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流水句的翻译方法

时间:2023-04-01 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:9.2 流水句的翻译方法汉语流水句的翻译可从对比分析英汉语的句法差异入手。汉语句子很少使用或者不使用连接词,连动句和兼语句频繁使用,多个主语交替出现。因此,具体的翻译流水句的方法有五种:原序翻译、变序翻译、断句法、合句法和在切分的基础上使用形合法。

9.2 流水句的翻译方法

汉语流水句的翻译可从对比分析英汉语的句法差异入手。汉语句子很少使用或者不使用连接词,连动句和兼语句频繁使用,多个主语交替出现。然而,英语句子多使用连接词,逻辑连接严谨,除了主句还包括若干分句、从句和大量的修饰语如:从句、介词短语、形容词短语、非谓语动词等。因此,流水句的翻译需要遵循四个步骤:

步骤一:分析汉语原句的意义层次及其相互联系,选用合适的英语时态;

步骤二:将各个意义层次翻译成独立的英语简单句或不太复杂的复合句;

步骤三:将翻译好的英语简单句或不太复杂的复合句根据汉语的意义关系按照英语的组句规则予以合并;

步骤四:化简合并后的英语句子,在可能的情况下将从句简化成短语、将短语简化成词组甚至单词。如有必要还可对简化过的句子进行调整,突出信息或句式的多样性。

例6.天目山林深人少,古树掩映,清泉石上流,雾生半山腰,如仙境一般。

译文1 Densely forested and scarcely populated, Mt. Tianmu is like a fairyland, where fog envelops halfway up the mountain and clear streams flow along the valleys.

译文2 Densely forested and scarcely frequented, Mt.Tianmu, where springs flow over the rocks and fog streams around the mountain sides, is like a fairy land.

译文3 Fairy-like, Mt. Tianmu, with springs flowing over the rocks and fog streaming around the mountain sides, is densely forested and scarcely frequented.

译文4 Mt. Tianmu, densely forested and scarcely frequented, is like a fairy land where springs flow over the rocks and fog streams around the mountain sides.

译文5 Densely forested and scarcely frequented, Mt. Tianmu is like a fairy land. Springs flow over the rocks and fog streams around the mountain sides.

译文6 Mt. Tianmu is like a fairy land. It is densely forested and scarcely frequented, with springs flow over the rocks and fog streaming around the mountain sides.

译文1死扣原文形式,按照原文语序一股脑地译下来,译文表意不清,结构累赘不堪,句式偏长。译文2结构不稳定,节奏不均匀。译文3重心处理位置不对,意思复杂。译文4句式平稳,层次明晰,结构清楚,修饰成分处理得当,译文较好。译文5翻译为两个句子,修饰语用过去分词前置,意思明晰,译文简洁、晓畅、地道。译文6也是翻译成两句,形成总分关系,第一句是总说的句子,将修饰语放在第二个句中做表语,处理恰当,译文结构的选择很准确。

因此,要使流水句的译文简洁、地道和流畅,需要合并与分解意义,处理好结构的关系,一定要依靠技巧和较好的语义能力。因此,具体的翻译流水句的方法有五种:原序翻译、变序翻译、断句法、合句法和在切分的基础上使用形合法。

9.2.1 原序翻译

由于中西思维的共性,在汉译英中,可以按照汉语原来的句子顺序将其译成英文,原文是长句,译文也保持长句的表达形式。这种方法多用于单一主语的长句,但要分清句中的信息重心。

例7.古来一切有成就的人,都很严肃地对待自己的生命,当他活着一天,总要尽量多工作、多学习,不肯虚度年华,不让时间白白地浪费掉。

Throughout the ages, all accomplished men take their lives very seriously. As long as they are living, they would rather devote themselves to more work and study than let a single minute slip by in vain.

译文保持主语一致,都是“一切有成就的人”即“all accomplished men”,或者是代词“they”,和原句结构顺序基本一致。

例8.他娘低着头一个人坐在门槛上,出了神,只管拣着米里的谷,听见他一脚踹开了篱笆上的板门,眼皮也没抬,说:……

His mother, sitting alone on the threshold with her head lowered, was absorbed in picking out the unhusked grain. When she heard him kick open the fence door, she didn’t move a bit, saying...

译文的主语“his mother”的几个动作贯穿整个句子,译文也按照原文的顺序翻译。

例9.白天敌人的飞机狂轰滥炸,我们躲在坑洞里休息。晚上是我们的天下,敌人全都龟缩到工事里去了。

As in the daytime the enemy plane bombarded our position, we retreated to the foxhole for relaxation. But as the enemy hid themselves in the defense works at night, we could do what we wanted.

原文的主语一会是“敌人的飞机”,一会是“我们”,一会又是“敌人”。译文增加连接词把前后句子之间的逻辑关系表述清楚了。

9.2.2 变序翻译

翻译流水句的第二种方法是按照译入语的表达习惯,重新组织和排列句子的语序。译文可以根据句式调整语序,使用介词短语或者分词结构作伴随放在句首。因此,调整句序需要译者首先确定适用的句型,然后搜集整理出合适的内容,并且将其前置作为伴随成分。这一过程看似很复杂,但是一旦这样的结构翻译出来,英语句子会内容紧凑,重点突出,特别适合翻译汉语的长句流水句。

例10.中国是世界上最早的文明古国之一,对人类文化的发展,曾作出了不可磨灭的贡献,但在过去一段很长时期内,由于受到自然地理条件等的限制,特别是语言的隔阂,因此在国外,除了有极少数的所谓“汉学”专家外,对于产生在中国,尤其是作为一种“时代精神的精华”的哲学,那就很难有正确地理解了。

With her indelible contribution to the cultural development of mankind, China is one of the earliest civilized countries in the world. But due to the limitations such as geographic partition, and especially due to the language barriers, for foreigners except only a few so called“sinologists”, there could scarcely be fair understanding of things Chinese, particularly of her philosophy,“the intellectual quintessence of the time”in quite long a time.

“曾作出了不可磨灭的贡献”被处理为介词短语,并被前置在句子的最开头。

例11.这时候,科举却废止了,使父亲颇为失望。幸而有学堂,听说与科举异途而归,便叫焕之去考中学堂。考上了。

Father was disappointed that now the imperial examination had been done away with. But when he learned that his son could also achieve the goal through the new education, Father asked him to take part in its examination, and he finally passed.

译文先翻译“父亲颇为失望”这个结果,然后再翻译出原因是“科举废止了”,语序的调整符合英语表达习惯。

例12.雪片纷飞,雪满树梢,雪满田野。河边、湖畔、山谷到处飘着雪花,每一条岩缝里,都有飞雪。

The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and the pond, on the hill and in the valley.

原文第一句重复了“雪”,译文仅翻译一次,较简洁。第二句译文把“河边、湖畔、山谷”后置作地点状语,语序有所变动,更符合英语表达习惯。

9.2.3 断句法

所谓断句,就是把原文的一句话分成两句或更多句来翻译。断句可以在句首、句中或句尾。大多数长句多为复句,而汉语复句和英语复句往往在结构上有差异。汉语的一个复句有时需要断作几个单句来译,使意思清晰,结构利落,合乎英语的表达习惯。一般说来,在以下几种情况下就可以断句。

(1)总分复句

如果汉语流水句的表述是先总说后分述,或者先分述后总说;先具体后概述,或者先概述后具体,可以使用断句法。

例13.长城,东起山海关,西至嘉峪关,横跨中国北部七个省、自治区,全长六千多公里,号称万里长城,是中国古代劳动人民智慧的结晶,是世界伟大的建筑奇迹之一。

Starting at Shanhai Pass in the east and ending up at Jiayu Pass in the west, the Great Wall traverses, up and down, over numerous mountains and valleys in China’s five northern provinces and two autonomous regions.As it extends over a distance of more than 6,000 km, it is called in Chinese the Wanlichangcheng, which means“Ten Thousand Li Long Wall”. It is a symbol of intelligence of the working people in ancient times and also one of the great architectural miracles in the world.

译文首先翻译长城的地理位置,使用“Starting atShanhai Pass in the east and ending up at Jiayu Pass in the west”总说长城的起始两端,然后再分述具体穿越的地区和长度以及名字的来由。

(2)反问句、反诘句或感叹句

例14.盛夏炎日,一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉,加上轻风拂煦,忍不住要赞叹一声:“莫干山,好一个清凉世界!”

No matter how hot it is outside, once you step onto the trail through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from your body. In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cool it is!

汉语赞叹莫干山的清凉,使用了“好一个”,其实就是“多么”的意思,与英语感叹句有异曲同工之美。

(3)内容复杂的长句

内容复杂的汉语流水句主语往往前后不一致,需要断句翻译。

例15.中国学生很灵,一挥而就,洋教师阅后,评出了最佳作文一篇,学生们听后大为不解,这种文章怎么能被评为“最佳”?

His Chinese students, quick at writing, finished the homework at one go and turned it in no time.He went through the papers and picked the one that he thought the best.When he read it out to the students, they were generally perplexed. Of all the comments, why did he like this one best?

译文主语在“中国学生”和“洋教师”之间切换。在翻译复杂长句的时候,断句也是常用的方法之一。

例16.叫做福生的那个瘦长男子听得姑太太称赞他,快活得什么似的,一面急口回答,一面转身又拖了两把椅子来放在姑老爷和姑太太的背后,又是献茶,又是敬烟。(茅盾《子夜》 )

The spindly youth Fusheng babbled in reply, dazzled by Mrs. Du’s compliments. He placed a chair behind her and another behind her husband. Then he bustled about serving tea and offering cigarettes round.(冯庆华1997)

主语连续发出多个动作,意义各不相同,需要断句翻译。

9.2.4 合句法

合并法(combination) :将流水句转化为树形句。合并法采用两种方式翻译:第一种:使用连接词(connectives)。第二种:将一部分流水分句转换成介词结构、分词结构、从句结构或者同位语结构等从属结构。

(1)连接词并句

连接词包括:关系代词(relative pronoun)、关系副词(relative adverb)、并列连接词(coordinator)和从属连接词(subordinator)。根据原文各句之间的逻辑关系,在译文的句与句之间加上连接词语如which, where, who, that, and, while, for, but等。

例17.我们承诺,追求天人和谐,人际和谐,身心和谐,追求人人相亲,人人平等,天下为公,努力实现我们城市的和谐统一。

We are committed to achieving harmony between man andnature, in people-to-people relationships, andin the development of urban societies. We will work for fraternity, equality and injustice.(袁晓宁、袁超2007)(运用并列连接词“and”连接,同时使用断句法)

例18.我们应该相互尊重,相互学习,取长补短,共同进步。

译文1 We should respect each other and learn from each other and draw upon others’strong points to offset one’s deficiencies and achieve common progress.

译文2 We should respect andlearn from each other anddraw upon others’strong points to offset one’s own deficiencies so as toachieve common progress.

译文1的翻译仅仅用“and”连接各个短语,忽视了短语之间的逻辑连接关系,意思不清。译文2的翻译既有并列连接词“and”,又有“so as to”引导的目的状语,表明前面三个短语是实现第四个短语的方法和条件,逻辑关系明确,层次清晰,效果较好。

例19.今晚在院子里坐着乘凉,忽然想起日日走过的荷塘,在这满月的光里,总该另有一番样子吧。月亮渐渐升高了。(朱自清《荷塘月色》 )

Tonight, whenI was sitting in the yard enjoying the cool, it occurred to me thatthe Lotus Pond, whichI pass by every day, must assume quite a different look in such a moonlight night.A full moon was rising high in the sky.(田传茂、杨先明2007)

译文运用关系代词which, that连接定语从句,并使用when连接状语从句。

(2)非连接词并句

通常,两个分句之间必然有语义联系的,使用连接词合并分句理所当然,但是句子较长。因此,若将其中一个分句转成一个修饰词(副词或形容词),将其移到另一个从句之中可以起到修饰作用。另外,也可添加一个介词,将两个分句中的动宾意义连接起来。亦或将一个汉语短句浓缩成一个英语名词词组来充当另一分句中的一个语法成分,这些合并法可以更加简洁地连接语义,通常采用五种方法并句:副词并句、形容词并句、介词并句、分词并句和名词词组并句。

A.副词并句:简化译文

例20.我们中国人为神州九号而骄傲,这是理所当然的。

译文1 We Chinese are proudof Shenzhou IX, and this isrightful (justifiable/reasonable).

译文2 We Chinese are justifiablyproud of Shenzhou IX.

译文1将“这是理所当然的”翻译成了一个简单句,结构合理,意思正确。译文2的副词“justifiably”,显得更胜一筹,译得精妙,比译文1简洁。

例21.当时,友谊商店只对外宾开放,不对中宾开放。

译文1 At the time the friendship store was open only to foreign visitors but not to Chinese visitors.

译文2 At the time the friendship store was exclusivelyopen to foreign visitors.

译文1将“只对外”译成了系动词和形容词的系表结构,同时使用副词“only”,显得累赘。译文2使用“exclusively”,简明扼要。

B.形容词并句:语言精练

例22.世界上矛盾多得很,大得很,一些深刻的矛盾刚暴露出来。

译文1 There are so many contradictions in the world and so many serious ones. Some deep-seated ones have only recently surfaced.

译文2 In this world there are plenty of complicated contradictions, and some deep-seated ones have just come to light.

译文1将“多”和“大”分开翻译,不够简洁。译文2将两个形容词前置修饰中心词,言简意赅。

C.介词并句

例23.太阳当顶了。田野,丛树,屋舍,都显现在光明的大平面上。(叶圣陶《倪焕之》 )

Withthe sun right overhead now, the field, the clumps of trees and the huts were all picked out clearly on a vast, flat surface, brilliantly lit and still.

译文使用with介词短语与句子的主语衔接自然。

例24.老李坐在厨房的小登上,穿的是一件窄小的旧军服,两支胳膊桠叉着,膝盖漏了出来,显眼地往前支着,箭头高耸,活像一个口袋装着一捆柴火。

Sitting there on the kitchen stool, in his ill-fitting old uniform, withhis elbows and knees and shoulders sticking out at angles, Lao Li looked a bundle of firewood in a bag.

译文使用with介词短语表明伴随的动作。

D.分词并句

例25.这些厂子,大搞技术革新,充分利用当地资源,生产出了大量的、多种多样的药品。

Going in fortechnological innovation and making full use oflocal resources, these plants have now turned out a wide range of medicines in great quantities.

两个分词并列做状语,主语是“这些厂子”,句子结构清晰。

例26.我们伟大的祖国昂首挺立于世界民族之林,愈来愈成为世界上任何人都不能忽视的巨大力量。

Standing firm and proudamong nations of the world, our great motherland has become an ever stronger force which nobody can ignore.

译文将修饰语翻译成分词前置在句首。

E.名词词组并句

例27.这个超级大国如此粗暴使用军事力量打击他国,使其称霸世界的野心暴露无遗。

译文1 The superpower’s brutal use of force against other countrieshas clearly shown its ambition to dominate the world.

译文2 The superpower has clearly shown its ambition to dominate the world through its brutal use of force against other countries.

译文1使用名词性主语。译文2使用名词性宾语。

例28.他这时已是将近六旬的人,一表人才,高个儿,眉目清秀,头发又多又黑,略带花白,恰好衬出他那堂堂的仪表。

He was at this time nearing sixty, a tall, elegant man with good features and thick dark hair only sufficiently graying to add to the distinction of his appearance.

翻译难点是描写人物的相貌,需要将形容词等修饰语合理排列,灵活使用名词词组。

9.2.5 切分的基础上使用形合法

大多数时候,在汉语长句的转换中,断句法与合并法互为补充,相得益彰。尤其是在汉语长句铺排得过于流散时,这时的句子可以看作一个语段。对这样的语段进行转换时,常常先作适度的切分,再采取形合法来译,通常把一个汉语语段处理为几个英语句子。

例29.①屹立于迪庆西北,②终年雪冠冰氅、云缠雾罩的③梅里雪山主峰卡瓦格博,④海拔6 740米,⑤是迪庆的最高点,⑥也是云南第一峰。

译文1 Standing in the northwest of Diqing, Kavagebo, the dominant peak of Meili Mountain Range, is covered with snow and ice and enveloped in mist and clouds all year long. Rising 6 740 meters above the sea level (with an elevation of 6 740 meters); it is the highest peak in Diqing and in Yunnan as well.

译文2 Snow-capped, cloud shrouded and mist wreathed all the year around, Kavaebo, the main peak of Meili Snow Mt., stands in the northwest of Diqing at the height of 6 740 meters, the highest point in Diqing and in Yunnan as well.

译文3 The snow-capped and mist-shrouded Kavagebo Peak—the dominant (chief, main) peak in Meili Mountain range in the northwest of Diqing—stands (towers) aloft 6 740 meters above sea level, the highest peak in Diqing and in Yunnan Province as well.

译文1的排列顺序是①③②④⑤⑥,运用切分法,语义清晰,衔接流畅。译文2的排列顺序是②③①④⑤⑥,运用合并法,分词做伴随状语,结构鲜明。译文3的排列顺序是②③①④⑤⑥,运用合并法,句式复杂,逻辑严谨。

因此,在切分的基础上使用形合法,将汉语流水长句转换成英语复合长句,可以翻译出多种版本的高质量译文。

小结

本章主要介绍了汉语流水句的特点以及翻译方法。流水句是汉语长句的其中一个句式,往往较长,汉译英时要拆译,将其拆成两句或两句以上的句子,其次要将汉语流水句中隐含的逻辑关系体现出来,添加一些必要的连接词,体现英语形合的特点。有时也可以综合使用切分和形合法,既要注意句式构造,又要避免行文过于单调,同时要注意语篇的衔接和连贯。

练习

一、翻译下面的流水句。

1.中国的中成药,闻名中外,许多是以宫廷秘方为本配制而成的。

2.汉字含意精深,而且具有文化上、语言结构上的复杂特性。英语中常常找不到完全能表达原意的对应词语。

3.普遍的看法是,简化手续,提高工资,比给企业经济方面的优惠更为重要。

4.我们在和平共处五项原则,特别是在相互尊重、平等互利、互不干涉内政的原则基础上,建立和发展友好合作关系。

5.允许美国战俘接受红十字会的食品包裹,允许他们写信,但信要经过审查。

6.不搞改革,不坚持开放政策,实现现代化的战略目标就不可能实现。

7.这种床垫工艺先进,结构新颖,造型美观,款式多样,舒适大方,携带方便。

8.我到好几个旅店找你,都说没有。一猜,你准在这儿。

9.亚洲是一个有着悠久历史和重要地位的大洲,她是人类文明的摇篮之一,对人类文明的进步和科学文化的发展作出过辉煌的贡献。

二、翻译下面的段落。

1.西安是古丝绸之路的起点,也是中国历史上建都最多的城市之一。新发掘的秦兵马俑被称为“世界第八大奇迹”;大雁塔、鼓楼是唐代留下来的建筑;您可以到杨贵妃洗澡的华清池去洗温泉澡;作为炎黄子孙还可以去拜谒离西安不远的黄帝陵。

2.中国古代哲学家孟子说过:“夫物之不齐,世之情也。”自然界如此,人类社会也是如此。亚太经合组织成员从北半球到南半球,从亚洲、大洋洲到南北美洲,有历史悠久的文明古国,也有现代崛起的工业国家;有主权国家,也有地区经济;有的领土横贯大陆,有的是浩瀚大洋中的岛屿;有经济发展水平居世界领先者,也有正在努力建设基础设施者;人口多至13亿,少至几十万人;人均国民生产总值高至每年2万多美元,低至每年数百美元;历史、文化、宗教、习俗也大不相同,这就决定了亚太地区存在着多种政治、经济制度和观念形态,构成了多姿多彩的画面。

3.上海银舟大厦位于上海浦东陆家嘴金贸区,东临主干线源深路,西濒该地区的集中绿地双子广场,占地5 037平方米,楼面面积37 700平方米,高100米,28层,为商贸结合的高级办公楼。

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