅读兴趣。试想象原文作者如果懂得汉语,看到这样蹩脚的译文,会因为他的原意被严重歪曲而倍感委屈。

【例3】Let's get down to the meat and potatoes;how much are you going to pay me for this house?

[译文]咱们谈实质性问题吧:这房子你打算付给我多少钱?

[分析]“get down to the meat and potatoes”在这里是意译其隐喻及语境意义,原文外形改变。

【例4】His father bawled at him angrily:“Why get involved with that pathetic excuse for a human being?”

[译文]他父亲大发雷霆,向他吼道:“为什么跟那个下三滥搅在一起?”

[分析]词典上可查到“a poor/rotten excuse for sb./sth.”译为“极差的……/极不称职的……”,可以根据这一线索,由上句英语的上下文推断“that pathetic excuse for a human being”的意思,比如说还可以译为“人渣”或“不三不四的东西”等。但只译表层意义肯定不行。

【例5】In the World WarⅡ,millions of soldiers became combat statistics and many more civilians were also killed.

[译文]第二次世界大战中,有千百万军人阵亡,平民百姓也屡遭劫难,死亡人数更多。

[分析]“combat statistics”在词典上查不出确切含义,但可以从下文中的“many more civilians were also killed”推断出是“阵亡”的意思。稍具军事知识的人都知道,军队每次打仗后都要作战场统计,主要是统计伤亡数字。

【例6】...and the music reminded Soapy of those days when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and clean thoughts and collars.

[译文]……听着音乐,苏比不禁想起了往昔那段惬意的日子——那时他生活中有亲情,有爱情,衣着整洁,思想淳朴,过得有模有样。

[分析]这里的“mothers and roses and clean thoughts and collars”都采用了意译法。试比较直译出来的蹩脚译文:“……音乐使苏比想起了过去的日子,那时在他的生活中有母亲、玫瑰以及纯洁无瑕的思想与衣领这些高尚的东西。”意译法的核心是灵活变通。为了追求全面的、整体的和真正的意义对等和功能相当,有时就得打破原文的形式,反复揣摩,仔细推敲,从各种可能的角度寻找最佳表达方法;有时需要把原文的外形打碎、磨烂,然后再重组、重塑,进行艺术再创造。这就是人们把翻译称作一门艺术的原因。但灵活变通是有根有据的灵活变通,不是置原文于不顾地乱译一气。

【例7】And I do not mistrust the future;I do not fear what is ahead.For our problems are large,but our heart is larger.Our challenges are great,but our will is greater.And if our flaws are endless,God's love is truly boundless.

[直译](按字面词义)而我不是不相信未来;我不害怕即将来临的事情。因为我们的问题是大的,但是我们的心更大。我们的挑战是大的,但是我们的决心更大。如果我们的缺点是没完没了的,上帝的爱是真正的无穷无尽的。

[意译](按实际词义)我并非不信任未来;我并不害怕我们面临的问题。我们的问题很多,但我们的心胸更宽广。我们面临的挑战很严峻,但我们的决心更大。如果说我们的弊病层出不穷的话,那上帝的爱更是真正的广袤无边。

[分析]在这一例句中,意译能根据上下文灵活地选词,优于直译。

【例8】The Hongkong- Zhuhai- Macao Bridge Highway across the sea,which is being planned,will shorten the distance between Hongkong and Zhuhai and Macao from the present 60 km to 30 km and reduce the drive time to well within half an hour.

[初译]正在规划中的香港—珠海—澳门跨海大桥公路,可以把香港到珠海的距离,从目前的60公里缩短到30公里,并且把路上时间减少到完全在半个小时之内。

[分析]“well within half an hour”看似简单,但如果直接翻译成“完全在半个小时之内”,读上去让人觉得别扭。这么一个简单的短语,如不意译恐怕难以译通。试比较:

[改译]“正在规划中的香港—珠海—澳门跨海大桥公路,可以把香港到珠海的距离,从目前的60公里缩短到30公里,驱车只需二十几分钟。”

【译例欣赏】

【例1】We must keep our powder dry.

[译文]我们要时刻提高警惕。

【例2】Mr.Li has passed seventy winters.

[译文]李先生已经七十多岁了。

【例3】That girl student has a ready tongue.

[译文]那个女学生真是伶牙俐齿。

【例4】The matter was finally settled under the table.

[译文]事情最终私下解决了。

【例5】I'm afraid she's too far from the cradle for me.

[译文]恐怕她对我来说岁数太大了。

【例6】That lawyer is always fair without but foul within.

[译文]那个律师总是口蜜腹剑。

【例7】There were several big names at the closing ceremony.

[译文]闭幕式上有几位知名人士。

【例8】There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the emperor's nature.

[译文]皇帝的本性既残暴又狡猾。

【例9】By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband.

[译文]她用这种手段离间这对夫妻。

【例10】We would like to build a color- blind society where all can have equal opportunities.

[译文]我们要建立一个不因肤色而互相歧视的社会,一个人人机会均等的社会。

【例11】The secretary was wearing a dark red blouse,the rolled up sleeves revealing the snow of her arms.

[译文]秘书身穿一件暗红色外衣,袖子卷起,露出雪白的手臂。

【例12】The mother and daughter were usually in agreement on most issues,but they were at swords' points on the matter of abortion.

[译文]在很多问题上母女俩的意见通常是一致的,但在人工流产问题上,她们是有激烈的争执的。

1.5.2.2 语篇意义的意译

许多情况下,词汇本身并无隐蔽意义,但词与词通过语篇融合,就产生了深刻的含义。在这种情况下,只有通过对上下文的语境进行分析、联想、推理,才能挖掘其真实含义。只着眼于孤立的词是无法译出原文的真谛的。

【译例分析】

【例1】Let the sleeping dog lie.

[译文]切莫惹是生非。

【例2】A cat may look at the king.

[译文]初生牛犊不怕虎。

【例3】A:Tom,I'm in some kind of trouble but can you help me out?

    B:Can a duck swim?

[译文]A:汤姆,我遇到点麻烦,你能帮我一把吗?

    B:没问题。

[分析]孤立地看,“Can a duck swim?”一般没有更多的含义,但一进入上下文,它的意思就丰富起来了,译时应进行仔细的语篇剖析。

【例4】The problem is staring us in the face.

[译文]问题是明摆着的,我们想躲也躲不掉啊。

[分析]“is staring us in the face”可以译为“正在盯着我们看”,但主语是“problem”,就不能这样直译了。

再看同一表达在不同语境中的译法:

The solution is staring us in the face.解决办法来啦。/有办法啦。

Defeat in this match will be staring you in the face.看来,这次比赛你们输定了。

【例5】All the writer's virtues meet in the prose.

[译文]在此篇散文中,这位作家各方面的才气都发挥到了极致。

[分析]“meet”一词有“(各种品质)共存于……”的意思,如:

Many strong points meet in her.

[译文]她具有多方面的优点。

[分析]此句中的“meet”译得很出色,又有可读性,得原文之神韵。

【例6】When the going gets tough,the tough gets going.

[译文]狭路相逢勇者胜。/沧海横流方显英雄本色。

[分析]两处所用“going”和“tough”不仅词性不同,意思也不尽相同。

【例7】They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them.

[原译]他们跑得像他们的腿所能载动他们那样地快。

[分析]此句译文是机械对译的典型,虽含含糊糊传达出了原文的意思,但可读性太差。

[改译]他们拼着命逃跑。/

他们拼命奔逃,连吃奶的力气都用上了。/

他们飞快逃命,只恨爹娘没给生出四条腿。

【例8】Prices and wages are fellow travelers on the same upward escalator.

[译文]物价上涨,工资也总是跟着同步增长。

[分析]“fellow travelers”意为“一起旅行的人”;“escalator”意为“自动扶梯”,这两个词都没有更多的含义。但它们与“prices and wages”搭配,就有了生动的意思,从死气沉沉的单义词汇变成了生机盎然的动态词汇。

【例9】She was torn between staying at home to watch the TV serial and going to the cinema with him.

[原译]她在呆在家里看电视连续剧和跟他一起去看电影之间被撕开了。

[分析]这种译文实际上等于一堆无序的残砖烂瓦,不堪卒读。

[改译]她是呆在家里看电视连续剧呢,还是跟他一块去看电影,一时拿不定主意。

她又想呆在家里看电视连续剧,又想和他一起去看电影,一时觉得分身乏术。

[分析]原文都是意义较为单一的词,但语篇意义较多。

【例10】Jelly is still a popular food because of the fact that it's good,it's sweet,and it's simple to make—doesn't take a rocket scientist to put it together.

[译文]果冻仍然是一种受欢迎的食品。它不仅外形美观,味道可口,而且制作简便——稍懂得一些程序就会做。

[分析]不作语篇分析和推理,此句是很不好译的,尽管“rock scientist”和“to put it together”都是很浅显的词语。

1.5.2.3 语言结构的意译

在两种语言互译过程中,为了表意明晰而改变或打破原文语法外形的翻译,叫做语言结构的意译。改变或打破原文语法外形实属无奈之举,否则,原文的信息无法明晰地表达出来。

【译例分析】

【例1】A crescendo of resentment built up between the two women.

[译文]这两个女人之间反目失和,相互憎恨的情绪已至顶点。

[分析]原文是一个简单句,又没有烦琐的修辞成分。然而,就是这么一个只有十个词的“主—谓”简单句,译时如不改变其句法结构,也很难把原意表达清楚。试对比分析不改变原文外形的直译:“愤慨的顶点在这两个女人之间达到了。”

【例2】Our very anxiety is born of our knowledge of what is now possible for each other and all.

[译文]我们意识到大家相互之间可能会发生什么事情之后,顿时颇感忐忑不安。

[分析]原文句法简单,而且没有寓意很深的词汇,但译时如不改变原文结构,其意思会处于若明若暗的状态,会使读者发出“你到底在说什么”这样的责问。不信,请看“结构直译”的译文:“我们的颇感不安出自于我们对大家彼此之间可能会发生什么事情的意识。”

【例3】People are far more predisposed to making contact with each other than social conventions allow.

[译文]如果不是由于社会习俗的束缚(如果不是有碍于社会风俗),人们本来还是很喜欢互相接触的。

[分析]这一句的翻译难点在“far more...than social conventions allow”,其中没有难词,没有寓意深刻的词,也没有使用暗喻手段,句子的含义基本上对上下文的语境没有什么依赖性,但如果不打破原文外形而是按照表层结构直译,不但读起来很不顺畅,而且也无法把原文的意思清晰地传达出来。试比较:“人们比社会习俗所允许的要喜欢相互接触的多得多。”

【例4】He also concluded that insight into prehistoric cultures should ideally proceed from knowledge of living cultures.

[译文]他还得出这样的结论:要想深入了解史前文化,就应从了解现存的种种文化入手,这样才是最理想的方法。

[分析]“ideally”是副词,原文中处于状语的位置,修饰动词“proceed”。译文中改变了它的语法位置,竟然把一个小小的副词译成了一个“主—系—表”单句,而且还增加了一些词。如不这样进行结构意译,表意会比较模糊,试比较:“他还总结道,深入了解史前文化应该理想地从现存的各种文化入手。”

【例5】...and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.

(Pride and Prejudice)

[译文]……我们认识还不到一个月,你就让我觉得:就你这么一个人,哪怕天下男人都死光了,我也不能嫁给你。

(王科一 译,略有修改)

【例6】...the reader's hair stand on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine,a dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody,had,in her youth,poisoned every one of her five husbands.

(A Skeleton in Cupborad)

[译文]……读者在读到这部小说的结尾时,将会毛骨悚然:想不到书中的女主角——一个一向待人慈祥、和蔼可亲的老太太,竟然在年轻的时候曾经先后毒死过五任丈夫。

[分析]原文是一个句法复杂的长句,从句套从句,环环相扣。这样的情况如照外形直译,许多情况下将严重伤意。请对比一下“结构直译”的译文:“读者不禁毛发倒竖,当读者在小说的最后几页读到女主角,一个总是待人慈善的可亲的老太太在她年轻的时候毒死过她五个丈夫中的每一个的时候。”

【译文改进】

1.I prefer driving to being driven.

[原译]我开车比被开车更喜欢。

2.She had deprived herself of the advice of all but yesmen.

[原译]她剥夺了自己的所有人的劝告,唯唯诺诺的人除外。

3.Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade.

[原译]十多年来,失业人数一直顽固地拒绝压缩。

4.The new leaders may be better educated,more technologically inclined,and more cosmopolitan.

[原译]这些新的领导人可能受教育的层次更好,技术上更有天赋,更能以四海为家。

5.Companies with a big staff in Beijing find themselves squeezed between high operating costs and shrinking business.

[原译]在北京,员工队伍庞大的公司面临运行成本高、业务不断萎缩的局面,发现自己被挤压。

【译技提高】

(一)本章主要讲“直译”与“意译”。何时直译?何时意译?两者能否兼而用之?把握什么样的“度”?这些问题请在下列练习中自找答案。下面例句的“原译”有些还是翻译名家的译品呢。名家的译品值得后学者学习,但也不该迷信,有些仍然有改进的余地。

1.A brewer's wife may drink of a tun.

[提示]字面意思是“酿酒人的老婆不愁没酒喝”。

2.He is like a toad trying to swallow a swan.

[提示]直译即可。

3.Mr.Zhang always buries his head in the sand.

[提示]“bury one's head in the sand”是习语,直译为“把脑袋埋在沙堆里”显然不通。

4.There are two tragedies in life.One is not to get your heart's desire.The other is to get it.

[提示]英语警句,直译即可。

5.The thought that one day they might return to their native country has never deserted them.

[原译]有朝一日可能重返故土的想法从来没有抛弃过他们。

[提示]“……想法……抛弃过他们”表意若明若暗,中国人谁也不这样讲话。

6.When you toss the coin to decide something,usually you will say,“Tails,I win;heads,you win.”

[提示]我们中国人不说“头”、“尾”,我们说……

7.Scrooge went to bed again,and thought,and thought,and thought it over and over,and could make nothing of it.

[提示]句子使用了重复修辞格,直译即可。

8.Go and talk to my English teacher for me,please.If you don't help me,that would be the kiss of death to my English exam.

[提示]与死神接吻,不就意味着什么都玩完了!

9.I have risen from nothing to everything,but Mrs.Sparsit,with all her advantages,has fallen from everything to nothing.(Dickens)

[原译]我从一无所有崛起到所有东西,但是斯巴西特夫人,尽管全部的优势,却从所有东西跌落到没有东西。

[提示]这里的“from nothing to everything”和“from everything to nothing”,译时确实需要动动脑筋,不能在其表层意义上打转。再如:“A good translator should know everything of something and something of everything.”译时更不能停留于字面意义,可译为“称职的翻译不仅应该精通本行业务,而且知识面要宽,什么东西都知道一点儿”。

10.While staying in Japan,Sun Yat- sen midwifed some revolutionary groups for the overthrow of Qing Dynasty(1616- 1911)and the rebirth of the Chinese nation,his lifetime cause.

[原译]在日本期间,孙中山催生(助产)了一些革命小组,策划推翻清朝,为了中华民族的复兴,以此作为毕生事业。

[提示]这里的“催生/助产”合适吗?怎么译比较好?句子的后半部分不能译得过散。

11.One teacher writes that instead of drowning his student's composition in critical red ink,the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time,and commenting favorably on them.

[原译]一位老师写道,老师不要把学生的作文用严厉的红墨水浸泡,他通过发现一两处比上次做得好的事情将获得颇具建设性的结果。

[提示]“不要把学生的作文用严厉的红墨水浸泡”是何意?这里有语用意义,应译出。

(二)翻译以下句子。

1.A little leak will sink a great ship.

2.A hedge between keeps friendship green.

3.The more we read,the less we really know.

4.We don't know our right hand from our left.

5.Even the cleverest housewife can't make bread without flour.

6.First of all,Christmas takes us out of the ordinary routine of life.

7.All freely falling bodies descend from the same height in equal time.

8.Although I don't visit alma mater often now,it was once the center of my life.

9.Miss Zhang is an easy- going woman.She always throws her cares to the winds.

10.Miss Huang has never bought(into)the idea that to be attractive you have to be thin.

11.Letters between the parted fed a relationship which might otherwise have become sterile.

12.The spirit of the Thanksgiving holiday promotes life,friendship,closeness and family unity.

13.Youth is not a time of life;it is a state of mind.it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.

14.I'd rather lose in a cause that will win one day than win in a cause that will lose someday.(Woodrow Wilson)

15.China is known to be very rich in resources,which puts her in a good position to develop agriculture.

16.She walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now and then wiped her crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.

17.The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt.This is the unit of current flow and that of voltage.

18.The structure of the steel and the resulting properties will depend on how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled.

19.You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time,but you cannot fool all the people all the time.

20.The Senate today extended the olive branch to the Obama Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy.

21.Men tend to be romantic,often falling in love more quickly than women,who tend to focus on practical considerations in choosing a mate.

22.In terms of population,China is the largest country in the world;and in terms of territorial area,it is the third,ranking only after Russia and Canada.

23.You must not lose faith in humanity.Humanity is an ocean,if a few drops of the ocean are dirty,the ocean does not become dirty.(Mahatma Gandhi)

24.The stimulation provided by a late mystery show on TV or a hard fought game of chess or an animated chat with friends may be delightful,but it will tend to keep us wide awake.

25.You saw Ruth Steadman as a woman with a face and figure of head turning beauty.Her eyes were blue,like cool winter pools.Her face,heart shaped,classically moulded.Her lips,soft,inviting,sensuous.And the cut of her frothy summer dress revealed soft curves and the slimness of her shapely legs.

(三)翻译以下篇章。

I have nothing to offer but blood,toil,tears and sweat.We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind.We have before us many,many months of struggle and suffering.You ask,what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land,sea and air.War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us,and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime.You ask,what is our aim? I can answer in one word,it is victory.Victory at all costs—victory in spite of all terrors—victory,however long and hard the road may be,for without victory there is no survival.Let that be realized.No survival for the British Empire,no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for,no survival for the urge,the impulse of the ages,that mankind shall move forward toward his goal.

(2006 TEM8)

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