7.1 汉语动态的表现形式
汉语偏向于以动态角度叙述,其动态的表现有:动词连用,动词(词组)充当任何句子成分,动词代替介词,动词重复、重叠,等等。下面将就主要的几个方面举例说明:
7.1.1 动词连用
汉语不是屈折语,动词词形没有屈折变化,所以在使用上灵活,不受形态限制;汉语句子不仅不限制只可用一个动词,而且句子中动词可以连用,存在兼语式、连动式、把字式和被字式,还常常互相包含套用,构成各式各样的多动词谓语语句。例如:
例4.他们想办法摆脱了困境。(=他们想办法+他们摆脱了困境,连动式)
They managed to find a way out of their dilemma.
例5.你去教室把他叫回来。(=你去教室+你把他叫回来,连动式与把字式套叠)
Go to the classroom and call him back.
例6.我被老师叫到办公室去作检讨。(=我被老师叫+我到办公室去+我作检讨,被字式与连动式套叠)
I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism.
例7.我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算账吧。(=我去叫他们+他们派一个会计+一个会计到这儿来帮助你算账,兼语式与连动式套叠)
Let me go and ask them to send an accountant here to help you with your accounts.
但是英语中除并列的动词谓语之外,只能有一个限定动词充当谓语,汉语中这种两个或两个以上动词连用的句式若用英语表达,往往只保留一个谓语动词,其他动词变成非谓语动词或转变为名词等其他词类。
例8.那个老人拒绝别人帮他。
That old man refused others’help.
例9.他走了几步,回头看见我,说,“进去吧,里边没人。”(朱自清: 《背影》 )
After a few steps, he looked back at me and said,“Go back to your seat. Don’t leave your things alone.”(张培基译)
7.1.2 动词(词组)可以充当汉语的任何句子成分
汉语动词及动词词组,包括连动式词组、兼语式词组,无需改变形式就可以充当句子的各种成分。
例10.实现理想需要靠辛勤劳动。(动词词组作主语、宾语)
To translate ideals into realityneeds hard work.
例11.解决问题的最好办法是进行调查研究。(动词词组作定语、表语)
The best way to solve the problemis to conduct investigation.
例12.革命不是请客吃饭。(兼语式词组作表语)
Revolution is not a dinner party.
例13.建立健全、同经济发展水平相适应的社会保障体系,是社会稳定和国家长治久安的重要保证。(动词短语做主语)
Establishing and improving a social security system compatible with the level of economic developmentconstitute an important guarantee for social stability and long-term peace and order in the country.
通常情况下,汉语的动词和动词短语可以加“的”作为定语来修饰名词或加“地”作状语,修饰动词或形容词,有的情况下还不用加“的”、“地”也照样作定语、状语。
例14.他不停地来回走着,激动得说不出话来。(动词词组作状语、补语)
He kept on walking back and forth, being too excited to say a single word.
例15.学习外语的方法和学习游泳的方法一样,必须把实践放到第一位。(动词词组作定语)
The way of learning foreign languageis the same as that of learning swimming: practice must be put first.
例16.我先是没有爬上去的勇气,接着便想到私刑拷打的刑具,不由的毛骨悚然的出走了。(《社戏》 )
To begin with, I hadn’t the courage to climb there. Then, being reminded of some instrument of torture, with an involuntary shudder I fled.
例17.中国人民正在团结一致地进行着伟大的社会主义建设。
The Chinese people, united as one, are engaged in the great task of building socialism.
汉语动词可以充当助动词,置于主要动词的前后,形成动词连用。前置助动词(即能愿动词)主要有:要、会、能、肯、想、敢、愿意、能够、可能、应该等;后置助动词(即趋向动词)主要有:来、去、起来、下去、出来、过去等。“来”或“去”可以前置,也可以后置,还可以前后各用一个:
例18.他来(去)借书。/他借书来(去)了。/他来(去)借书来(去)了。
He’s come (gone) to borrow books.
“来”或“去”可以与主要动词隔开,也可以用来连接两个动词(词组) :
例19.我拿了一本词典来。(=我拿来了一本词典)
I’ve brought a dictionary.
例20.你们要想一个办法来(去)帮助我(他).
You should think a way out to help me (him).
7.1.3 汉语动词代替介词
汉语动词与介词常常难以区分,因而也常常互相替用,这就大大加强了汉语的动态倾向。
例21.他在教室。(动词)
He is in the classroom.
例22.他在教室学习。(介词)
He is studying in the classroom.
例23.人们来来往往。(动词)
People are coming and going.
例24.他往东走去。(介词)
He went in an eastward direction.
其他例子还有如:朝南开、替她说、比他好、照例办,乘车走、给他讲、把头一扭、拿他开玩笑、从全局出发、离春节只有十天,等等。
7.1.4 动词重复、重叠
汉语动词常常重叠或重复以及与此相关的排比或对偶,可以明显加强汉语动态感的表现力。英语动词一般不能重叠,也较少重复,甚至常常在需要重复的地方省略。
例25.要吃有吃,要穿有穿。
You will have enough to eat and sufficient to put on.
例26.说说笑笑,跑跑跳跳,孩子们过得十分愉快。
Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.
例27.学问,学问,要学要问;边学边问,才有学问。
Acquisition of knowledge entails learning and seeking for explanation.
例28.我们谈到自己,谈到前途,谈到旅程,谈到天气,谈到彼此的情况——谈到一切,只是不谈我们的男女主人。
We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other —of everything but our host and hostess.
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