商务合同与协议的句法特点

第十一章　商务合同与协议的翻译

第一节　 商务合同与协议的词汇特点

中华人民共和国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为“an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”，即平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。协议和合同经常用作同义词，但协议这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的某些必备条款。本章中将合同和协议视为一体，因其二者语言上并无过多区别。从词语角度讲，商务合同和协议的特点如下：

1.选词正式准确

合同中的选词要求极为严格，以显得郑重，严肃。

例1：Any event or circumstance beyond the control of the Parties shall be deemed an event of Force Majeure and shall include, but not be restricted to, fire, storm, food, earthquake, explosion, war, rebellion, insurrection, epidemic and quarantine restriction.

译文：双方遇有无法控制的事件或情况应视为不可抗力事件，但不限于火灾、风灾、水灾、地震、爆炸、战争、叛乱、暴动、传染病及瘟疫。

由此可见和同中的语言多属于比较正式的用语。又如，赔偿 “indemnities”，出租“lease”，终止“terminate”，有效“valid”，援引“invoke”，最高“peremptory”，违约“breach”等，这些选词都属于比较正式的书面语言。

2.多用术语

作为具有法律特点的商务文书，商务合同中兼具法律和商业用语。前者如当事人信息处的“legal representative”；“legal address”，仲裁条款处的“dispute”，“arbitration”，“binding”，“the material law of P.R.C.”等。商业术语较法律用语更多，且很多是由普通名词转化而来，用法灵活，对要求精准的法律文书翻译工作造成极大挑战。例如：

3.赘言赘语

商务合同中为了严谨起见，并不像其他文体那样排斥重复。相反，大量使用词语并列结构，用“and”或“or”把两个或多个短语并列起来，形成赘言赘语是合同行文的主要特色。该结构或是为了界定涵盖的内容，或是为了解释澄清复杂概念。无论出于何种目的，很多这样的连用结构已成为合同中的固定用语。例如：“under or in accordance with”，“signed and delivered”，“in whole or in part”，“today and hereafter”，“licenses and permits”等等。

例2：The Seller shall sell and the Buyer shall buy the following described property upon the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth within this contract.

译文：按照本合同内所提之条款条件，买方将出售而买方将购进如下商品。

例3：Party A acknowledges and agrees that the technology it will receive from Party B during the term of this Contract shall be kept secret and confidential.

译文：甲方承认并同意在合同期内由乙方提供的技术应属秘密。

例4：This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.

译文：该协议由甲方和乙方共同制订。

例5：The Buyer reserves the right to investigate or inspect at any time whether the products, qualifications, or facilities meet the Contract requirements.

译文：买方保留随时对产品，质量或设施是否符合合同要求进行检查的权利。

4.多用名词

合同中名词出现较多的原因有两点。其一是因为名词丰富是英文行文的特色，其二是由于代词容易使指代不清，故而在合同中会使责任的归属产生歧义，故此应该慎用。

例6：If the Seller determines the performance has not been completed satisfactorily and in conformance with this Contract, the performance bond may be retained by the Seller until the Seller can determine damages caused by the lack of performance.

译文：如果卖方确定履行情况不尽如人意或与合同不符，可以扣留履行保证金，直到其能够确定履行不善所造成的损失费用。

5.多用副词

商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语旧用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等副词，例如：

从此以后、今后：hereafter；

此后、以后：thereafter；

在其上：thereon\thereupon/whereupon；

在其下：thereunder；

迄今：hereto；

对于那个：whereto；

在上文：hereinabove\hereinbefore；

在下文：hereinafter\ hereinbelow；

由是；凭此：whereby

在那里；在那点上：wherein

6.“Shall”

“shall”一词是正式公文中出现频率很高的词汇，此处的“shall”并非助动词，而是情态动词，表示强烈的义务关系，比“should”语义更强，用来强调合同的法律强制效力。该词并不局限在第一人称后使用：

例7：The date of registration of the cooperative venture company shall be the date of the establishment of the board of directors of the cooperative venture company.

译文：合资公司注册登记之日，为董事会正式成立之日。

例8：The amendment of the contract or other appendices shall come into force only after a written agreement has been signed by Party A and Party B and approved by the original examination and approval authority.

译文：只有在甲方和乙方共同签署书面协议，并且经原审批机构批准，合同及其他附件的修订才能生效。

例9：This Contract shall be written in English in four copies.Each party shall keep two copies.

译文：本合同应以英文写成，一式四份，双方各持两份。

7.合同专项词汇

最后，合同中有些词汇出现频繁，形成了合同专用词汇。这些词汇主要有：whereas, in witness whereof, prior to, in accordance with, in compliance with, provided that, subject to等。

第二节　 商务合同与协议的句法特点

商务合同与协议在句式上也有其特征，主要表现在：

1.多用陈述句

在合同中，需要准确客观地陈述事实，表明各方当事人的责任、权利与义务，商务合同和协议中陈述句的使用频率比较高，少见疑问句和感叹句。陈述句用于阐述、解释、说明、规定和判断，语言显得比较客观、平实。

2.多用条件句

由于需要清晰界定在发生何种情况下当事人应如何反映，因此合同中涉及大量假设，即便有些假设条件发生的可能性不大，也不用虚拟语气。

例1：In case a third party brings a charge of infringement, licensor shall be responsible for dealing with the third party and bear full legal and financial responsibilities which may arise.

译文：若第三方起诉侵权，出让方应负责处理第三方事物，并承担全部相应的法律和财政责任。

3.多用现在时

合同涉及的内容中，将来的事情远远多于现在，但是对此类事物的讲述一律用现在时，而不用将来时。

例2：Licensor guarantees that licensor is legitimate owner of the know-how supplied by licensor to licensee in accordance with the stipulations of the contract, and that licensor is lawfully in a position to transfer the know-how to licensee.

译文：出让人保证受让人合法拥有按合同规定转让的该项技术，且出让方是该项技术的合法所有者。

4.主动语态表责仸

在谈及当事人义务时，为了突出责任人，较其他英文文献相对而言合同中的被动语态使用频率较低。主动语态使动词词语更有效，责任和权利的划分更加明显。

例3：Party A shall bear all expenses for advertising and publicity.

译文：甲方应承担所有广告和发布支出。

而不是：All expenses for advertising and publicity should be born by Party A.

又如：

例4：The Employer may ask bidders individually for clarification of their tenders, including breakdowns of unit prices.

译文：业主可要求投标者就其标书做出解释，包括单位价格细目表。

例5：The Contractor shall supply to the Engineer four copies of all Drawings, Specification and other documents.

译文：承包商应向工程师提供所有的图纸、规格和其他文件一式四份。

5.多用长句

（1）冗长

英语合同中充斥大量的定义，限定，修饰，重复，结构上相互重叠，前后编插，避免省略或指代，因此其句子冗长。

例6：In the event of a Subcontractor having undertaken towards the Contractor in respect of the work executed; or the goods, materials, Plant or services supplied by such Subcontractor, any continuing obligation extending for a period exceeding that of the Defects Liability Period under the Contract, the Contractor shall at any time, after the expiration of such period, as sign to the Employer, at the Employer's request and cost, the benefit of such obligation for the unexpired duration thereof.

译文：当分包商在所进行的工作，或其提供的货物、材料、工程设备或服务等方面，为承包商承担了合同规定的缺陷责任期限结束后的任何延长期间须继续承担的任何连续义务时，承包商在根据雇主的要求和由雇主承担费用的情况下，在缺陷责任期满之后的任何时间，将上述未终止的此类义务的权益转让给雇主。

例 7：During the validity of this Agreement, Party A refrains from offering the above-mentioned goods to other merchants with ports in Country X as ports of destination, while Party B undertakes to refrain from purchasing, pushing sales of or acting as agents for the commodity of other suppliers the same as or similar to that stated in Article 2 and guarantee not to transship in any way the said goods supplied by Party A to any area, where exclusivity or sales agency has been granted by Party A.

译文：协议有效期内，甲方不能将上述商品提供给以X国为目的港的商人，而乙方不能购买，促销，或代理与第二条所描述的产品相同或相似的其他供应商产品，并且保证不将甲方提供的上述商品转运到甲方指派独家代理人或销售代理人的任何地方。

（2）复杂状语的使用

为了使条款明确清晰，排除一切可能产生的歧义和误解，严格界定条约各方的义务和权利，合同的句式中常常使用大量结构复杂，重叠的状语来修饰条款中的动词。多个状语同时修饰一个动词，或者一个状语包含另一个状语的现象也跟常见。

例8：If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Clause 53.1.1, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

译文：在承包商负责照管期间，倘工程或其任何部分，或待用的材料或设备出现任何损失或损坏，除第53.1.1条限定的风险情况外，不论出于何种原因，承包商均应出资弥补此类损失或损坏，以使永久工程在各方面符合合同的规定，达到工程师满意的程度。

例9：If, before the Time for Completion of the whole of the Works or, if applicable, any Section, a Taking-Over Certificate has been issued for any part of the Works or of a Section, the liquidated damages for delay in completion of the remainder of the Works or of that Section shall, for any period of delay after the date stated in such Taking-Over Certificate, and in the absence of alternative provisions in the Contract, be reduced in the Proportion which the value of the Part so certified bears to the value for the whole of the Works or Section, as applicable.

译文：在整个工程或任何区段的竣工期限之前，如果工程任何部分或任何区段已签发移交证书，则在合同中无替代条款的情况下，对于在该移交证书注明的日期之后的任何拖延期间该工程或区段剩余部分的延期损害赔偿费，应按已签发部分的价值对整个工程或区段的价值比例相应地减少。

第三节　 商务合同与协议的翻译

由于商务合同与协议是兼具法律和商务性质的文书，故此对翻译工作来讲难度较大。一般要求其翻译者应该既是语言学家，又是法律学者，同时还具备商贸知识。

此外，如前文所讲，合同是要求精准的法律性质文书，因此在翻译过程中应尤其注意对原文的忠实性。旧有观点是翻译时应该尽可能直译，然而这样译出的文字死板呆滞，不符合汉语表达习惯。因此，在翻译过程中还应合理使用翻译手段，适当灵活表达。总之，做好商务合同与协议的翻译是有一定挑战的。

1.选词

与翻译其他文献相同，在合同翻译过程中，译者的首要工作是解码，揭开源语表达的含义，然后在目的语中努力搜寻与之相同功能的词或短语，或者是与之等同的释义，将他们排列或重组来构建出文章。然而，翻译合同时，我们在搜寻过程中，则需要运用相关商务和法律背景知识，才能准确无误。

2.转换

（1）词性转换

翻译英文合同时，其中一些词的词性可以按照汉语习惯改译，以使译文更为流畅。常见的词性转换有名词改译为动词或形容词，名词改译为代词等。

例1：If the Seller determines the performance has not been completed satisfactorily and in conformance with this Contract, the performance bond may be retained by the Seller until the Seller can determine damages caused by the lack of performance.

译文：如果卖方确定履行情况不尽如人意或与合同不符，可以扣留履行保证金，直到其能够确定履行不善所造成的损失费用。

例2：Prior to commencement of any work under this Contract and during the period of the Contract, the Purchaser shall provide proof of insurance coverage required by this Contract.

译文：在合同任务开始之前，或者在合同期间，买方应按合同要求出具保险证明。

（2）语态转换

合同中谈及商品，单据等的时候，也不免出现被动语态，如果照直翻译，很多时候会显得极为生硬，也影响汉语的行文，故此在翻译过程中将其改成主动语态，能使译文含义更为清晰，表达顺畅。

例3：The measurement, gross weight, net weight and the cautions such as “Do not stack up side down”，“Keep away from moisture”， “Handle with care” shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fadeless pigment.

译文1：尺寸，毛重，净重以及“请勿倒臵”，“保持干燥”，“小心轻放”等警示语应该用不褪色颜料被印于每件包装的表面。

译文2：应用不褪色颜料在每件包装表面印上尺寸，毛重，净重以及“请勿倒臵”，“保持干燥”，“小心轻放”等警示语。

无疑译文2表达更符合中国人的习惯。

3.省略

（1）省略同义词

合同用语的特色之一是用词重复。但是在翻译过程中，如果将这种重复用词译成汉语，反而使译文显得累赘、生涩，违背表达习惯。因此翻译时可以省略。

例4：The Sellers shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing.

译文：由于不完善或不适当包装造成的货物损坏或损失由买方负责。

解析：不完善与不适当，损坏和损失意思接近，若都列举出来则如此啰嗦不清。改为：由于包装不当造成的货物缺损由买方负责。

例5：Licensee agrees that licensee shall keep the know-how supplied by licensor under secret and confidential conditions within the validity period of the contract.

译文：受让方同意在合同有效期内对出让商提供技术保密（不用说保持秘密和绝密状态）。

（2）省略名词

英文合同中为避免指代不清，尽量用名词重复，而不用代词。而讲求“意和”的汉语中有时名词不需要如此多反复出现。

例6：In the course of arbitration, the contract shall be continuously executed by both parties except the part of the contract which is under arbitration.

译文：在仲裁过程中，除仲裁中的那部分合同以外，其他部分应由双方继续执行。

（3）省略副词

法律英语中，为使表达更加精确，或为了遵循已经形成的习惯, thereof和hereof一类的词用得很多，但在汉语译文中，有不少是可以省略的。

例7：All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.

译文：由此合同履行而引致的所有争议都应双方友好协商解决。

4.重复

英文中的很多结构，尤其是在并列句中，在出现重复时，其后半部分是可以省略的。而由于中华文化中追求对称美的影响，在汉语中很多时候需要将已知事物予以重现。

例8：The Seller may terminate this Contract by oral or written notice to the Purchaser upon its breach as determined by the Seller or at other times when deemed necessary by the Seller.Upon such notice, the Purchaser shall cease all operations on and immediately leave, and not return to, the Seller's property unless otherwise provided by the Seller.

译文：卖方确定买方违约或认为有必要终止合同时，可以用口头或者书面通知买方的方式终止此合同。一经通知，买方应停止一切操作并立即离开，而且没有卖方许可不再回到买方的房产。

例9：Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Sales Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation.

译文：凡因本销售合同引起的，或与本销售合同有关的任何争议，均应友好协商解决。

第四节　 翻译技巧——长句的翻译

合同和协议中可见很多篇幅较长的句子。长句翻译是常常令译者感觉困难的一项任务，因为中英两种语言的句子结构差异较大：汉语是分析型语言，其语法关系主要通过虚词，词序来反应，而英语是发展型语言，其语法关系主要通过词语变形反应；汉语中动词占优势，英语中名词和介词占优势；汉语重心在后，英语中心在前，等等。这些对比在短句中相对容易处理和安排，而应用在长句中，则需要译者同时处理众多矛盾，因而有必要运用多种手段。

1.包孕法

包孕法是使用很多的一种句子翻译法。其主要处理方式是指将源语后置的定语移置先行词之前。在汉语与英语行文与逻辑比较近似的情况下，尽量不改动其他部分的原有顺序，按顺译法译出即可。

例1：Party A and Party B agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company to introduce the Patent and engage in production cooperation in accordance with the technical Know-how specified in the Patent.

译文：甲乙双方同意双方共同成立一家合作经营企业来引进专利，并按专利提供技术进行合作生产。

例2：Failure or delay of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this contract shall not operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege preclude any further exercise thereof.

译文：任何一方未能或延迟行使本合同规定的任何权利、权力或特权，不得视为该方放弃该权利、权力或特权，单项或部分行使任何权利、权力或特权，亦不得排除其对该权利、权力或特权的进一步行使。

2.逆译法

针对英语中将重要的信息放前面，次要的放后面的情况，可以采取逆译法，将原文顺序颠倒翻译。

例3：We are regretful for not being able to pay the 50% fund as specified in the contract as a result of being unfamiliar with the regulations of the Department of Foreign Exchange Management.

译文：由于不熟悉外汇管理部门有一些规定，我们未能依照合同规定支付50%款项，对此深表遗憾。

说明：先议后叙的句式多适用逆译法翻译。

例4：The Sellers shall not be held responsible if they fail, owing to Force Majeure cause or causes, to make delivery within the time stipulated in this Sales Contract or cannot deliver the goods.

译文：如因不可抗力原因使卖方不能在本销售合同规定期限内交货或不能交货，卖方概不责任。

例5：Distributors are called exclusive if they are under contract to sell only the exporter's products.

译文：经销商如按合同只销售该出口商的产品，他们就称为独家经销商。

3.分译法

分译法又名拆译法，也是应用较多的翻译长句的手段。有些英语长句，其主句和从句的修饰限定关系相对较弱，翻译时则可以将原文的一个长句拆开，从而使其汉语译文的逻辑感和层次感更强，语意更加明白清楚。

例6：The Tenderer and any of his representatives will be granted permission by the Employer or his agent SU company to enter upon its premises and lands for the purpose of such inspection by prior arrangement, but only upon the express condition that the Tenderer and his representatives, will release and indemnify the Employer or his agent SU Company and its personnel from and against all liability in respect thereof and will be responsible for personal injury（whether fatal or otherwise）, loss of or damage to property and any other loss, damage, costs and expenses however caused, which, but for the exercise of such permission, would not have arisen.

译文：业主或其代理人SU公司可以事先安排，为投标者及其代表提供通行证，允许其到工程现场检查。但条件是如果业主或其代理人因发放这样的通行证，造成投标者或其代理人、人员遭受人身侵害（致命或非致命）伤害，财产遗失或其他损害、开支时，业主或代理人不负责。

例7：The four volumes of the tender documents have been collated and bound by mechanical means and Tenderers should check to ensure that they contain all pages（which are numbered consecutively）and that all supplements referred to are also included.

译文：投标文件四卷装订在一起。投标者应仔细检查是否缺页（页码连续），及附件是否完整。

例8：In the event of any loss occurrence the Company shall also pay the Insured for the expenses reasonably incurred for taking necessary measures to minimize loss or damage to the least extent, but in no case shall such expenses referred hereto exceed the sum insured of the insured property.

译文：发生损失后，被保险人为减少损失而采取必要措施所产生的合理费用，本公司可予以赔偿，但本项费用以保险财产的保险金额为限。

练习

一、将下列合同中常见的单词或短语的英文及其中文连接起来。

二、用适当形式将下表中单词填入合同适当处。

The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions set forth as below:

1.Name, Specifications and Quality of Commodity: Aluminum Ingots of 99.5% purity

2.Quantity: 8000 metric tons

3.Unit Price and Terms of Delivery:$280/MT, CIF

The terms FOB, CFR, or CIF shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms（INCOTERMS 2000）provided by International Chamber of Commerce（ICC）unless otherwise ________ herein.）

4.Total Amount: $ 2,240,000

5.More or Less: 5%

6.Time of Shipment: Within 45 days after receipt of L/C allowing transshipment and partial shipment.

7.Terms of Payment: By ________, Irrevocable, Transferable and Divisible L/C to be available by sight draft to reach the Seller before Oct 16, 2005 and to remain valid for negotiation in China until 30 days after the Time of Shipment.The L/C must specify that transshipment and partial shipments are allowed.

The Buyer shall ________ a Letter of Credit before the above-stipulated time, failing which, the Seller shall have the right to rescind this Contract upon the ________ of the notice at Buyer or to accept whole or part of this Contract non fulfilled by the Buyer, or to ________ a claim for the direct losses sustained, if any.

8.Packing: Container

9.Insurance: The seller shall be responsible to ________ All Risks for 110% of Invoice Value.

10.Quality/Quantity discrepancy: In case of quality discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyer within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination, while for quantity discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyer within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination.It is understood that the Seller shall not be liable for any discrepancy of the goods shipped due to causes for which the Insurance Company, Shipping Company, other Transportation Organization /or Post Office are liable.

11.The Seller shall not be held responsible for failure or ________ in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents which might occur.Force Majeure as ________ to in this contract means unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable objective conditions.

12.Arbitration: Any dispute ________ from or in connection with the Sales Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached, the dispute shall then be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission （CIETAC）for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.

13.Notices: All notice shall be written in English and served to both parties by fax/e-mail /courier according to the following addresses.If any changes of the addresses occur, one party shall inform the other party of the change of address within 15 days after the change.

14.This Contract is executed in two ________ each in Chinese and English, each of which shall be deemed equally authentic.This Contract is in two copies effective since being signed/sealed by both parties.

三、把下列句子翻译成英语。

1.本合同有效期从合同生效之日算起共10年，有效期满后，本合同自动失效。

2.买卖双方经协商同意按下列条款成交：

3.若买方提出索赔，凡属品质异议须于货到目的口岸之日起30天内提出，凡属数量异议须于货到目的口岸之日起15天内提出。

4.买方应用不可撤销信用证支付给卖方运费。

5.本合同为中英文两种文本，两种文本具有同等效力。

6.因乙方违反本合同的规定而产生的违约金、损坏赔偿金和其他相关费用，甲方可在保证金中抵扣。

7.本合同附件是本合同的有效组成部分，与本合同具有同等法律效力。

8.由于一般公认的人力不可抗拒原因而不能交货或装船迟延，卖方不负责任。

9.一切因执行本合同所发生与本合同有关之争执，双方应友好协商解决。

10.本合同采用一次性支付使用费的方式，计价的货币为美元。

四、把下列各句翻译成汉语。

1.The royalties shall be calculated on the basis of the Net Selling Price of such products.

2.Owner shall have no obligation to grant extensions if delays were not excusable delays, or otherwise resulted, directly or indirectly, from the Contractor's breach of this Contract.

3.It is the responsibility of the Owner to take reasonable steps to provide a work area free of household obstructions, and to remove or protect household items in areas where it may be reasonably anticipated by the Owner that they may be subject to dust, damage or vibrations.

4.Seller shall deliver each Shipment to the applicable Place of Delivery on or before the applicable Delivery Date set forth in the Project Schedule.

5.This Contract shall terminate and expire automatically upon the full performance or discharge of all the obligations of the Parties hereunder.

6.Immediately after completion of loading of goods on board the vessel the Sellers shall advise the Buyers by cable of the contract number, name of goods, quantity or weight loaded, invoice value, name of vessel, port of shipment, sailing date and port of destination.

7.In case the quality, quantity or Weight of the goods be found not in conformity with those stipulated in this Contract after re-inspection by the china Commodity Inspection Bureau within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyers shall return the goods to or lodge claims against the Sellers for compensation of losses upon the strength of Inspection Certificate issued by the said Bureau, with the exception of those claims for which the insurers or owners of the carrying vessel are liable.

8.It is mutually agreed that for the quality of the contracted goods in this category, the Inspection Certificate issued by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau after inspection the goods within 90 days from the date of arrival at the port of destination shall be taken as final and binding upon both parties.

9.If insurance for additional amount and /or for other insurance terms is required by the Buyers, prior notice to this effect must reach the Sellers before shipment and is subject to the Sellers‟ agreement, and the extra insurance premium shall be for the Buyers‟ account.

10.The Parties, adhering to the principle of e-quality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, desire to exert all their efforts in co-operating with each other and agree to jointly invest to set up a joint venture enterprise TEDA, Tianjin, P.R.China for the purpose of expanding international economic cooperation and technological exchange on a mutually beneficial and profitable basis.