第三章 法律英语的句法特征
从语篇结构层次上看,法律语篇最突出的特点是它的高度程式化。法律语篇注重前后层次、埋伏照应、结构严谨、简详得当并具有严格特殊的程式。立法语篇结构层次分明,都是采用从宏观到微观、从总论、总则到条文、从重要条文到次要条文的语篇结构。这种程式化语篇是保持法律规范的庄严性及其内容的严谨合理和准确规范的必要手段,能使法律规范的内涵得到最充分的体现。司法语篇是国家司法机关依法制作或发布的有关处理诉讼案件的具有法律效力或者法律意义的司法公文。司法语篇的法律规范性和严肃性要求在其制作和使用上要符合一定的规范,即语言规范、内容完整、格式统一,例如:上诉书、抗诉书、申诉书等,其制作均有相应具体规范要求。
在句法上,法律语篇多用结构紧密、说理完整的长句,常常使用并列结构和复杂的同位语成分,为了保证表述的严谨准确性,有时会放弃简洁明了性和可读性。例如英国的法律法规都是由一句话构成的,首先前面使用一个“Be it enacted...”的颁布套语,然后一条一条地列出具体的法律内容。这样的法律条文必然很长,并带有各种复杂的附加修饰成分、插入语、并列结构和同位语等句子成分,虽然造成阅读和理解甚至是使用上的困难,但是却能保证法律内涵的完整性、准确性和严密性。
法律英语语篇从句式上而言,主要有以下特点:
一、句子冗长,结构复杂
我们很少能读到以简单句为主的法律文件,更多的是以庞大的从句、并列短语、次序复杂多变为特色的长句结构。在英文原版的法律文件中,一连六七行才找到一个句号的例句并不少见。法律英语的句法特点是和法律英语的文体特征密切相连的,正式的法律条规和文本中由于对中心词的限定过多,对某一法律概念成立的条件限定很多,所以法律英语的长句居多,短句少,引语少。
例1:Where a foreigner,enterprise applies for trademark registration in China,the matter shall be handled in accordance with any agreement concluded between the country to which the applicant belongs and the People’s Republic of China,or any international treaty to which both countries are parties,or on the basis of the principle of reciprocity.
外国人或者外国企业在中国申请商标注册的,应当按其所属国和中华人民共和国签订的协议或者共同参加的国际条约办理,或者按对等原则办理。
例句1中除在句首使用了由Where…,引导的状语分句外,句中还有由介词to+关系代词which引导的两个关系分句,更增加了该句子的复杂性,反映了法律英语句子步步为营、层层设防的特点从而达到了表述严谨、语意严密的效果。从例句中,我们可以看到,法律英语在句子结构上连绵不断、盘根错节的原因主要在于,法律英语中除了使用陈述义务的状语分句、使用层层限制修饰的关系分句外,还大量地使用由状语分句和关系分句以及其他一些分句构成的综合复杂句,以达到准确、严密和不产生歧义的目的。
例2:A negotiating party can expressly stop a statement from becoming an offer,for example,by stating that it can not be accepted by the other party or is not intended to be legally binding or by stating that a contract will only come into existence when the maker of that statement signifies assent。
在协商过程中,任何一方当事人均可明确表示某项声明并非要约。例如,一方当事人可以明确指出对方不得就该声明作出承诺,或明确指出其无意使该声明具有法律约束力,或明确指出只有在其表示同意时合约才告成立。
在理解此种句子时,可以通过调整句子中心、结构、长度以及必要的词汇增减来实现。特别是在理解法律条文时,应清楚其主要由假设与法律适用两部分组成。
例3:Unless otherwise consented in writing by Party A,the Goods shall not be removed,transferred,or stored outside the place designated by Party A or be out of Party B’s physical control.In case of the occurrence thereof,Party B shall make payments for the Goods into the account designated by Party A as the repayment in full or in part of the principal of the loan on the same day or on or before the immediately following working day.
除甲方书面同意外,不得将货物以任何方式转移、运输或存放在甲方指定的场所以外或处于乙方的实际控制之外,否则,乙方应于该事项发生的当日(最迟下个工作日)将该等货物的价款支付到甲方指定账户,作为向甲方归还的部分或全部贷款本金。
例4:If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning the general mature,leading marks,number of packages or pieces,weight or quantity of the goods which the carrier or other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf knows or has reasonable grounds to suspect do not accurately represent the goods actually taken over or,where a shipped bill of lading issued,loaded,or if he had no reasonable means of checking such particulars,the carrier or such other person must insert in the bill of lading a reservation specifying these inaccuracies,grounds of suspicion of the absence of reasonable means of checking.
如果承运人或代其签发提单的其他人确知或者有合理的根据怀疑提单所载有关货物的品类、主要标志、包数或件数、重量或数量等项目没有准确地表示实际接管的货物,或在签发“已装船”提单的情况下,没有准确地表示实际装船的货物,或者他无适当的方法来核对这些项目,则承运人或其他人必须在提单上做出保留,说明不符之处,怀疑根据,或无适当的核对方法。
这句取自《联合国一九七八年海上货物运公约》中有关提单的条款,仅英语词汇就有102个,这种长句在法律英语文体中随处可见。
二、语序变化大,短语、从句插入多,语序调换多
法律英语并不像普通英语那样,将时间状语要么放到句首,用逗号和主句隔开,要么放在句末,而是惯于使用插入法,将状语、同位语或定语插入到主语、谓语只间,或谓语、宾语之间,或句子其他位置。例如:
“申请人应自接到主观机关的批准通知后30日内办理工商登记手续”。在普通英语中很可能译为“Applicant should go through industrial and commercial registration within 30 days upon receipt of notice of approval from relevant competent authority”。
而在法律英语中规范表达一般为:“Applicant,within 30 days upon receipt of notice of approval from relevant competent authority,should go through industrial and commercial registration”。
在普通英语中,如句子中逗号太多,会影响语意的流畅和读者的思维。而法律英语中惯用插入和调序手法处理句子,用意在于将应当重视的部分放在句中的特殊位置,用逗号各开,以引起读者的注意。
三、大多采用一般现在时态
通常法律英语在时态的使用上一方面大多采用一般现在时态,用以阐述道理,确立规范或规定权利、义务等;另一方面在表示“应当、必须”等义务或职责的法律规定时,在第三人称主语后使用shall和be to结构。
例1:No entity or individual may suppress the application of an inventor or designer for a patent in respect of an invention-creation that is not job-related.
对发明人或者设计人的非职务发明创造专利申请,任何单位或者个人不得压制。
主句的谓语使用的时态是一般现在时may suppress,在由that引导的关系分句中也是使用的一般现在时态is构成的谓语。
例2:The parties shall perform their obligations stipulated in the contract.No party shall unilaterally modify or rescind the contract.
当事人应当履行合同约定的义务,任何人不得擅自变更或者解除合同。
在第三人称主语之后,由shall构成的谓语用来表示汉语的“应当”。
例3:In the case of a contract which,according to the laws or administrative regulations of the People’s Republic of China,is to be formed with the approval of the state,the assignment of the contractual rights and obligations shall be subject to the approval of the authority which approved the contract,unless otherwise stipulated in the approved contract.
中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准成立的合同,其权利和义务的转让,应当经原批准机关批准,但是,已批准的合同中另有约定的除外。
例中既使用了is to又使用了shall,交替使用构成谓语,表示汉语的”应当”。
四、陈述句的使用
法律文本是用来确认法律关系、贯彻法律条令、规定人们的权利和义务以及陈述案件的事实的专用公文。其表述的内容必须准确、客观和规范,不能有任何的引申、推理和表达感情,所以法律文本的基本句式通常是陈述句结构。陈述句的表述方法,可以使人们对法律的规定一目了然。例如:
1.The Arbitration Commission has one honorary Chairman and several advisers.
仲裁委员会设名誉主任一人,顾问若干人。
2.The Chairman performs the functions and duties vested by him by these Rules and the Vice-Chairman may perform the Chairman’s functions and duties with Chairman’s authorization.
主任履行本规则赋予的职责,副主任受主任的委托可以履行主任的职责。
3.The arbitration tribunal shall hold oral hearings when examining a case.
仲裁庭应当开庭审理案件。
以上三例句都是使用陈述句句式,来规定仲裁委员会的设立,主任、副主任的职责,对仲裁案件的审理,这种直接用陈述句表述的方法,可以使人们对法律的规定一目了然。
再如:The Purchaser further undertakes and agrees to procure and ensure that the independent auditors of the Purchaser and any agent,employee or independent contractor of the Purchaser abide by this Clause
买方进一步承诺和同意确保买方的独立审计师和任何代理人、雇员或独立承包人遵守本条规定。
五、完整句的使用
由于法律文本结构的完整性和表意的严密性,在法律英语句子的使用中,一般采用主语、谓语都具备的完全主谓句,即完整句,通常不使用省略句或单部句,以免造成句子缺省而出现误解或歧义,甚至被人任意歪曲。只有使用完整句,才能有效地将法律文本所要表述的内容完整地体现出来,显示法律英语语言的严谨性和规范性。
例1:“Design”in the Patent Law means any new design of the shape,pattern,color,or their combination,of a product,which creates an aesthetic feeling and is fit for industrial application.
专利法所称外观设计,是指对产品的形状、图案、色彩或者结合所做出的富有美感并适用于工业上应用的新设计。
例2:Party B hereby unconditionally and irrevocably instructs Party A and confirms the following matters that Party A shall,subject to the stipulations of this Agreement and the Credit Agreement for Goods Sale,make the loan to Party B on the date of its receipt of the Shipment Notice sent from Party C or on the immediately following day thereof pursuant to the corresponding price of the Goods specified in such Shipment Notice.
乙方在此无条件地、不可撤销地指示甲方并确认以下事项,甲方应根据本协议和《货物销售信贷协议》中的约定,在收到丙方发出的装运通知之日(或次日),按该装运通知列明的货物对应价款向乙方发放贷款。
六、被动语态的使用
英文法律文本中大量使用被动句,是由法律文本的客观性所决定的。作为法律英语的一般规则,句子中的行为主体不但要明示,而且应置于句首。但被动结构利于表达法律语言的概括性特征,最大特点就是不带个人的主观性。法律文本的功能是传达信息,核心就是客观真实可信,因而法律英语常用被动句。
例1:The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is registered;if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile,his habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
公民以他的户籍所在地的居住地为住所,经常居住地与住所不一致,经常居住地视为住所。
例2:The formation of this Contract,its validity、interpretation,execution and settlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China(“PRC”)、but in the event that there is no published and publicly available law in the PRC governing a particular matter relating xo this Contract,reference shall be made to general international commercial practices.
本合同的订立、效力、解释、执行及合同争议的解决,均受中华人民共和国法律管辖。中国颁布的法律对本合同相关的某一事项未作规定的,参照国际商业惯例。
例3:Unless otherwise specified in writing herein,all Confidential Information must be returned to the disclosing Party or destroyed on the expiration of the period of the receiving Party’s using such Confidential Information.
除非本协议另有书面规定,所有机密信息在接收方使用期限届满时必须退还给披露方或者销毁。
例4:Where the disputes arising out of or in relation to this Contract can not be resolved within fifteen(15)days after any Party hereto requesting in writing the other Party to commencing a consultation on said disputes,either Party may submit it to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration(CIETAC).
如果在合同任何一方向对方发出就因本合同引起的或与之有关的任何争议进行协商的书面请求后15天内,争议仍未得到解决,则任何一方可以将该争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁。
七、状语分句的使用
法律文书中关于义务部分的陈述是至关重要的,它是享受权利的前提和条件。在法律英语中关于义务的陈述表现在句子结构上,往往使用条件状语分句或让步状语分句。
例1:If two or more applicants apply for registration of identical or similar trademarks for the same kind of goods or similar goods,the trademark whose registration was first applied for shall be given preliminary examination and approval and shall be publicly announced;if theapplicants are filed on the same day,the trademark which was first used shall be given preliminary examination and approval and shall be publicly announced,and the applications of the others shall be rejected and shall not be publicly announced.
两个或者两个以上的申请人,在同一种商品或者类似商品上,以相同或者近似的商标申请注册的,初步审定并公告申请在先的商标;同一天申请的,初步审定并公告使用在先的商标,驳回其他人的申请,不予公告。
在法律英语中除了If…引导的条件状语分句外,还常常使用由Whereas…,Provided that…,Where…,When…等引导的状语分句。
例2:When a party assigns,wholly or in part,its contractual rights and obligations to a third party,it must obtain the consent of the other party.
当事人一方将合同权利和义务的全部或者部分转让给第三人的,应当取得另一方的同意。
例3:Where using other’s registered trademarks has been permitted,the names of the licensee and the production place of the commodity must be marked in the commodity using the registered trademark.
经许可使用注册商标的,必须在使用该注册商标的商品上标明被许可人的名称和商品产地。
例4:Where a foreigner,enterprise applies for trademark registration in China,the matter shall be handled in accordance with any agreement concluded between the country to which the applicant belongs and the People’s Republic of China,or any international treaty to which both countries are parties,or on the basis of the principle of reciprocity.
外国人或者外国企业在中国申请商标注册的,应当按其所属国和中华人民共和国签订的协议或者共同参加的国际条约办理,或者按对等原则办理。
八、定语从句的使用
法律英语较之普通英语更准确,限定更严谨所以限定性定语从句,这一必不可少的定语运用得比较普遍,而作为补充、说明、解释性的非限制性定语从句用得比较少。我们现在来观察以下例句。
例1:The licensee shall give the Licensor in writing full particulars of any use or proposed use by any other person,company of a trade name,trademark,or get-up of goods,means of promotion or advertising which amounts to or is likely to amount to infringement of the rights of the Licensor in relation to the Licensed Trademarks or contravention of the Anti-unfair Competition Law as soon as it becomes aware of such use or proposed use.
一旦获悉任何其他个人、公司使用或拟使用的商品名称、商标、商品装饰、促销或广告手段,构成或可能构成对许可方有关受许可商标权利的侵犯或违反反不正当竞争法,受许可方应以书面形式将详细情况通知许可方。(限制性定语从句)
例2:Questions concerning matters governed by this convention which are not expresslysettled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or,in the absence of such principles,in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.
凡本公约未明确解决的属于本公约范围的问题,应按照本公约所依据的一般原则来解决,在没有一般原则的情况下,则应按照国际私法规定适用的法律来解决。(限制性定语从句)
例3:The accused has the right to defense,which is guaranteed by the constitution.被告人有辩护权,这一辩护权受到宪法的保障。(非限制性定语从句)
例4:All facts that prove the true circumstances of a case were evidence.
证明案件真实情况的一切事实都是证据。(限制性定语从句)
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