第一节 词语的增加
一、增词的基本技巧
根据译入语的语法结构、表达习惯、语义连贯和修辞的需要,增加一些原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词语,从而更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。这样,原文中的表层与深层信息都可最大程度地翻译出来,使译语读者得到与原语读者大致相同的阅读感受。
增词的基本技巧大体可分为两个方面:出于语法结构需要的增词和出于语义或修辞需要的增词。
(一)出于语法结构需要的增词
1.增补代词
代词的增补主要表现在以下几个方面:首先,汉语中无主语的句子较为常见,而英语则不同,因此译者须因地制宜地增补代词充当主语;其次,在英语中凡提及人的器官或归其所有、与其相关的事物时,常常在前面添加物主代词,而此类代词在汉语中则使用较少;再次,只要不影响句意的理解,汉语句子中作宾语的代词往往可省略。而英语则不然,及物动词必带宾语。
(1)凭舟望去,远处是黛色群山和五彩斑斓的田野。
Leaning against the boat,you can see dark green mountains and gorgeous fields in the far distance.
(2)接到你的来信,非常高兴。
I was very happy to have received your letter.
(3)工人们天天带午饭到厂里去吃。
The workers take their lunches to the factory every day.
(4)她用手蒙住脸,好像是为了保护眼睛。
She covered her face with her hands,as if to protect her eyes.
(5)把这些文章读完以后,用你自己的话讲一遍。
After you have read these texts,tell them in your own words.
(6)请原谅,打断你一下。
Excuse me for interrupting you.
(7)他喜欢指出别人的缺点,但无恶意。
He likes to point out other people’s shortcomings,but he means well.
(8)这个小姑娘经常饭前洗手,然后用毛巾擦干。
This little girl always washes her hands before meals and then dries them with the towel.
2.增补连词
汉语中的词、词组、句子之间的关系往往通过上下文及语序来表示,较少用连词。英语则通常需要用连词来表明各语言单位之间的逻辑关系。因此在汉译英时,需要增补连词的情况会很多,有时是并列连词,有时是从属连词。
(1)虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
(2)姐姐在等我,我得走了。
My sister is expecting me,so I must be off now.
(3)男女老少都参加了战斗。
Men and women,old and young,all joined in the battle.
(4)你不来我不走。
I shall not go until you come.
(5)留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。
So long as green hills remain,there will never be a shortage of firewood.
3.增补介词
介词是英语中最活跃的功能词之一,英语句子大多都离不了介词。汉语中不需用介词的地方,在英语中却常用介词。因此在汉译英时,增补介词乃属题中之意。
(1)我们应当逐步消除城乡差距。
We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country.
(2)你是白天上班还是夜晚上班?
Do you work in the daytime or at night?
(3)这些桃子你们四个人分。
Divide these peaches among the four of you.
4.增补冠词
由于汉语无冠词,所以汉译英时往往需要增补必要的冠词。
(1)耳听音,鼻嗅味,舌尝味。
The ear is the organ which is used for hearing.The nose is for smelling and the tongue for tasting.
(2)我们对问题要作全面的分析,才能妥善解决。
We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before solving it properly.
(3)马跑得比驴快。
The horse runs faster than the donkey.
(二)出于语义或修辞需要的增词
1.增加原文中暗含但在译入语中必须明说的语义。
(1)大家都知道战场是艰苦的。
Everyone knows that the life on the battlefield was rather hard.
(2)十二年的延安时光,他已适应了当地的风土和季节。
In the twelve years in Yan’an he had fitted himself to the land and the rhythm of its seasons.
(3)没有调查研究就没有发言权。
He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.
2.汉语里有时不用表明事物属性的概括性词语、范畴性词语,但译成英语时却往往需要将其增补进去。
(1)要提倡顾全大局。
We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.
(2)对凭借行业垄断和某些特殊条件获得个人额外收入的必须纠正。(《十五大报告》)
We must correct the malpractice of individuals obtaining extra incomes by taking advantage of sectoral monopoly and some special privileges.(《中国日报》)
(3)结婚大摆酒席,实在可以省去了。
The bad practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.
二、文化差异与增词
英汉两种语言均为世界上词汇非常丰富的语言,但由于文化的巨大差异,英语和汉语两种语言之间出现了词义空缺的现象。这里的“词义空缺”是指:“由于社会文化的差异,汉语中有些词义在英语中不存在,反之亦然,翻译时需要用补偿法填补空缺”(陈宏薇,1996:47)。而所谓补偿法,就是在翻译中根据词语在特定语境中的实际意义,用译入语进行解释性的增词翻译。
(一)典故、谚语
关于典故和谚语的英译,本书将在下一单元详述,在此仅举几例:
1.班门弄斧
Show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter.
2.三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮。
The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang,the master mind.
3.这小两口并不相配,一个是西施,一个是张飞。
This young couple is not well-matched.One is a Xishi,a famous Chinese beauty,while the other is a Zhang Fei,a well-known bad-tempered brute.
4.心较比干多一窍,病如西子胜三分。(《红楼梦》第三回)
She looks more sensitive than Bigan,more delicate than Xishi.
Notes:Bigan is a prince noted for his great intelligence at the end of Shang Dynasty.Xishi is a famous beauty of an ancient kingdom of Yue.(杨宪益,戴乃迭译)
上例为《红楼梦》中第三回描写林黛玉的句子。众所周知,比干幼时聪慧,勤奋好学,二十岁时就身居高位,民间有传说比干非常聪明,心有七窍。西子即西施,与王昭君、貂蝉、杨贵妃一起被称为中国古代四大美女。其中西施居首,有沉鱼落雁之美,病西施楚楚动人,尤惹人怜爱。但这些文化背景知识对于英语读者较为陌生,因此译者以加注的形式进行了补偿。
(二)政治文化词语
1.坚持四项基本原则的核心,就是坚持党的领导。
The core of the Four Cardinal Principles (keeping to the socialist road,upholding the people’s democratic dictatorship,leadership of the Communist Party and Marxism—Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought) is to uphold leadership by the Party.
“四项基本原则”:必须坚持社会主义道路;必须坚持无产阶级专政(即人民民主专政);必须坚持中国共产党的领导;必须坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想。这对于不熟悉中国国情的英语读者来说会感到陌生,译文有必要进行增补说明。
2.“三个代表”重要思想是对马克思主义的新贡献。
Three Represents is the new contribution made to Marxism.(Three Represents:represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces;represent the orientation of China’s advanced culture;represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people.)
3.“三讲教育”已经取得了丰硕成果。
Three Emphases Education (to stress theoretical study,political awareness and good conduct) has achieved abundant accomplishments.
(三)社会生活文化词语
1.为此我拼命工作,连春节也不例外。
So I worked like mad,even during the Spring Festival when everybody else was enjoying the vacation.
中国的春节犹如西方的圣诞节,人们合家团聚,共享天伦之乐。但译文读者并不一定了解这一社会生活文化语境,所以译文必须将“别人此时都在尽情欢享假期”这一暗含意义明示出来,才能与前面的“拼命干活”形成对比。
2.钱先生周岁时“抓周”抓了一本书,因此得名“钟书”。(舒展文:《钱钟书与杨绛》)
When Qian was just one year old,he was asked by his parents to choose one thing among others,and he picked up a book of all things.Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name:Zhongshu (book lover).(陈宏薇,1996:49)
“抓周”是一个中国传统生活习俗文化的词语,在英文中无对等词条。因此,根据原文的语言语境和文化语境,我们只能补偿性、解释性翻译。另外,对于“钟书”这样一个人名,通过加括号增译向英语读者进行解释。
3.我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。
I was born in the Year of Rooster.I never eat chicken.The Year of Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.
在西方生活中没有“本命年”这一概念,所以“鸡年是我的本命年”的翻译只能进行适当解释性增译,以使英语读者理解其文化内涵。
(四)历史文化词语
1.当下两人把牛浦扯着,扯到县门口。知县才发二梆,不曾坐堂。(《儒林外史》)
His uncles dragged him to the yamen gate.Only the second strike of clappers was heard,and the magistrate had not entered the court yet.
Note:According to Chinese feudal judicial system,only after three strikes of wooden clappers,can the local official enter the court.
“发二梆”是典型的历史文化词语,是中国古代司法审案特有的文化现象,译者通过加注进行了增译。
2.王仁道:“老大而今越发离奇了,我们至亲,一年中也要请他几次,却从不曾见他家一杯酒。想起还是前年出贡竖旗杆,在他家扰过一席。”(《儒林外史》)
“He’s been growing more and more peculiar,”said Wang Ren.“Since we are related,we invite him to several feasts each year,but he never offers us so much as a cup of wine.It was only the year before last,when he became a senior licentiate and put up a flagstaff,that he invited me to a feast.”
Footnote:When a man passed an examination,he could set up a flagstaff before his ancestral temple;thus the whole clan shared his glory.(杨宪益,戴乃迭译)
“竖旗杆”是中国漫长科考史所特有的历史文化现象,科举成功者可在门前“竖旗杆”以光宗耀祖,因此“竖旗杆”同样需加注增译。
(五)地理文化词语
1.1864年,他在前门开了一家烤鸭店,取名“全聚德”。现在,它已成了北京最有名的餐馆之一。
In 1864,he opened a roast duck restaurant outside in the Qianmen Gate,a very busy downtown section in Beijing today,and named it“ Quanjude”,which is now among the most famous restaurants in the capital.
“前门”在汉语中有特殊的地理文化含义,因此必须进行增译,以凸显“全聚德”之悠久历史。
2.眼前的景色使他想起了马致远的“古道西风瘦马”。
The scenery reminded him of Ma Zhiyuan’s much quoted line,“On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes.”
Note:The west wind here refers to the chilly wind in autumn.
中英两国地理位置的差异,直接造成气候的不同,而气候的差异,势必导致同一地理词汇的文化联想意义大相径庭。给英伦三岛送去春风的是西风,而非汉语中的东风。当西风吹起,英国正是春回大地、万物复苏的季节。因此,在英国人的心目中,西风是轻柔的、温暖的、生机勃勃的,故此有雪莱的名诗《西风颂》。显然,在翻译“西风”一词时,增注是在所难免的。
3.一听说去麦城,迷信的他坚决不去。
At the news of going to Maicheng (Guan Yu,God of War,failed there),he who is superstitious is quite against.
“关羽走麦城”的故事在中国家喻户晓,但麦城对大部分英语读者来说仅仅是一个地名,增译是必需的。
三、语境与增词
到目前为止,国内外学者对语境的性质、分类、构成因素等问题众说纷纭,莫衷一是,但语境与词语翻译的密切关系是不容置疑的。总体来说,语境是交际过程中语码在表达某种特定意义时所依赖的各种上下文因素或非言辞的主客观环境因素。从宏观上讲,语境可分为语言语境与非语言语境。
从增词的角度讲,“任何说话人的意义都有明说(explicature)和暗含(implicature)两个方面。言语交际双方不但要求了解对方的明说,更要互明对方的暗含”(何自然,1997:127)。暗含意义的理解主要是依据语言交际时的语境,即语境暗含。因此,在汉译英过程中,两种语言的明示意义和暗含意义的不完全对应成为译者必须考虑的问题。译者常常需要通过分析语境以发掘原文的暗含意义,并通过增词等语义补偿手段在英语中明示出来。
(一)语言语境与增词
语言语境指由字词、句子、段落和语篇等构成的上下文语码网络,还包括贯穿该网络的语体风格。
1.他过了关,而且还受到表扬,而别人却被淘汰了。
He went through and got compliments too,while others,who knew a thousand times more than he got plucked.
根据语言语境可知,此处的“别人”指在某些方面比“他”优秀的人,因此,译者増译了“who knew a thousand times more than he”。
2.为了进行真实、细致的考察,他很少乘船、坐车,几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭,长途跋涉。
In order to get a detailed and truthful picture of the places he visited,he trudged long distances,tramped over mountains,or waded across rivers,almost always traveling on foot even when carriages and boats were available.
从语言语境可以看出,这里的“真实、细致的考察”可译为get a detailed and truthful picture of the places he visited,因此“the places he visited”为增译成分。
(二)非语言语境与增词
就非语言语境而言,它所包含的因素较为庞杂,诸如人的因素、社会因素、文化因素、历史因素、民族因素等。
1.济公劫富济贫,深受穷苦人民爱戴。
Jigong,Robin Hood in China,robbed the rich and helped the poor.
译文通过增加一个类比语境“Robin Hood in China”,较为恰当地完成了对“济公”一词的翻译,而未使译文读者感到过于突兀。
2.我死了以后有我的儿子,儿子死了又有孙子,子子孙孙是没有穷尽的。
After I die,my son will carry on the job;and after my sons die,my grandsons will carry on the job.Then there will be their sons and grandsons and so on to the infinity.
原文中愚公寥寥数语,表达了他移山的坚定信念。如果在翻译时仅仅将原文语码的明示意义译出,而忽略非语言语境下部分词语的暗含意义,则对愚公了解甚少的译文读者很难领会说话人的真正意图,甚至可能误以为愚公是在夸耀自己家族繁衍能力极强。因此,“carry on the job”的增译势在必行。
免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。