跨文化的背景知识与翻译（一）

第十七章　物 流 管 理

第一节　文章阅读与翻译

Passage 1

Logistics Management

物 流 管 理

［1］The mission of logistics management is to plan and co-ordinate all those activities necessary to achieve desired levels of delivered service and quality at lowest possible cost.Logistics must therefore be seen as the link between the market place and the operating activity of the business.The scope of logistics spans the organization, from the management of raw materials through to the delivery of the final product.1 The following illustrates this total systems concept.

Suppliers→Procurement→Operations→Distribution→Customers

［2］Logistics management, from this total systems viewpoint, is the means whereby the needs of customers are satisfied through the coordination of the materials and information flows that extend from the marketplace, through the firm and its operations and beyond that to suppliers.To achieve this company-wide integration clearly requires a quite different orientation than that typically encountered in the conventional organization.

［3］For example, for many years marketing and manufacturing have been seen as largely separate activities within the organization.At best they have coexisted, at worst there has been open warfare.Manufacturing priorities and objectives have typically been focused on operating efficiency, achieved through long production runs, minimized set-ups and change-overs2 and product standardization.On the other hand marketing has sought to achieve competitive advantage through variety, high service levels, and frequent product changes.

［4］In today's more turbulent environment there is no longer any possibility of manufacturing and marketing acting independently of each other.The internecine disputes between the “bacon” of production and marketing are clearly counter-productive to the achievement of overall corporate goals.

［5］It is no coincidence that in recent years both marketing and manufacturing have become the focus of renewed attention.Marketing as a concept and a philosophy of customer orientation now enjoys a wider acceptance than even in the western world.It is now generally accepted that the need to understand and meet customer requirement is a prerequisite for survival.At the same time, in the search for improved cost competitiveness, manufacturing management has been the subject of a massive renaissance.The last decade has seen the rapid introduction of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)3, of new approaches to inventory based on materials requirements planning (MRP)4 and just-in-time (JIT)5 methods and, perhaps most important of all, a sustained emphasis on quality.

［6］Equally there has been a growing recognition of the critical role that procurement plays in creating and sustaining competitive advantages as part of an integrated logistics process.Leading-edge organizations now routinely include supply-side issues in the development of their strategic plans.Not only is the cost of purchased materials and supplies a significant part of total costs in most organizations, but there is a major opportunity for leveraging the capabilities and competencies of suppliers through closer integration of the buyers, and the suppliers‟ logistics processes.

［7］In this scheme of things, logistics is therefore essentially an integrative concept that seeks to develop a system-wide view of the firm.It is fundamentally a planning concept that seeks to create a framework through which the needs of the marketplace can be translated into a manufacturing strategy and plan, which in turn links into a strategy and plan for procurement.Ideally there should be a “one-plan” mentality within the business which seeks to replace the conventional stand-alone and separate plans of marketing, distribution, production and procurement.This, quite simply, is the mission of logistics management.

Notes

1.译文：物流的范围涉及整个组织的活动，它包括从原材料的管理到最终产品的配送。

2.change-over n.改变，转变 a peaceful change-over to civilian rule 和平地转变为文官统治

3.flexible manufacturing systems: 柔性制造体系。自20世纪80年代以来，在同业化国家中，柔性制造体系作为向工厂自动化的第一步，已获得了实际的应用。柔性制造体系是一个由计算机集成管理和控制的、用于高效率地制造中小批量多品种零部件的自动化制造系统，它的应用圆满地解决了机械制造高自动化和高柔性之间的矛盾。

4.materials requirements planning: 制造需求计划。一种工业制造企业内物资计划管理模式。根据产品结构各层次物品的从属和数量关系，以每个物品为计划对象，以完工日期为时间基准倒排计划，按提前期长短区别各个物品下达计划时间的先后顺序。

5.just-in-time: 无库存生产。1953年，日本丰田公司副总裁大野耐一综合了单件生产和批量生产的特点和优点，创造了一种在多品种小批量混合生产条件下高质量、低消耗的生产方式即准时生产。JIT生产方式的基本思想是“只在需要的时候，按需要的量，生产所需的产品”，也就是追求一种无库存或库存达到最小的生产系统。JIT的基本思想是生产的计划和控制及库存的管理。

Words and Expressions

1.baron n.one have great wealth, power, and influence in a specified sphere of activity男爵，贵族；巨商，工业巨头

2.coexist v.exist together, at the same time, or in the same place 共存

3.conventional adj.based on or in accordance with general agreement, use, or practice; customary 惯例的，常规的，习俗的，传统的

4.coordinate v.organize an activity so that the people involved in it work well together and achieve a good result 协调，使配合

5.framework n.structure for supporting or enclosing something else, especially a skeletal support used as the basis for something being constructed 构架，框架，结构

6.internecine adj.of or relating to struggle within a nation, an organization, or a group互相残杀的，两败俱伤的，内部冲突的

7.orientation n.the angle or position of an object, or the direction in which it is facing; the type of activity or subject that a person or organization seems most interested in and gives most attention to 方向，方位；定位；倾向性

8.prerequisite n.required or necessary as a prior condition 先决条件；adj.首要必备的

9.renaissance n.rebirth or revival 复苏再生或复活

10.standardization n.标准化

11.turbulent adj.violently agitated or disturbed; tumultuous 狂暴的，吵闹的

Passage 2

Third Party Logistics

第三方物流

［1］A third-party logistics service is something more than subcontracting or outsourcing.1 Typically, subcontracting or outsourcing covers one product or one function that is produced or provided by an outside vendor.Examples include automobile companies subcontracting the manufacture of tires, or construction companies subcontracting roofing, or retail companies outsourcing the transportation function.Third-party logistics providers cut across multiple logistics functions and primarily coordinate all the logistics functions and sometimes act as a provider of one or more functions.The primary objectives of third-party logistics providers are to lower the total of cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first party (supplier or producer) and the second party (buyer or customer).

［2］There are several reasons for the growth of third-party logistics over the past decade.The transportation and distribution departments of some of the major corporations have been downsizing in order to reduce operating costs.The most logical area to reduce costs is advisory functions such as operation research, followed by support functions such as transportation or warehousing.The area where companies want to strengthen by investing more is their core competency.2 Though it may sound like a fad it had been a reality at some of the major corporations.The other reason is from the customer side.Customers demand an exceptional service but are not willing to pay extraordinary price for it.This requires the use of faster and frequent transportation services and flexibility in inventory levels.A third-party logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick-ups3 and deliveries, whereas in-house4 transportation cannot.Other reasons are as follows:

1.The company's core business and competency may not be in logistics.

2.Sufficient resources, both capital and manpower, may not be available for the company to become a world-class logistics operator.

3.There is an urgency to implement a “world-class” logistics operation or there is insufficient time to develop the required capabilities in-house.

4.The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements.

5.Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.

［3］In recent years there has been some concern expressed by the users of third-party service providers that they are not being given the expected levels of service and business benefits.Users have also indicated that service providers are insufficiently proactive in their approach to the contracted operations which they only aim to provide the minimum and fail to enhance the operations they are responsible for.On the other hand, service providers claim that they are seldom given the opportunity to develop new ideas and offer improvements, because users are not prepared to give them adequate information of their complete supply chains.One consequence of this has been the idea of using an additional enterprise or organization to oversee and take responsibility for all the outsourced operations a user might have.This has become known as fourth-party logistics.

［4］The need to take a total supply chain approach means that a different type of service provider and a different type of RFQ5 approach are important to recognize that there are often several different organizations or participants in a supply chain, that there is a need to develop partnerships and there should be opportunities to integrate and rationalize along the supply chain.

Thus, solutions can be developed by the co-venturer or fourth-party service provider to offer:

1.A total supply chain perspective;

2.Visibility along the supply chain;

3.Measurement along the supply chain;

4.Open systems;

5.Technical vision;

6.Flexibility;

7.Tailored structures and systems.

Notes

1.outsourcing: 外包。公司把原来自己员工做的工作，委托外面公司做。其特点为降低成本，集中精力在核心能力上。

2.core competency: 核心能力。对公司而言，一个公司有一些特殊的技能和知识，使公司在特定的行业中有竞争能力，并保有优势，竞争者不易超越。

3.pickup: 集运。运送行业到客户收集货物然后由火车载回站所。4.in-house: 公司内部。有些活动在组织或公司内实行，而非由外部的厂商制作。5.RFQ: request for quoting, 是买方先询价，卖方再报价。RFQ的交易模式有利于买方的原因是显著的，首先RFQ是由买方发起的。

Words and Expressions

1.advisory adj.having the power to advise, giving advice 有权发言的，顾问的

2.competency n.being competent; ability 胜任；能力

3.flexible adj.easily changed to suit new conditions 容易适应新情况的

4.minimum n.least or smallest amount, degree 最小量，最低限度

5.strengthen v.become stronger 加强

Passage 3

New Trends in Logistics

物流发展趋势

［1］Predicting the future is important because it allows logistics executives to primarily be proactive rather than reactive.Every area of logistics is affected in some way by the forecasting process; that is, conducting or developing forecasts, providing information to be used in forecasting, or receiving forecasting results and implementing necessary actions.While other activities of logistics are more actively involved in the forecasting process, materials management utilizes forecasts employed in MRP I1, MRP II2, DRP I3, and DRP II4 efforts, and is indirectly affected by the forecasts developed by others (e.g.inventory planning, purchasing, and demand forecasting).Forecasting attempts to predict the future through quantitative or qualitative methods, or some combination of both.The essence of forecasting is to aid in logistics decision making.

［2］A study of the forecasting practices of a large number of companies indicated that the most widely cited reasons for engaging in forecasting included:

1.Increasing customer satisfaction.

2.Reducing stockouts5.

3.Scheduling production more efficiently.

4.Lowering safety stock requirements.

5.Reducing product obsolescence costs.

6.Managing shipping better.

7.Improving pricing and promotion management.

8.Negotiating superior terms with suppliers.

9.Making more informed pricing decisions.

［3］Effective and efficient materials management requires many types of forecasts, including:

● Demand forecast.Investigation of the firm's demand for the item, to include current and projected demand, inventory status, and lead times.Also considered are competing current and projected demands by industry and product end use.

● Supply forecast.Collection of data about current producers and suppliers, the aggregate projected supply situation, and technological and political trends that might affect supply.

● Price forecast.Based on information gathered and analyzed about demand and supply.Provides a prediction of short-and long-term prices and the underlying reasons for those trends.

● Additionally, forecasts can be short term, midrange, or long term.Typically, firms would use all three types of forecasting:

● Long-term forecasts usually cover more than three years and are used for long-range planning and strategic issues.These will be performed in broad terms: that is, sales by product line or division, throughput capacity by ton per period or dollars per period.

● Midrange forecasts usually range from one to three years and address budgeting issues and sales plans.Again, these might predict more than demand.

● Short-term forecasts are most important for the operational logistics planning process.They project demand into the next several months and, in some cases, more than a year ahead.These are needed in units, by actual items to be shipped, and for finite periods of time—monthly or perhaps weekly.

［4］The firm may utilize a variety of forecasting techniques, ranging from those based on general market information (from suppliers, sales force, customers, and others) to highly sophisticated computer algorithms.The specific technique or approach a firm selects should be appropriate for the unique characteristics of the company and its markets.Just-in-time systems, MRP I, MRP II, DRP I, and DRP II systems also can improve the efficiency of inventory planning and control.

Notes

1.MRP I: (=materials requirements planning）制造需求计划。

2.MRP II: (=manufacturing resource planning）加工源计划。从整体最优的角度出发，运用科学的方法，对企业的各种制造资源和企业生产经营各环节实行合理有效地计划、组织、控制和协调，达到既能连续均衡生产，又能最大限度地降低各种物品的库存量，进而提高企业经济效益的管理方法。

3.DRP I: (=distribution requirements planning）配送需求计划。一种既保证有效地满足市场需要，又使得物流资源配置费用最省的计划方法，是MRP原理与方法在物品配送中的运用。

4.DRP II: (=distribution resource planning）分销资源计划。分销资源计划是指对分销网络上的库存进行计划和管理。DRP的管理对象主要包括订单、库存、财务往来等方面。广义的DRP系统，在对分销链上的库存、销售订单进行管理的基础上，还加入了财务管理、客户关系管理、物流管理等方面的功能。

5.stockout n.迟滞数目

Words and Expressions

1.predict v.say, tell, show in advance 预言；预测；预示

2.implement v.carry out or put into practice 使生效，贯彻，执行

3.utilize v.make use of; find a use for 利用，使用

4.inventory n.a list, especially one of all the goods in a place 详细目录，存货清单

5.combination n.the act of combining or state of being combined 合作，组合

6.address v.make a speech to, esp.formally 向„„发表演说

7.finite adj.having bounds; limited; not infinite 有限度的；有限制的

第二节　跨文化的背景知识与翻译（一）

一、文化的概念

长期以来，人们对文化已经进行了各种各样的讨论，并对文化（culture）进行了各种各样的定义。

文化一词，在中国语言系统中早已有之。“文”在中国古代文献中，比文明、文化出现得要早。它的本义是指各色交错的纹理。《礼记·乐记》载：“五色成文而不乱。”此后又被引申为包括文字在内的各种象征符号，进而具体为文物典籍、礼乐制度等。“化”字的本义为变易、造化、生成。“化”是指事物形态或性质的变化，同时又引申为教化、从善之义。

西汉以后，“文”与“化”合成一个整词。如《文选·补之诗》载：“文化内辑，武功外悠”。这里的文化就具有“文治教化”的含义，即指用诗书礼乐去教化天下，既含有政治主张，又寓以伦理意义。另外从古汉语表达系统来看，“文化”还具有与武力、武功、野蛮、质朴相对的意思。总而言之，在中国古代文献中，文化即文治教化、礼乐典章制度的礼节。

在西方语言中“文化”一词来源于拉丁文cultura，原为动词，有耕种、培养、教育、发展、居住、联系和注意等多重意义。英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒，在其1871年出版的《原始文化》一书中，首次把文化作为一个中心概念提出来，并且把它的涵义表述为“文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯。”后来，美国的一些社会学家和文化人类学家修正了泰勒的定义，补充了“实物”的含义，把文化定义为：“文化是复杂体，包括实物、知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯。”

其他学者分别从符号学、价值论、功能性、规范性等各个侧面对文化作了不同的界定。如美国的人类学家克罗伯和克拉克在对各种定义梳理和评析的基础上对文化给出了以下定义：“文化是包括各种外显或内隐的行为模式，它通过符号的运用使人们获取和传递，文化代表了人类群体的显著成就，尤其是价值观念，文化体系虽然可被认为是人类活动的产物，但也可被视为限制人类进一步活动的因素。”

我国文化或文明的研究始于19世纪末，梁启超为其首倡者。1922年，他在《什么是文化》一书中介绍了西方文化学理论，主张在社会学之外另建文化学。中国对文化的研究是在20世纪80年代后才如火如荼地开展起来的。

《中国大百科全书》认为：文化是人类在社会实践过程中所获得的能力和创造的成果。文化有广义和狭义之分。狭义的文化指精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形态，有时又专指教育、科学、文学、艺术、卫生、体育等方面的知识和设施，以便与世界观、政治思想、道德等意识形态想区别。广义的文化包括人类物质生产和精神生产的能力、物质的和精神的全部产品。

二、文化的基本结构

人们往往根据各自不同的角度，将文化进行分类。从文化自身的内在逻辑结构和层次，可将广义的文化分为物质文化、制度文化和精神文化三个层次。

物质文化，是人类从事的物质生产活动及其劳动产品的总和。它以满足人类最基本的生存需求为目标，直接反映了人与自然的关系，反映人类对自然的把握、利用、改造的程度与结果，反映社会生产力的发展水平，是可感知的，具有物质实体的文化事物，这构成了全部文化创造的基础。它属于文化的表层结构，在各种文化的交流和冲突中，它是最不稳定的层次，最快也最容易发生变化。

制度文化，是人类在社会实践活动中建立的各种社会规范的总合。社会的法律制度、政治制度以及人与人之间的各种关系准则等，都是制度文化的反映，包括婚姻、家庭、政治、经济、宗教等制度以及组织形式在内。它是解决与规范协调人与人之间行为的文化，具有很强的适应性。制度文化虽不直接与自然发生关系，但其特征与发展水平受到人与自然进行物质交换方式的制约。这一层属于文化的中层结构，变化速度很慢。

精神文化，又称心态文化或观念文化，是人类在长期的社会实践活动和意识形态活动中升华出来的价值观念、知识体系、审美情趣和思维方式等的总和。它分为社会心理和社会意识形态。它通常是由专业人员对社会心理进行理论归纳、逻辑整理、艺术完善，以物质形态固定下来并在时间空间中传播流传。精神文化是文化概念中最重要的层面，是文化的核心结构，具有很强的稳固性。

三、文化与语言的关系

文化与语言密不可分。语言是文化极其重要的一部分。文化是语言活动的大环境。文化反映在语言文字中，文化又存在于使用该语言文字民族的知识结构中。人们在交际时，语言中的文化因素与人们头脑中的文化意识相互作用，由此完成交际的任务。语言是文化的一部分，同时又是文化的载体。

文化具有鲜明的民族性，中英两个民族的人们在风俗习惯、宗教信仰、思想观念、历史背景，事物的象征意义等方面的差异会导致语言方面的差异；而此种语言差异也反映了两个民族的文化差异。中国文化的人文精神是中国文化的最显著的特征之一，而且人文性的特征使中国文化具有鲜明的非宗教性。同时中国文化具有鲜明的的伦理道德倾向，偏重道德的价值取向在中国传统文化中处于核心地位。中国历代统治者视道德感化为政治统治的重要手段。中国文化还强调个人的伦理义务，要求个人服从群体。中国传统文化不主张本性的高扬，而是强调个体与整体的融合，个体利益必须服从家庭、宗教乃至国家的利益，并以此作为仁义道德之本。而英语民族信奉基督教，《圣经》的内容几乎家喻户晓。《圣经》中的人物、典故、谚语经常被人们引用，许多文化内涵沉淀其中。由于西方文化有尚思的传统，注重抽象思维，使得西方民族的文字不像汉字那样直观形象，而是抽象的符号。这两种不同类型的思维方式反映在词语上，就使得汉语较少使用抽象名词，而英语中的抽象名词的使用频率比汉语高得多。

四、跨文化背景知识与商务活动

商务活动是指个人或企业为获取一定的经济利益而从事的一系列的管理、营销和财务等经济活动。其实，商务活动的全过程反映了一个国家或民族的文化传统和世界观、民族观，而其中的核心是该文化传统所特有的价值观念与行为准则。

不同的文化背景会影响谈判冲突的的解决方式。在西方文化中，离散型的文化主导决定了人的自治和自由。所以美国人解决商务谈判中的冲突时，更注意客观真实的问题本身，更多依靠法律和规则。而属聚合型的中国文化崇尚“和谐”，解决商务谈判的冲突时，更多强调人际关系的，情感的因素。

美国的传统文化重视自我价值，忽视集体的价值。表现在企业决策中，美国企业注重尽快找出答案，把决策的制定和执行看作两个过程。而中国的企业文化有着浓厚的传统文化色彩，它强调：重道德，轻利益；重社会，轻个人；重传统，轻创新等。

在商务活动中，交易双方如能对对方的文化有一个比较正确和充分的认识，将有助于商务活动的顺利进行。在商务活动中，应该充分考虑到言语交际、非言语交际、时间和空间等因素。

语言中的文化因素，大部分蕴涵在常用词语、句式和语用意义中。我们分别从词汇、词组、习语、句式和语篇等方面举例说明。

五、词汇中的文化含义

同一个事物、生物或概念，在某些语言中可能只用一个词来表达，在另一种语言中可能有几个或更多的词来表达。一般来说，表示同一概念的词越多，词义就区分得越细。如在用汉语和英语与不同文化背景的人进行交际时，表示亲属的词语常常在彼此理解对方的意思方面会造成很大困难。如Mary's brother married Linda's sister 这句话就很难译成汉语，因为不知道brother是Mary的哥哥还是弟弟。这是因为在汉语中，有许多称呼来指具体的关系，如：祖父（母）/外祖父（母）（grandfather/grandmother），兄弟/姐妹（brother/sister），伯父、叔父、姑父、舅父、姨夫（uncle）。在汉语中一般只用“公”和“母”来区分动物的性别。而在英语中则往往各有单独名称，如：

从以上的例子中，我们不难看出英语和汉语的词义不对等性，这种现象被称做词义空缺。因此在学习词汇时，应注意到词汇的涵义。《新编韦氏大学词典》上说：涵义是“一个词明确指称或描写的事物之外的暗示的意义。”涵义是词的隐含或附加的意义。下面我们举一些例子来说明词的不同涵义、不同的文化内涵。

例1：For your convenience, we offer a range of conference packages, which we can, of course, extend to meet your requirements.

译文：为方便客户，我们准备了各种会议专案，同时完全可以根据客户的具体要求，随意添加内容。

解析：conference packages指承办会议的酒店为不同规格的会议所准备的不同“会议专案”，它实际上指的是为客户提供的包括所有会议设施、服务及总费用的一整套方案。它是随着商务活动的发展服务业新出现的概念。

例2：There are only five minutes left, I need to go to the rest room.

译文：只剩五分钟了，我需要去一下卫生间。

解析：在英语国家，人们对会产生不雅联想意义的词汇爱用委婉语，所以与厕所有关的委婉语有很多，rest room就是其中一个。

例3：To reduce loss and increase overall profits, the CEO told his product managers to get rid of all the dogs.

译文：为了减少亏损，全面增加利润，公司的首席执行官告诉产品部的经理们销毁所有的次品。

解析：在特定商务语境中，dog指产品质量差、不赢利的公司，或者指投资不当。

另外，英语中的一些词语经常被直译为汉语的等同词，如：

六、成语、谚语和格言中的文化含义

成语、谚语和格言是一个社会的语言和文化的重要组成部分。这部分语言，不仅难于理解，更难于应用。实际上，在比较英语和汉语的成语、谚语和格言的异同时，我们会发现在两种语言的有些成语、谚语和格言不论在形式还是在意义上都具有很强的相似性，如：

to strike while the iron is hot　　　　　　　趁热打铁

to be on the thin ice　　　　　　　　 　 　　如履薄冰

to fish in the troubled waters　　　　 　　　浑水摸鱼

as light as a feather　　　　　　　　　　　　轻如鸿毛

an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth　　　 以眼还眼，以牙还牙

Great oaks grow from little acorns.　　　　　合抱之木，生于毫末。

但是，两种文化的不同使得大多数的成语、谚语和格言的涵义差别很大，这往往会给翻译者带来困难。如：to ride one's high horse应译为“趾高气扬”；love me, love my dog应译为“爱屋及乌”；to have a head like a sieve应译为“心猿意马”等。在翻译这些成语、谚语和格言时，我们可以使用在本书的前面所讲的翻译技巧。首先，我们先看一看成语的翻译技巧，如：

1.直译法

a cast in the air　　　　　　　　　　　　　 空中楼阁

to turn a blind eye to　　　　　　　　　　　熟视无睹

as easy as turning over one's hands　　　　 易如反掌

smooth tongue　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 油嘴滑舌

a bolt from the blue　　　　　　　　　　　　晴天霹雳

six of one and half a dozen of the other　　半斤八两

Misfortunes never come singly.　　　　　　　祸不单行

Walls have ears.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　隔墙有耳

2.意译法

in a pig's whisper　　　　　　　　　　　　　低声地

make a monkey of　　　　　　　　　　　　　　愚弄

get cold feet　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 开始感到怀疑

a skeleton at the feast　　　　　　　　　　 扫兴的人或东西

a skeleton in the cupboard/closet　　　　　 家丑

bury one's head in the sand　　　　　　　　 采取鸵鸟政策

现在我们谈一下谚语和格言。谚语和格言就是民间流传的至理名言，措辞简练，便于记忆。它们的内容精辟，寓意深邃，因而有广泛的感染力。谚语往往能反映一个民族的宗教信仰、地理、历史、社会制度、社会观点和态度，如：

（1）与宗教有关的谚语

Each cross hath its own inscription.

每个十字架都有自己的铭文。

God helps those who help themselves.

自助者天助之。

God sends meat and the devil sends cooks.

上帝赐予食物，魔鬼派来厨师。

He that serves God for money will serve the devil for better wages.

为金钱而侍奉上帝的人会为更多的报酬服侍魔鬼。

Man proposes, God disposes.

谋事在人，成事在天。

Mills of God grind slowly but sure.

天网恢恢，疏而不漏。

Whom God could ruin, he first deprives of reason.

上帝要毁灭谁，必先夺其理性。

（2）与地理有关的谚语

Carry coals to Newcastle.

背煤上煤都，多此一举。

Do in Rome as Romans do.

入乡随俗。

（3）与历史有关的谚语

It is as hare to please a knave as a knight.

取悦坏蛋和骑士同样困难。

All Stuarts are not sib to the king.

与国王同姓的不是王亲。

（4）与航海有关的谚语

A great ship asks deep water.

大船深水行。

A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner.

海水平静难造优秀水手。

Little boats must keep to the shore.

小船随岸行。

Many drops of water will sink the ship.

积漏成多会沉掉航船。

Rats desert a sinking ship.

船沉鼠要逃。/树倒猢狲散。

在翻译这些谚语时，我们同样可以借鉴前面所学到的翻译技巧，如：

（1）直译法

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。

A good beginning makes a good ending.

有良好的开端，才有良好的结果。

A lazy youth, a lousy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

Better late than never.

迟到总比不来好。

Example is better than precept.

以身作则胜于口头教诲。

Half a loaf is better than no bread.

有总比没有好。

（2）意译法

A quiet conscience sleeps in thunder.

白日不做亏心事，半夜敲门心不惊。

All work and no play makes a Jack a dull boy.

只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war.

两雄相遇，其斗必烈。

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

覆水难收，哭亦无用。

练习

一、请选择合适的词填空。

dimension　　　 location　　raw material　　Reverse　　　　customer

distribution　　supplier　　recirculate　　 traditional　　maximum

Traditionally, logistics has been defined in two dimensions.The first 1 focuses on materials management and the second focuses on 2 .Materials management covers all the functions for 3 acquisition to production at plants, and distribution covers movement from plant to customers. 4 logistics adds a third dimension.Reverse logistics, as the name implies, deals with the handling, storage and movementof material that flows from the end 5 back to the seller or 6 .This includes returns, defectives, containers or boxes and packaging material.Reverse logistics is also known as “environmental responsible logistics” since it helps to recycle unwanted material and 7 or defectives to other stores.

In a broad sense, reverse logistics must be incorporated into 8 logistics framework to formulate an integrated logistics pipeline.Essentially, an integrated logistics pipeline includes a flow in the reverse direction starting from the customers.The flow maybe synchronized with the back-haul movement of the distribution flow for 9 efficiently wherever possible.In other words, one should schedule a pick-up of returns or packaging material from a store with the delivery of products to that store.The locations for recycling centers or the selection of recycling centers may be based on proximity to end customers where returns or packing material are generated.In other words, the design of the supply chain must include considerations related to reverse logistics such as 10 of landfills, incinerators and recycling centers, transportation of returns or packing material and the type of containers to store and move products.

二、把下列段落译成汉语。

1.Production costs differ by country being influenced by labor costs, technology, volume of production, transportation and products costs.Lack of mobility is a major factor.Some products and resources can only be utilized where they are located or found, for example, minerals.Economies of scale vary by product/service, both internally and externally within an economy.

2.In a developed country, there will be a good infrastructure and a technically trained workforce.Convertible stable currencies are more likely with a politically stable government.However, labor costs will be relatively high.Conversely, the less developed country will have a less stable currency, poor infrastructure and low labor costs with limited technical skills.

3.A high speed transport mode reduces stock levels—both static and in transit—and the financial implications are therefore apparent.In effect the average lead time between manufacture and sale is shortened and this results in a saving in financial resources.In reality it improves company cash flow or liquidity.

4.In a more practical sense, logistics refers to the systematic management of the various activities required to move benefits from their point of production to the customer.Often these benefits are in the form of a tangible product that must be manufactured and moved to the user; sometimes these benefits are intangible and are known as services.They too must be produced and made available to the final customer.But logistics encompasses much more than just the transport of goods.The concept of benefits is a multifaceted one that goes beyond the product or service itself to include issues regarding timing, quantity, supporting services, location and cost.So a basic definition of logistics is the continuous process of meeting customer needs by ensuring the availability of the right benefits for the right customer, in the quantity and condition desired by that customer, at the time and place the customer wants them, all for a price the buyer is willing to pay.These concepts apply equally well to for-profit industries and non-profit organizations.

三、把下列段落译成英语。

1.即使没有出口市场，巨大的国内市场使得规模经济也能得以发展。此外，过剩的廉价劳动力资源赋予中国生产和出口劳动密集型产品的优势，并使中国市场成为一个有吸引力的采购市场。中国物产丰富，有丰富的资源、矿物及农业资源，因此中国不需要或者很少进口这些产品，缓解了国际收支平衡压力，使得产业迅速成长。另外，中国重视教育培训，使得生产率大大提高，促进了现代产业技术的快速应用。

2.有效的物流战略把重点放在高效的国际供应链管理上。进口商经常寻找方法来提高他们的效率，这些方法不仅包括流水作业程序，还包括识别和开发任何可能节约成本的机会。在国际环境中进行零部件采购，产品在不同的税收管辖范围，以不同的关税销往不同的目的地，了解关税、增值税和直接税细则是非常必要的。

3.直到20世纪60年代，整个欧洲的主要食品物流模式相对地是小食品商或是通过当地零售出口而运用的多种连锁商店。大量汽车拥有者的到来使这种物流模式在二十年内几乎所有的欧盟国家转变成一种大规模的超级市场。正是这种变化，导致许多其他传统零售机制遭到破坏，例如药剂师、屠夫、蔬菜水果商、鱼贩、乳制品店，甚至是面包师以及油漆匠和壁纸装饰者。

4.从事出口的企业必须在国内存储产品，因其只有收到订单后才装运货物，因此，不需要在国外存储货物。然而，如果使用经销商或其他类型的中间人，必须在渠道内的其他场合存储货物。制造商或供应商在分销渠道储藏库存的能力因市场的不同而不同，主要取决于中间人的规模、顾客库存策略、最终消费者对产品的需求、存储成本和不同市场的服务水平等。在日本和多数欧洲国家，零售网络是由众多的小商店组成的。每个小店的存储能力很小，结果，这些商店必须频繁地向分销商、制造商或其他中间商订货。在美国，零售商店虽数目较少，然而规模相当大，存储职能很容易有渠道中间人直接转向零售商。