5.2 英语形合的表现
英语重形合,其表现形式有很多,如词汇的形态变化,关系词、连接词、介词、非谓语动词形式、代词的广泛使用,省略句的使用,等等。下面我们将就其主要的表现举例说明:
5.2.1 形态变化
英语的词汇有形态变化,如动词有人称、时态、语态、情态、语气以及非谓语形态的变化,名词、代词有性、数和格的变化,形容词和副词有级的变化,词性的变化等。有了这些变化,一个词(或词组)常常可以同时表达几种语法意义,例如从词的形态可以判别它的词类、在句中的作用、与其他词的关系等(连淑能1993)。英语词汇形态变化主要包括以下两方面:
1.屈折变化:即起构词作用的词缀变化(affixation),包括大量的前缀(prefix)和后缀(suffix)。英语可以运用丰富的词缀构词造句:
例18. He movedastonishinglyfast.
His movementsastonishedUS by their rapidity.
The rapidityof his movementswas astonishing.
He astonishedus by movingrapidly.
这里我们可以看到一个单词可以通过后缀进行屈折变化,如名词后缀-ity,-ment,形容词/分词后缀-ing,副词后缀-ly,动词过去时-ed,复数-s。
2.构形形态,即表达语法意义的词形变化,如动词时态的变化等:
例19.他每天骑自行车上班。He cyclesto work everyday.
他昨天骑自行车上班。He cycledto work yesterday
他下一周骑自行车上班。Next week, he will cycleto work.
例19中,汉语“骑”本身没有形态变化,只是通过“每天”“昨天”“下一周”来表达动作发生的时间,英译文用“cycle”的不同时态形式来表示“骑”、“骑过了”、“将要骑”等含义。
汉语的时间观念,只能借助助词、副词、上下文来表示:
例20.他们过去是相爱的,但现在已没有什么感情可言了。
They lovedeach other and there isno love left between them.
汉语句子借助副词“过去”“现在”来表达过去和现在的时间关系,英译文却通过动词的过去时“loved”和现在时“is”来实现。
例21.李教授原打算在这干一辈子的,但还是由于种种原因去了深圳。
Professor Li had plannedto work here for the rest of his life, but now he has gone to Shenzhen for reasons.
汉语句子用助词“了”表示“去”的动作已经发生了,并由此推断出“原打算”是在“去”之前,英译文分别用现在完成时“has gone to”和过去完成时“had planned”来实现。
例22.人是很有趣的,往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。
Human beingsare interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance.
汉语句子里的“人”这个泛指的概念,在英译文中用词的形态变化——复数形式“human beings, they”表现出来。
5.2.2 关系词、连接词的广泛使用
英语是重形合的语言,形合的特点是句中的连接手段和形式十分丰富。在词语连接成句、短语连接成句、分句连接成句的时候,都离不开关系词(如that, which, who, what, how, when, where, why, etc.),连接词(如and, but, or, because, so, however, moreover, not...but also, either...or, therefore, if, as, since, unless, while, in addition to, what’s more important, as a result of, hence, etc.)。
例23. Motion is absolute whilestagnation is relative.
运动是绝对的;静止是相对的。
例24. These two cultures, whichwere created in different areas, developed in parallel and without inter-influence.
这两种文明产生于不同的地区,它们的发展并行不悖,互不影响。
例25. Two things are noticeable, by comparison,in Europe: first, thatsuccessful people there wholack good college qualification have often made their way on the basis of mental flexibility andgood social skills alone.
相比之下,在欧洲有两点是很显著的:第一,那些在校成绩不太好,但在事业上获得成功的人,往往仅靠头脑灵活并善于社交来为自己开路。
汉语在表达条件、转折、因果等逻辑关系时并不一定使用表达这种关系的词汇,读者也能一看便心领神会,而对应的英译文就有各种连接词、关系词来表达并列、转折、因果、递进、假设等关系:
1.隐含“动作并列/连续”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句:
例26.我们应该相互尊重,相互学习,取长补短,共同进步。
We should respect andlearn from each other anddraw upon others’strong points to offset one’s own deficiencies forachieving common progress.
例27.我们为培养思维和训练而教数学,这两者都能扩展思维,增强学生为社会作贡献的能力;这是教育的终极目的。
We teach math for thinking and discipline, both of which expand the mind andincrease the students’ ability to function as a contributing individual in society: the ultimate goals of education.
例28.医生从木乃伊上切下一块切片,送到实验室。
The doctor removed a section of the mummy andsent it to a laboratory.
2.隐含“递进”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句:
例29.他们战胜了自然灾害,获得了丰收。
They not onlyovercame the effects of the natural adversity butwon a bumper harvest.
例30.汤姆干了这件事,干得非常成功。
Tom did it, anddid it very successfully.
3.隐含“条件/假设”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句:
例31.早知今日,何必当初?
IfI had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.
例32.抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。
Oncethe principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.
4.隐含“时间”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句:
例33.人穷志不短。
Whena man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching.
例34.他离乡背井十载,从未回去过。
He has never been back to his birthplace sincehe left it ten years ago.
例35.话不投机半句多。
Whenthe conversation gets disagreeable, to say one word more is a waste of breath.
5.隐含“因果”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句:
例36.他不老实,我不相信他。
I can’t trust him, becausehe is not honest. 例37.我只见到他的背影,认不清是谁。
I could not make out who he was asI only saw his back.
例38.他说得太快,我们不能理解他的意思。
He spoke sorapidly thatwe could not clearly understand him.
6.隐含“转折/对比”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句:
例39.良药苦口,忠言逆耳。
Faithful words offend the ears just asgood medicine tastes bitter.
例40.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
Whilethe prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.
例41.上海曾是冒险家的乐园,劳动人民的苦海。
Shanghai was once paradise for the adventurers buthell for the working people.
5.2.3 介词
英语的一个显著特点是介词丰富。介词是连接词、短语、从句的重要手段,其数量和使用频率远远超过汉语:
例42. Adecade after 9/11, it’s clear forall the world to see—the terrorists who attacked us that September morning are no match forthe character ofour people, the resilience ofour nation, or the endurance ofour values.
就在9.11十周年之祭的今天,全世界都清清楚楚地看到,在那个早晨袭击了美国的恐怖分子们,已经被彻底打垮;是人民的坚毅性格、国家的乐观精神、价值观的恒久忍耐让美国赢得这场胜利(战无不胜)。
英语造句几乎离不开介词,汉语则常常不用或省略介词:
例43.这里,我想就中国纺织品出口的问题谈些看法,希望有助于诸位对现状的了解。
Here, I would like to make an account onthe export ofChina’s textile products in the hope thatall of you will have a clearer picture onthe present situation.
例44. The many colors ofa rainbow range fromred onthe outside toviolet onthe inside.
彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。
例45. The action of air onan airplane inflight atlow altitude is greater than that athigh altitude.
空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机。
由介词构成的短语不仅能连接词组间的关系,而且还能作为连接成分,标示句际关系,如“in sum, in short”表示总结,“asa result, in conclusion”引出结果,“on the contrary, by way of contrast”连接对比关系,“in reality, at any rate”表示让步,等等:
例46. You say your brother might object? In that caseI will not press the matter.(推论)
你说你兄弟有可能持反对意见,要是那样的话,这事我就不再坚持了。
例47. They refused to pay the higher rent when an increase was announced. As a result, they were evicted from their apartment.(结果)
房租上涨后,他们拒付,结果他们被人家从公寓中赶了出来。
5.2.4 非谓语动词形式
英语句子中,除了并列分句和并列谓语,只能有一个动词做句子的谓语,其他动词则必须变成非谓语形式,如不定式、分词、动名词:
例48.主人对他的冷淡使他更加不舒服。
His beingneglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
例49. Compared withother kinds of motors, electric motors are quiet, smooth running, small, clean and easily controlled.
和其他类的发动机相比,电动机噪音较小,运转平稳,体积小,洁净,并易于控制。
例50. A counteroffer is an offer made by an offeree to an offerer, acceptingsome terms and changing others.
还盘是受盘人向发盘人作出的接受一些条件并更改其他条件的发盘。
例51.那年冬天,他装扮成一个商人去了北京。
He went to Beijing that winter, disguisedas a merchant.
5.2.5 代词、省略的广泛使用
英语广泛使用代词以保持前呼后应的关系:
例52.林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇。她摘下书包,并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉,却倒在床上看着帐子出神。
Thatday Miss Lin returned from herschool with herlips pouting. She flung down her satchel and lay down on the bed staring up at the bed curtain. Usually, she would go and sit at the dressing table to comb herhair and powder hernose.
英语还使用“it”和“there”作替补词起连接作用,如非人称代词it作为形式主语、形式宾语及用在强调句和某些固定句型中:
例53. Ithas often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.
人们已注意到大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的人对于他们所干的任何事总是兴趣盎然。
例54.我已经多年没溜冰了,现在溜得不如以前快了。
Ithas been years since I skated last. Now I can’t skate as fast as I did.
例55.我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子,是牛津大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。
I was a modest, good-humored boy; itis Oxford that has made me insufferable.
例56.Itis my hope that such contacts on a routine and continuous basis will be established at a high level with all our immediate neighbors in the very near future so that together we might build a sound edifice of understanding and cooperation for our mutual benefit for the future.
我希望,在不久的将来,能与所有的近邻国家建立起经常性的、定期的高级官员的接触,以便共同为未来建立起互利的谅解与合作的牢固大厦。
由此可见,英语通过大量反映形式关系的连词、关系词及非谓语动词等把其它各个句子成分层层构建,往往呈现一种由近及远,由里向外延伸扩展的空间图式。
以上诸多形式手段使得英语内部的语义关系一目了然;同时,这种特点也使得英语句子里的限制和修饰成分叠加,造成长句比比皆是的现象,但无论怎样长,我们还是可以借助关系词、连接词和其它外形手段来发掘其中的信息和语义逻辑关系。
例57. Ittherefore becomes more and more important that, ifstudents are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to bemuch detailed information aboutcourses and advice.
因此,如果要使学生充分利用(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
这个句子由it作形式主语,替代后面的that从句, that从句里面又包含一个if引导的从句。因为that从句很长,所以翻译时把它放在前面,两个分句用一个“这”连接起来,符合汉语的表达习惯。
例58. Digital computers are all similar in many ways such ashavingat least the five parts whichall work together whensolving a problem.
各种数字计算机在许多方面都相似,例如,至少具备五个部分,这五个部分在解题时都一起工作。
这个句子由一个主句、一个定语从句和一个when引导的分词短语组成。主句中含有一个such as引起的同位语短语。全句有三层意思:(1)各种数字计算机在许多方面都相似;(2)至少具备五个部分:(3)这五个部分在解题时都一起工作。这三层意思都具有相对的独立性,因此,译文化整为零,分别叙述,分成三个单句。从内容上看,原文逻辑关系和表达顺序与汉语基本一致,但因状语放在谓语动词之后,和汉语表达习惯不同,所以翻译时,可顺中有序,化整为零,进行综合处理。
我们认为英语重形合,但实际上,英语的意合法也形形色色,风采多姿。英语的主要意合手段如下:
1.非人称主语句
例59. The good tidings filled the whole nation with joy. = When the good tidings came, the whole nation was filled with joy.
捷报传来,举国欢腾。
此句的原因或时间的状语从句,不仅具有同样的表意功能,而且表达更凝练简洁。
2.祈使句+ and...。此句式中的祈使句相当于一个clause,言简意明,容易上口。
例60. Take a wider view, and you will see it differently. = If you take a wider view, you will see it differently.
眼光放远些,你就不会这样看了。
3.片语句
例61. First time stranger, second time friends. = People are strangers when they meet for the first time; and good friends for the second time.
一回生,二回熟。
4.定语从句
以隐含原因、让步、条件等表意功能的定语从句取代相应的状语从句,这种意合句使结构紧凑,行文练达。
例62. He would be ashortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond. =He would be a short-sighted commander, if he merely manned his fortress.
(如果)坚守城堡而不往远处看,那他就是一个目光短浅的指挥员。
5.名词
若干英语名词在一定的语境中可取代让步、条件等从句,这是一种言简意赅的意合句。
例63. Beggars must not be choosers. = Since he is a beggar, he must not be a chooser.
(既然)(他是)要饭的,就必不会挑肥拣瘦。
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