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长难句的译法

时间:2023-04-01 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:第三节 长难句的译法英语中在20个词以上的句子一般都认为是长句,最长的句子有的可达100多词,甚至是200多词。为了符合汉语表达习惯,我们常可将英语长句拆开来分译,成为短句。

第三节 长难句的译法

英语中在20个词以上的句子一般都认为是长句,最长的句子有的可达100多词,甚至是200多词。修饰语过多、并列成分多、语言结构层次多是造成句子长且难理解的主要原因。在翻译长句时,首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系,再按照汉语的特点和表达方式,正确地译出原文的意思,不必拘泥于原文的形式。此类句子翻译通常采用顺译法、换序法、分译法、综合法。

●顺译法———表示在翻译的过程中,按照源语言的顺序进行直接的组合和排列的方法。

●换序法———英语一般是先总提或先说个人感受,后面叙述事由或背景;在时间顺序上先说最近发生的事,而后再说过去发生的事。汉语的叙述顺序则相反。此外,英语的有些句型与汉语的顺序也不同。所以英译汉时,遇到这类情况都应改变顺序,这通常叫做改变顺序法,即换序法。

●分译法———英语长句比较多,汉语句子一般比较短。为了符合汉语表达习惯,我们常可将英语长句拆开来分译,成为短句。

●综合法———有些英语长句顺译、换序或分译都有困难,就应该考虑打乱原文顺序,分成若干小的语言单位,按照汉语的时间或逻辑顺序重新组合句子。这种方法摆脱了原文语序和句子结构的束缚,能使译文流畅、自然、通顺。

下面结合实例进行分析说明。

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分析:该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that...”,it为形式主语,that引导主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to...结构,其中,不定式作主语,the time...是“expectation of life”的同位语,进一步解释其含义,而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。

五个谓语结构表达了四个层次的意义:

可是现在人们意识到;

其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;

人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;

将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。

根据同位语从句的翻译方法,把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整,整个句子就翻译为:

img28

分析:句子的框架是By and large,the American diet continued to...,rather than on grains,which meant that...。关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句,其先行词是上文的一整句。在这个从句中又包含一个由that引导的名词从句作meant的宾语。

by and large意为总之,总而言之。rather than意为而不是。此句译为:

img29

分析:第一句是复合句,包括一个主句和一个从句。该句的框架是The Seller shall notify the Buyer...whether his inspectors will join in...第二句虽然句子稍长,但并不复杂,是个简单句,有两层涵义,其框架是The Buyer receiving the notice shall inform the Seller of the date of...before the date of...and shall also render convenience to...译文如下:

img30

分析:该句由一个主句,一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成,“……变得越来越重要”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有三个谓语结构,包含三层含义:

……变得越来越重要;

如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;

得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。

为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯,我们可采用逆序法,翻译成:

img31

分析:在此长句中,有一个插入语“it is often said”,三个并列的谓语结构,还有一个定语从句,其中三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义,因此在翻译时,可以采用分句法,按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句,翻译成:

img32

分析:句子的框架是Article I of the GATT is...clause under which each member nation must give treatment...that is at least as favorable as that applied to...。介词under+which引导的定语从句,修饰clause.在这个从句中又包含了由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰treatment.先行词treatment被短语to other member nation’s imports and exports隔开。第二个that是指示代词,指代treatment.过去分词短语applied to the most favored nation作定语,修饰that clause在此句中译为条款。可以译为:

img33

分析:该句共有三层含义:A:人们不敢出门;B:尽管警察已接到命令,要做好准备以应付紧急情况;C:警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中,B表示让步,C表示原因,而A则表示结果。按照汉语习惯顺序,我们可将句子翻译为:

img34

分析:句子的框架是I believe that+宾语从句。宾语从句的主干是the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same;后面的that underlie the globalization process为定语从句修饰the most important forces;而“globalization process:”后面是对forces的具体解释,包含了三个并列的成分,即三种力量:falling transportation and communication costs,lower trade and investment barri-ers和enlarged markets,其中that require enlarged operations为定语从句修饰enlarged markets,capable of meeting customers’demands为后置定语形容词短语。

M&A为mergers and acquisitions的缩写,是经济术语,表示“合并和兼并”的意思;trade and investment barriers意为“贸易和投资壁垒”;globalization process指“全球化进程”。此句可译为:

img35

分析:句子的框架是The risk of...as well as the obligation to...passes from...to...when the seller has fulfilled...该句由一个主句和一个时间状语从句组成,其中主句有两个并列的主语成分,即The risk of loss of or damage to the goods和the obligation to bear the costs relating to the good,时间状语从句的结构简单明了,即the seller has fulfilled this obligation to...按照汉语习惯,可将其译为:

img36

分析:句子的主干是Much of the language makes it sound like precise sci ence.句中的used to describe monetary policy是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the language;“steering the economy to a soft landing”or“a touch on the brakes”是后置定语修饰the language.参考译文:

img37

分析:原本是独立的两个句子,前一句是that引导的宾语从句,后一句是一个省略了关系词的定语从句。两句话意思相关联,可以将其译为:

img38

img39

分析:句子的框架是We are glad to note...that,as...在that引导的宾语从句中插入了一个as引导的比较状语。前一句与后一句意义关联,可以将这两句译为:

img40

分析:此句框架是regular shipper may take out....其中which引导了一个定语从句,provided引导了一个状语从句,此句可以译为:

img41

Exercises

一、将下列长句翻译成中文

1.In reply,we have the pleasure of informing you that the confirmed,irrevocable letter of credit No.7634,amounting to$17 000,has been opened this morning through the Commercial Bank Tokyo.

2.Our friendly and cooperative ties have become extensive,affecting all aspects of our national lives,including industry,agriculture,commerce,culture,public health,education,and scientific and technological exchange.

3.When establishing a joint venture,the foreign partner usually brings into the enterprise capital funds,machinery,advanced technology and management,while the Chinese partner supplies land,labor,and a portion of the funds for the infrastructure.

4.Admittedly,there is some slight increase for sheep shearing machines in the market price,we would like to point out that since your present quotation is on C&F terms and freight for container shipment is lower than the usual freight,the increase in price can be well set off by the saving in freight and therefore the unit price of this order should be identical with that of our last order.

5.Because direct foreign investment in China can maximize the strengths of all parties concerned,many overseas institutional and individual investors have found it more profitable to invest directly in China than to do trading business with Chinese companies.

6.At present,we are interested in Printed Shirting and shall be pleased to receive from you by airmail catalogues,sample books and all necessary information regarding these goods so as to acquaint us with the quality and workmanship of your supplies.

7.If,on the other hand,producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost,this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers,which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

8.In case the Buyer finds any document incorrect,the Buyer is obliged to cable the Seller indicating the incorrect items.The cable shall be sent within 20 days after the Bank of China,Beijing Branch has received the Seller’s documents.

9.If major problem exist and goals are not being achieved,changes need to be made in the company’s organizational or managerial structure.

10.If the Buyer is unable to sell out the amount of goods which he has agreed to pruchase from the Seller,the Buyer may reduce the quantity of goods to be delivered to him by giving written notice thereof to the Seller before the shipment is made.

二、将下列句子翻译成英文

1.信用卡是银行为使客户能以赊账的方式购买商品、获得服务和提取货币而发行的一种工具。

2.中国人民有自己的民族自尊心和自豪感,以热爱祖国、贡献全部力量建设社会主义祖国为最大光荣,以损害社会主义祖国利益、尊严和荣誉为最大耻辱。

3.从合同生效之日起到合同终止的期间内,双方每年举行一次正式会晤,以便讨论合同执行中存在的问题,以及就技术改进与创新问题进行交流,为进一步的技术合作奠定基础。

4.在全球经济日趋一体化的今天,让我们迎接挑战,拥抱机遇,承担责任,共同建设更美好的未来。

5.第一次技术服务应始于本合同生效之日起第六天,乙方应派遣一名技术人员赴甲方工厂,提供12日的技术指导。

6.我想同您商讨一下能否与贵公司合资建立一家企业,共同生产最新款式的逐行扫描DVD家庭影院系统。

7.很抱歉,我们不能提前装船,因为近来对这一产品的需求量很大,生产几乎无法跟上日益增长的需求。

8.为了确保货物要求和其他要求,买方有权利在货到最终目的地后向检验机构申请货物的复检验。

9.关于我方第C215号售货确认书项下4000打衬衫,拟提请注意交货日期日益迫切,但至今仍未收到有关信用证。

10.我们当然首选直达船,但要是你们定不到直达船的话,我们除了货物在香港转运之外别无选择。

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