语篇的连贯（二）

第十六章　世界贸易组织

第一节　文章阅读与翻译

Passage 1

The Role of Investment and Competition in WTO

世贸组织的投资和竞争角色

［1］Work in the WTO on investment and competition policy issues so far has largely taken the form of specific responses to specific trade policy issues, rather than a look at the broad picture.1 New decisions reached at the 1996 ministerial conference in Singapore change the perspective.The ministers decided to set up two working groups to look more generally at the relationships between trade, on the one hand, and investment and competition policies, on the other.

［2］The working groups‟ tasks are analytical and exploratory.They will not negotiate new rules or commitments.The ministers made clear that no decision has been reached on whether there will be negotiations in the future, and that any discussions cannot develop into negotiations without a clear consensus decision2.Both working groups must report to the General Council which will decide at the end of 1998 what should happen next.The ministers also recognized the work underway in the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)3 and other international organizations.The working groups are to co-operate with these organizations so as to make best use of available resources and to ensure that development issues are fully taken into account.

［3］An indication of how closely trade is linked with investment is the fact that about one third of the $6.1 trillion total for world trade in goods and services in 1995 was trade within companies—for example between subsidiaries in different countries or between a subsidiary and its headquarters.4 The close relationships between trade and investment and competition policy have long been recognized.One of the intentions, when GATT5 was drafted in the late 1940s, was for rules on investment and competition policy to exist alongside those for trade in goods.(The other two agreements were not completed because the attempt to create an International Trade Organization failed.)

［4］Over the years, GATT and the WTO have increasingly dealt with specific aspects of the relationships.For example, one type of trade covered by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)6 is the supply of services by a foreign company setting up operations in a host country—i.e., through foreign investment.The Trade-Related Investment Measures Agreement says investors‟ right to use imported goods as inputs should not depend on their export performance.

［5］The same goes for competition policy.GATT and GATS contain rules on monoplies and exclusive service suppliers.The principles have been elaborated considerably in the rules and commitments on telecommunications.The agreements on intellectual property and services both recognize governments‟rights to act against anti-competitive practices, and their rights to work together to limit these practices.

Notes

1.译文：WTO对于投资与竞争政策问题的工作已发展到对具体贸易政策问题作出具体回应的水平，而不只限于对情况的粗略了解。

2.译文：部长们表示，是否再次举行谈判仍未定，而且不经过一致同意，任何讨论不得发展成谈判。

3.UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): a permanent organ of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, established in 1964 to promote trade, investment, and development in developing countries.Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, UNCTAD has approximately 190 members.联合国贸易和发展会议

4.译文：事实证明，贸易与投资之间的关系是紧密的。1995年，世界商品和服务的总额有6.1万亿美元，其中大约三分之一来自公司之间（如不同国家的分支机构或分支机构同总部间）的交易。

5.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: Treaty organization affiliated with the United Nations whose purpose is to facilitate international trade.GATT was superseded by the WTO.关税及贸易总协定

6.The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is a treaty of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that entered into force in January 1995 as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations.The treaty was created to extend the multilateral trading system to service sector, in the same way the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provides such a system for merchandise trade.《服务贸易总协定》

Words and Expressions

1.take form to gradually be seen or gradually develop 渐渐发展，变得明显

2.perspective n.a particular way of considering something 观点，想法

3.exploratory adj.in order to discover more about something探查的，考察的，勘探的，发掘的

4.underway adj.If something is underway, it is happening now.正在进行的

5.take into account to consider or remember when judging a situation考虑，注意，顾及，体谅

6.subsidiary n.a company which is owned by a larger company子公司，附属机构

7.monopoly n.（an organization or group which has) complete control of something, especially an area of business, so that others have no share垄断

8.exclusive adj.limited to only one person or group of people 独占的，惟一的，排外的

9.elaborate v.to add more information to or explain something that you have said详细地说明，用心做，推敲

Passage 2

WTO Helps to Keep World Peace

世贸组织有助世界和平

［1］This sounds like an exaggerated claim, and it would be wrong to make too much of it1.Nevertheless, the system does contribute to international peace, and if we understand why, we have a clearer picture of what the system actually does.

［2］Peace is partly an outcome of two of the most fundamental principles of the trading system: helping trade to flow smoothly, and providing countries with a constructive and fair outlet for dealing with disputes over trade issues.It is also an outcome of the international confidence and cooperation that the system creates and reinforces.History is littered with examples of trade disputes turning into war.One of the most vivid is the trade war of the 1930s when countries competed to raise trade barriers in order to protect domestic producers and retaliate against each others‟ barriers.2 This worsened the Great Depression3 and eventually played a part in the outbreak of World War Ⅱ.Two developments immediately after the Second World War helped to avoid a repeat of the prewar trade tensions.In Europe, international cooperation developed in coal, iron and steel.Globally, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created.

［3］Both have proved successful, so much so that they are now considerably expanded—one has become the European Union4, the other the World Trade Organization.How does this work? Crudely put, sales people are usually reluctant to fight their customers—In other words, if trade flows smoothly and both sides enjoy a healthy commercial relationship, political conflict is less likely.What's more, smoothly-flowing trade also helps people all over the world become better off.People who are more prosperous and contented are also less likely to fight.But that is not all.The GATT/WTO system is an important confidence-builder.The trade wars in the 1930s are proof of how protectionism can easily plunge countries into a situation where no one wins and everyone loses.

［4］The short-sighted protectionist view is that defending particular sectors against imports is beneficial.But that view ignores how other countries are going to respond.The longer term reality is that one protectionist step by one country can easily lead to retaliation from other countries, a loss of confidence in freer trade, and a slide into serious economic trouble for all—including the sectors that were originally protected.5 Everyone loses.Confidence is the key to avoiding that kind of no-win scenario.When governments are confident that others will not raise their trade barriers, they will not be tempted to do the same.They will also be in a much better frame of mind to cooperate with each other.

［5］The WTO trading system plays a vital role in creating and reinforcing that confidence.Particularly important are negotiations that lead to agreement by consensus, and a focus on abiding by the rules.

Notes

1.译文：这种说法似乎有些言过其实，而且错误地过分夸大了。

2.译文：历史上不乏因贸易争端而导致战争的例子，其中最令人记忆犹新的是20世纪30年代的贸易战，当时各国竞相高筑贸易壁垒，一来保护国内的生产商，二来对别国的贸易壁垒作出报复。

3.The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries.It was the largest and most important economic depression in modern history, and is used in the 21st century as a benchmark on how far the world's economy can fall.The Great Depression originated in the United States; historians most often use as a starting date the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday.The end of the depression in the U.S.is associated with the onset of the war economy of World War II, beginning around 1939.The depression had devastating effects both in the developed and developing, largely still-colonized world.大萧条

4.The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Europe.It was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing European Economic Community.With almost 500million citizens, the EU combined generates an estimated 30% share of the world's nominal gross domestic product (US $16.8 trillion in 2007).The EU has developed a single market through a standardised system of laws which apply in all member states, guaranteeing the freedom of movement of people, goods, services and capital.It maintains a common trade policy, agricultural and fisheries policies, and a regional development policy.Fifteen member states have adopted a common currency, the euro.It has developed a role in foreign policy, representing its members in the World Trade Organisation, at G8 summits and at the United Nations.Twenty-one EU countries are members of NATO.It has developed a role in justice and home affairs, including the abolition of passport control between many member states under the Schengen Agreement.欧盟

5.译文：从长远来看，一个国家的保护主义措施向前每跨进一步，都将会招致别国的报复，导致世人对自由贸易少一分信任，并使自己整个地陷入经济困境，其中包括那些起初得到保护的部门都会蒙受损失。

Words and Expressions

1.exaggerate v.to make something seem larger, more important, better or worse than it really is 夸大，夸张

exaggerated adj.夸大的，夸张的

2.contribute to sth.to help to cause an event or situation 有助于

3.outlet n.a way, especially a pipe or hole, for liquid or gas to go out 出口，出路

4.reinforce v.to make something stronger 加强，增援

5.be littered with sth.a place, document or other object that is littered with something, has or contains a lot of that thing 充满

6.retaliate v.to hurt someone or do something harmful to them because they have done or said something harmful to you 报复，复仇

7.be better off in a more fortunate or prosperous condition 情况更好，更加富有

8.plunge (sb./sth.) into sth.to suddenly experience a bad situation or unhappiness, or to make someone or something suddenly experience a bad situation or unhappiness 使某人/某物陷入（遭受）某种情况

9.no-win adj.describes a set of conditions in which whatever happens there will be an unhappy and unsuccessful result 不能取胜的，取胜无望的

10.scenario n.a description of possible actions or events in the future 可能发生的事或情况

Passage 3

Prospects of China’s Entry into WTO

中国加入世贸组织后的前景

［1］Joining the WTO means assuming binding obligations in respect of import policies—obligations which will necessitate an adjustment in China's trade policies and, in most cases, economic restructuring.But, in turn, China will benefit from the extension to it of all the advantages that have been negotiated among the 130 members of the WTO.It will be entitled to export its products and services to the markets of other WTO members at the rates of duty and levels of commitment negotiated in the Uruguay Round1—this includes tariff bindings benefiting nearly 100 per cent of China's exports of industrial products to developed countries, with almost one-half of these products being subject to duty-free treatment.2 These tremendous market access opportunities will be underpinned and reinforced by the two cardinal principles of most-favoured-nation and non-discrimination.

［2］Equally importantly, China will have recourse to a multilateral forum for discussing trade problems with its WTO partners and, if necessary, to a binding dispute settlement procedure if its rights are impaired.This greater level of security will benefit China immensely—encouraging even greater business confidence, and attracting even greater levels of investment.

［3］There is a third major reason for China's participation in the multilateral system.Only inside the system can China take part in writing the trade rules of the 21st century.This will be an unprecedented set of rights and obligations negotiated internationally by consensus.

［4］China's economic success so far is directly linked to its impressive domestic reforms, including trade and investment liberalization.China has already benefited from the unilateral tariff reductions offered in the context of its accession negotiations; one study puts the gains at US $22 billion.But this is not the end of the road.Further liberalization—undertaken on the basis of WTO rules, and in exchange for benefits from other WTO partners—could prove the biggest stimulus yet to China's economic growth, and, by extension, a giant stimulus to the world economy3.

［5］We have recently seen important signs of momentum and creative flexibility we have recently seen in these negotiations—in difficult areas like trading rights, non-discrimination, non-tariff barriers, state trading, investment, and intellectual property where the negotiators have made quite remarkable progress, especially in recent months.None of this progress would have been possible without the vital—if time-consuming—technical groundwork that all parties to this negotiation have laid over the previous decade.4 But what is really driving this process forward is a shared recognition of the rewards that are riding on success.

［6］What is true for China is true for the world.The global economy could easily double by 2020, raising global living standards by almost two-thirds—among the greatest advances in world history.Technology and communications are weaving together an interconnected planet, spreading the tools of economic and social progress, and equalizing the human condition.And we are breaking down the barriers, not just between economics, but between people, giving us a shared interest in prosperity and peace.

Notes

1.The Uruguay Round commenced in September 1986 and continued until April 1994. The round, based on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ministerial meeting in Geneva (1982), was launched in Punta del Este in Uruguay (hence the name), followed by negotiations in Montreal, Geneva, Brussels, Washington, D.C., and Tokyo, with the 20 agreements finally being signed in Marrakech—the Marrakesh Agreement.The Round transformed the GATT into the World Trade Organization.乌拉圭回合

2.译文：不过，中国也会受益于世贸组织130个成员协商达成的利益条款，将有权按照乌拉圭回合中协商的关税额和义务承担标准，把产品和服务出口给WTO其他成员国市场。这意味着几乎100%中国出口到发达国家的工业产品将受益于关税限制政策，其中大约一半享受免税待遇。

3.译文：进一步的自由化仍在WTO规则下进行，并在与WTO合作伙伴交换利益的过程中得到体现。这将成为中国经济发展最强的催化剂，也将对世界经济发展起到极大的推动作用。

4.译文：在过去10年中，如果全体成员没有为此谈判花费时间完成重要的，专业化的基础工作，这一些进展是无法取得的。

Words and Expressions

1.assume v.to take or claim responsibility or control, sometimes without the right to do so, or to begin to possess a characteristic 承担

2.binding adj.a promise, agreement etc that must be obeyed 具有约束力的（必须履行的）合同/协议/承诺等

3.necessitate v.to cause something to be needed, or to make something necessary使„„成为必需

4.restructure v.to organize a company, business or system in a new way to make it operate more effectively 更改结构，重建

5.extension n.act of expanding in scope; making more widely available 延长，扩充，范围

6.entitle v.to give someone the right to do or have something 使有权利

7.commitment n.something that you must do or deal with that takes your time 义务8.be subject to sth.to have or experience a particular thing 服从（以„„为条件，须经，易受）

9.underpin v.to give support, strength or a basic structure to something支撑，支持10.cardinal adj.of great importance; main 主要的

11.multilateral adj.involving more than two groups or countries多边的；反义词12.impair v.to spoil or weaken something so that it is less effective 损害

13.unprecedented adj.never having happened or existed in the past 空前的

14.unilateral adj.involving only one part or side 单方面，单边的

15.momentum n.the force that keeps an object moving or keeps an event developing after it has started 动力

16.ride on sth.if someone's success or the respect that they get is riding on something, it depends on it（成功、名誉）取决于

第二节　语篇的连贯（二）

一、建立翻译中的语篇连贯意识

研究者经过对比英汉两种语言发现英汉两种语言在衔接方式、语篇模式上有相同之处也有不同之处，这就要求译者在翻译过程中作出恰当的转换。做出转换的原则是要忠实于原语篇所要表达的内容，保证其语义的连贯性。语义的连贯性是使衡量语篇性的标准和保证，一段文字不具有连贯的语义，就不能称其为“语篇”。在译成汉语时，可以打破原英语语篇的思维模式，按照汉语的组句规律构成意义上忠实原文，且连贯的汉语语篇。

例：Passage 2中的第4段

The short-sighted protectionist view is that defending particular sectors against imports is beneficial.But that view ignores how other countries are going to respond.The longer term reality is that one protectionist step by one country can easily lead to retaliation from other countries, a loss of confidence in freer trade, and a slide into serious economic trouble for all—including the sectors that were originally protected.Everyone loses.Confidence is the key to avoiding that kind of no-win scenario When governments are confident that others will not raise their trade barriers, they will not be tempted to do the same.They will also be in a much better frame of mind to cooperate with each other.

分析：译者如果在处理该段中斜体部分词句翻译时只限于原语篇的思维模式，就很可能会死板地译为“长远的事实是一个国家实施的一种保护主义措施会导致别国的报复，对自由贸易信任的损伤和整体陷入经济困境，包括起初得到保护的部门。每个人都是失败者。信任是避免那种没有胜利的局面的关键。„„”在这段译文中，语义不明确，逻辑关系不清楚。如“对自由贸易信任的损伤”的译文会使读者质疑是谁对自由贸易的信任被损伤，“整体陷入经济困境”中的整体是指国家自身还是贸易双方。“每个人都是失败者”中的每个人也会产生歧义：这里的每个人是指谁呢？实际上，译者可以通过添词、删词、拆分长句、调整句子顺序等方法使译文的语义连贯清晰。我们通过该段恰当的译文体会到这一点。

译文：目光短浅的保护主义者认为，对特定部门进行保护以抵制进口是有益的，但这种观点恰恰忽略了其他国家可能作出的反应。从长远来看，一个国家的保护主义措施向前每跨进一步，都将会招致别国的报复，导致世人对自由贸易少一分信任，并使自己整个地陷入经济困境，其中包括那些起初得到保护的部门都会蒙受损失。只有信任才能避免这种两败俱伤的局面。当一国政府确信其他国家不会筑起贸易壁垒时，自己也就没必要那样去做了。同时，各国还会保持更好的心态去相互合作。

分析：译文中首先在处理词义时考虑了上下文语境，将the long term reality译为意义通顺的“从长远来看”，the one protectionist step译为“一个国家的保护主义措施向前每跨进一步”，这样不仅体现了“step”一词含义，而且表达了一些国家实施保护主义措施时咄咄逼人的势头；英语注重形合，避免语言过多重复，但汉语如果这样有时会使语义不通，指代不清。所以，lead to retaliation from other countries, a loss of confidence in freer trade, and a slide into serious economic trouble for all译成汉语时添加了“导致世人”、“自己整个”；Everyone loses.的含义在译文中被融入到前一句中，这样就会避免指代不清的问题；no-win scenario译为“两败俱伤的局面”更加清楚的表明这种失败是针对贸易双方而言的，不仅指前文提到的实施保护措施的国家，也指被抵制的国家。

根据英汉语篇在词、句、段三个层面上连贯特征的差异，我们将从这三方面讲解译文连贯的构建。

二、从词汇上构建连贯

在上一章中“语篇连贯和语境”部分已经涉及了为了使译文语义正确且连贯，需要根据根据上下文、情景语境和文化语境来确定词义。这里我们在举几个例子来体会这一点：

例 1：Organizations will come to rely on the X‟ers‟ entrepreneurial spirit to foster innovation.They will create systems that will allow “intrapreneurs” to create and run small businesses within a business.The organization’s financial support will allow young people to research and create new products at unparalleled rates.Outside entrepreneurs of this generation will team up with these “intrapreneurs” to create joint ventures.

分析：organization经常被译为“组织、机构、团体”等，这个段落使用了词汇同现的衔接手段，其中的organizations, intrapreneurs, small business, a business, entrepreneurs, joint venture应都是与“企业”、“生意”相关的词汇，由此，organization被译为“企业”要比译为“组织、机构”恰当；entrepreneurial spirit, innovation, create system, new products都体现了“创新”的含义。上述所有的词汇贯穿了语篇第一句，即主题句的含义。主题句被译为“在推进改革方面，企业会逐渐依靠X一代锐意进取的精神”。这里将原文中的“entrepreneurial”意思省略不译，是为了使译文的语言简练清楚，因为我们已将organization译为了“企业”，无需再重复。

译文：在推进改革方面，企业会逐渐依靠X一代锐意进取的精神。他们会创立各种制度，允许“内部企业家”在企业内部创办小企业。企业的财力支持会让年轻人以前所未有的速度研究创造新产品，而企业外部的X一代企业家将会与这些“内部企业家”携手创办合资企业。

三、从句法上构建连贯

就英汉句法结构区别而言，英语注重形合，往往少不了使用前文讲过的语法衔接手段和词汇衔接手段从语言表层结构上构建语义连贯的语篇。这也是常说的显性连贯。而汉语注重意合，且无须借助语法词汇等衔接手段来构建连贯的语篇，而是靠词语和句子内含意义的逻辑联系。这是常说的隐性连贯。此外，英语句子往往会通过各种连接纽带形成复合长句。而汉语则忌讳行句冗长、累赘。所以，在将英语的复合长句译成汉语时要搞清复合长句内部各个成份的逻辑关系，然后，在不打破这种逻辑关系的前提下拆译成汉语短句，必要时要添加连接词，或重新调整句子安排顺序，从而建构连贯的汉语语篇。

例1：We have always prided ourselves on our complete flexibility and we will organize every group menu and catering requirement on a totally individual basis.Porters is happy to cater for all kinds of different parties: from tour groups with only an hour to spare before going on to the theatre, when speed of service along with the quality of food is of the greatest importance, to more informal and relaxed birthday parties, or even corporate events, wine tastings and company presentations.

分析：这段主要介绍Porters酒店的服务特色，原文中Porters is happy to cater for....wine tastings and company presentations.一句通过介词词组“from...to...”连接了两个主要信息层次，用一个长句说明酒店提供的主要服务种类。该句中的when speed of service along with the quality of food is of the greatest importance一句强调了针对from引出的“旅游团体”服务对象而言，“服务速度和饭菜质量至关重要”。此外，翻译冒号后面的句子是可以通过添加词语“服务对象”、“此外还承办”来使语篇语言自然，语义更加衔接连贯。

译文：我们一直为提供灵活便利的服务而骄傲，完全根据每个客户的具体要求来安排各团体餐的菜肴及餐饮需求。波特斯酒店乐于为各类团体提供餐饮服务：服务对象包括一小时后就要赶往剧院看戏、在此匆匆逗留进餐的旅游团体，对其而言，保证服务速度和饭菜质量至关重要。此外还承办轻松随意的生日聚会，以及公司社交活动、品酒会和公司业务报告会等。

四、从段落上构建连贯

英汉语篇思维模式也还存在着差异。英语语篇呈现直线形逻辑特征，而汉语语篇呈现螺旋式逻辑特征。所谓直线形，就是先表达出中心意思，然后由此展开。具体到段落中，就是先以主题句来陈述段落中心意思，然后逐步展开，分层分点进行解释说明或论证。所谓螺旋式，就是先宣称主题之重要，然后展开反复论述，最后回归到主题并对其再三强调。这也是在汉语写作中常用的“分总”或“总分总”，或“先因后果”的段落结构或文章整体结构的安排方式。

例1：But where some marketers see trouble, others see opportunity.“In recession times, it is quite good to continue to advertise, because it is an opportunity to take market share,”says Patrick Stahle, chief executive of Aegis Group's Aegis Media Asia-Pacific.He thinks smaller, fast-moving consumer-goods companies as well as luxury-goods makers are most likely to boost spending.In making ad-buying choices, marketers must balance shorter-term budget concerns with longer-term opportunity in Asia.“A bigger dynamic than what is happening in the global financial markets is the emergence of the middle classes in those bigger Asian markets,” says Bruce Haines, the global chief operating officer at Korea's Cheil Communications Inc., the agency of record for Samsung.„With that growth potential, we certainly still want to be a part of those markets,‟ he says.

分析：这段语篇是典型的直线形结构，首句But where some marketers see trouble, others see opportunity是主题句，后面分别列举Patrick Stahle, chief executive of Aegis Group's Aegis Media Asia-Pacific和Bruce Haines, the global chief operating officer at Korea's Cheil Communications Inc.两个人的讲话来说明在全球经济低迷时期一些公司看到的机遇。

译文：但尽管一些营销客户感到悲观，其他一些公司却看到了机遇。安吉斯媒体集团（Aegis Group）旗下Aegis Media Asia-Pacific总裁斯泰尔（Patrick Stahle）说，在衰退时期，继续投放广告是可取的做法，因为这是获得市场份额的机会。他认为规模较小、快速变化的消费产品公司以及奢侈品制造商是最有可能增加支出的企业。在作出广告购买选择时，营销客户必须在对短期预算的担忧和在亚洲的长期机会方面做出平衡。三星电子广告代理Cheil Communications Inc的全球运营主管海恩斯（Bruce Haines）说，在这些规模较大的亚洲市场，比全球金融市场正发生的事情更有冲击力的是中产阶级的兴起。凭借这种增长潜力，我们显然仍希望参与到这些市场中去。

汉语的思维和组篇模式与英语不同，经常是先具体描述后概括总结。如果按照这种思维模式翻译上一段话，译文如下：

安吉斯媒体集团（Aegis Group）旗下Aegis Media Asia-Pacific首席执行官斯泰尔（Patrick Stahle）说，在衰退时期，继续投放广告是可取的做法，因为这是获得市场份额的机会。他认为规模较小、快速变化的消费产品公司以及奢侈品制造商是最有可能增加支出的企业。在做出广告购买选择时，营销客户必须在对短期预算的担忧和在亚洲的长期机会方面做出平衡。三星电子的广告代理Cheil Communications Inc.的全球首席运营官海恩斯（Bruce Haines）说，在这些规模较大的亚洲市场，比全球金融市场正发生的事情更有冲击力的是中产阶级的兴起。凭借这种增长潜力，我们显然仍希望参与到这些市场中去。由此可见，尽管一些营销客户感到悲观，其他一些公司却看到了机遇。

当然，例1的原文不是必须按照要按照汉语的思维来翻译的。但是，我们不能否认“思维方式是一种内在的东西。中国人在接受西方文学时，本土传统中那些根深蒂固的东西像思维和认知方式与外来文化仍有抵触，而且这种抵触也是很难消失的。”（张卫中，转引自魏在江，2007：115）因此，在必要时，译者需要将译文结构进行调整。见魏在江教授举的例子：

英语语篇段落内部信息重组也是构建连贯译文语篇的一个方法。特别是复合长句内的信息，不仅要如前面讲的进行拆译，而且，还要看复合长句内部的一些信息是否与下文的信息有某种逻辑联系。

例2：In effect, international trade in manufactured goods looks less and less like the trade of basic economic models in which buyers and sellers interact freely with one another (in reasonably competitive markets) to establish the volume and prices of traded goods.It is increasingly managed by multinational corporations as part of their systems of international production and distribution.

Such trade may account for a very large share of a nation's exports and imports.In fact, few countries collect trade statistics in such a way that intra-firm trade can be distinguished from total trade flows...

原译：事实上，制造品的国际贸易运作已逐渐摆脱了基本经济模式，在基本经济模式下，买卖各方（在合理竞争的市场上）自由交易来确定商品的交易量与价格。制造品的国际贸易成了跨国公司安排国际生产与经销的组成部分。

而这样的贸易可能在一个国家的进出口贸易中占相当大的比重。实际上几乎没有几个国家在收集贸易统计资料时能将跨国公司内部的贸易量与该国总贸易量区分开来。

改译：事实上，制造品的国际贸易运作已逐渐摆脱了基本经济模式，成了跨国公司安排国际生产与经销的组成部分。

而这样的贸易可能在一个国家的进出口贸易中占相当大的比重。按照基本经济模式的运作，应该是买卖各方（在合理竞争的市场上）自由交易来确定商品的交易量与价格。实际上几乎没有几个国家在收集贸易统计资料时能将跨国公司内部的贸易量与该国总贸易量区分开来。

分析：译文该段第一句话是复合长句，主句是international trade in manufactured goods looks less and less like the trade of basic models, 后面的限定性定语从句是对basic economic models的进一步解释。第二句的主语it指代前句主语international trade in manufactured goods。如原译文中所译的，如果按照原文的句子顺序翻译，需要在翻译第二句时重复主语。而这样不仅显得语言重复累赘，而且并没有表达出“制造品的国际贸易摆脱了基本经济模式”后“成为了跨国公司安排国际生产与经销的组成部分”的含义。此外，原译文中第2段第1句话的主语“这样的贸易”是指“基本经济模式下的”贸易还是“成了跨国公司安排国际生产与经销的组成部分”之后的贸易呢？在这种情况下，改译的汉语经过适当将复合长句拆分，并重新调整了语序，使译文的语义更加连贯，指代更加清楚。由此，读者更加明确了制造品的国际贸易现状是“成了跨国公司安排国际生产与经销的组成部分”，而且作为“跨国公司安排国际生产与经销的组成部分”的国际贸易“在一个国家的进出口贸易中占相当大的比重”；将第一句中的限定性定语从句拆分出来排列在最后一句前面，更加能够体出逻辑上的转折关系，强调了现实中一个国家总贸易量不是按照“基本经济模式”下“商品交易量”的确定方式来确定的。

练习

一、将下文译成中文，注意译文划线部分词汇上连贯的构建。

WTO Improves Efficiency

［1］Many of the benefits of the trading system are more difficult to summarize in numbers, but they are still important.They are the result of essential principles at the heart of the system, and they make life simpler for the enterprises directly involved in trade and for the producers of goods and services.Trade allows a division of labor between countries.It allows resources to be used more appropriately and effectively for production.But the WTO's trading system offers more than that.It helps to increase efficiency and to cut costs even more because of important principles enshrined in the system.

［2］Imagine a situation where each country sets different rules and different customs duty rates for imports coming from different trading partners.Imagine that a company in one country wants to import raw materials or components—copper for wiring or printed circuit boards for electrical goods, for example—for its own production.It would not be enough for this company to look at the prices offered by suppliers around the world.The company would also have to make separate calculations about the different duty rates it would be charged on the imports (which would depend on where the imports came from), and it would have to study each of the regulations that apply to products from each country.Buying some copper or circuit boards would become very complicated.

［3］That, in simple terms, is one of the problems of discrimination.Imagine now that the government announces it will charge the same duty rates on imports from all countries, and it will use the same regulations for all products, no matter where they come from, whether imported or locally produced.Life for the company would be much simpler.Sourcing components would become more efficient and would cost less.

［4］Non-discrimination is just one of the key principles of the WTO's trading system.Others include: transparency (clear information about policies, rules and regulations);increased certainty about trading conditions (commitments to lower trade barriers and to increase other countries‟ access to one's markets are legally binding);simplification and standardization of customs procedure; removal of “red tape”, centralized databases of information and other measures designed to simplify trade that come under the heading “trade facilitation”.Together, they make trading simpler, cutting companies‟ costs and increasing confidence in the future.That in turn also means more jobs and better goods and services for consumers.

二、将下文译成汉语，注意划线长句的拆分、语序的调整和段内信息的重组。

The Uruguay Round—Creating a New System

［1］The seeds of the Uruguay Round were sown in November 1982 at a Ministerial Meeting of GATT members in Geneva.Although Ministers intended to launch a major new negotiation, the meeting stalled on the issue of agriculture and was widely regarded as a failure.In fact, the work program that Ministers agreed formed the basis for what was to become the Uruguay Round negotiating agenda.

［2］Nevertheless, it took four more years of exploring and clarifying issues and painstaking consensus-building, before Ministers met again in September 1986, in Punta del Este, Uruguay, to agree to launch the Uruguay Round.They were able to accept a negotiating agenda which covered virtually every outstanding trade policy issue including the extension of the trading system into several new areas, notably trade in services and intellectual property.It was the biggest negotiating mandate on trade ever agreed and Ministers gave themselves four years to complete it.

［3］By 1988, the negotiations had reached the stage of a “Mid-term Review”.This took the form of a Ministerial Meeting in Montreal, Canada, and led to the elaboration of the negotiating mandate for the second stage of the Round.Ministers agreed a package of early results which included some concessions on market access for tropical products—aimed to assist developing countries—as well as a streamlined dispute settlement system and the Trade Policy Review Mechanism which provided for the first comprehensive, systematic and regular reviews of national trade policies and practices of GATT members.

［4］At the Ministerial Meeting in Brussels, in December 1990, disagreement on the nature of commitments to future agricultural trade reform led to a decision to extend the round.By December 1991, a comprehensive draft text of the “Final Act”, containing legal texts fulfilling every part of the Punta del Este mandate, with the exception of market access results, was on the table in Geneva.For the following two years, the negotiations lurched continuously from impending failure to predictions of imminent success.Several deadlines came and went; farm trade was joined by services, market access, anti-dumping rules and the proposed creation of a new institution, as the major points of conflict; and differences between the United States and European Communities became central to hopes for a final, successful conclusion.It took until 15 December 1993 for every issue to be finally resolved and for negotiations on market access for goods and services to be concluded.On 15 April 1994, the deal was signed by Ministers from most of the 125 participating government at a meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco.

三、将下文第一段被打乱顺序的句子按照英语语篇直线形段落结构重新排序，并将其他划线部分译成汉语，注意粗体词汇在上下文中的语义。

Success and Failure of GATT

关贸总协定的成败

［1］① Continual reductions in tariffs alone helped spur very high rates of world trade growth— around 8 per cent a year on average—during the 1950s and 1960s.

② And the momentum of trade liberalization helped ensure that trade growth consistently out-paced production growth throughout the GATT era.

③ Given its provisional nature and limited field of action, the success of GATT in promoting and securing the liberalization of much of world trade over 47 years is incontestable.

④ The rush of new members during the Uruguay Round demonstrated that the multilateral trading system, as then represented by GATT, was recognized as an anchor for development and an instrument of economic and trade reform.

［2］The limited achievement of the Tokyo Round, outside the tariff reduction results, was a sign of difficult times to come.GATT's success in reducing tariffs to such a low level, combined with a series of economic recessions in the 1970s and early 1980s, drove governments to devise other forms of protection for sectors facing increased overseas competition.High rates of unemployment and constant factory closures led governments in Europe and North America to seek bilateral market-sharing arrangements with competitors and to embark on a subsidies race to maintain their holds on agricultural trade.Both these changes undermined the credibility and effectiveness of GATT.

［3］Apart from the deterioration in the trade policy environment, it also became apparent by the early 1980s that the General Agreement was no longer as relevant to the realities of world trade as it had been in the 1940s.For a start, world trade had become far more complex and important than 40 years before: the globalization of the world economy was underway, international investment was exploding and trade in services—not covered by the rules of GATT—was of major interest to more and more countries and, at the same time, closely tied to further increases in world merchandise trade.In other respects, the GATT had been found wanting: for instance, with respect to agriculture where loopholes in the multilateral system were heavily exploited—and efforts at liberalizing agricultural trade met with little success—and in the textiles and clothing sector where an exception to the normal disciplines of GATT was negotiated in the form of the Multifibre Arrangement.Even the institutional structure of GATT and its dispute settlement system were giving cause for concern.

［4］Together, these and other factors convinced GATT members that a new effort to reinforce and extend the multilateral system should be attempted.That effort resulted in the Uruguay Round.

四、将下文划线部分译成英文，注意粗体部分汉英语篇隐显连贯的转换。

中国入世之路

［1］中国是1948年关贸总协定最早的23个缔约国之一。将近40年后，1986年中国向关贸总协定提出了希望恢复缔约国的地位。

［2］中国正是寻求WTO的30个国家之一。和申请入世的许多国家一样，中国正处在实施经济改革和向市场经济转型的过程中。中国入世的程序是由对此热心的WTO成员组成的工作组指导的。1987年，GATT设立了鉴定中国现状的工作组，但它只关注中国商品贸易机制。1955年，工作组转化成了WTO工作组，它注意的范围扩大到服务贸易、非关税措施的新规则和有关知识产权的规定。中国入世进程的一个重要部分就是涉及中国和WTO成员国之间的双边谈判，这些会谈常常在WTO驻日内瓦总部或相关国家首都私下进行的，其他是有关工作组正式或非正式会议的洽谈。中国贸易政策的几个领域，如商品市场准入及服务具体义务的实施日期一直以来是双边和多边谈判的焦点。工作组的任务是监督谈判进展的全过程以确保涉及中国贸易政策的各个方面。

［3］工作组有两个任务：经过慎重考虑后起草报告并完成《入世议定书》。通常，入世工作把大量附件纳入议定书中，这些附件是议定书的一个重要部分，并且具有法律约束力，其中陈述了与申请方贸易体制相关的具体事宜。和其他入世程序一样，附件一直是谈判的焦点，因其能向世贸成员提供保障，即申请方承诺的改革或其他过渡措施将得到贯彻。换句话说，它们充当了谈判时间表的角色，使申请方贸易体制与WTO的原则和义务相一致。

［4］加入世贸组织的过程时间可长可短，有时需要几年完成。时间的长短取决于申请国是否做好了准备来履行WTO市场经济原则的条款和义务；也取决于它的鼓励竞争、反对歧视的政策，以及申请国提供给其他WTO成员商品和服务的市场准入条件。由于工作组各成员和寻求入世的国家必须达成一致，使各自所关心的问题和重大事件在评议过程中得到解决。