常用法律文本翻译示例

第十二章　常用法律文本翻译示例

依据导论中对法律文本的分类，本章将对相关法律文本的翻译进行依次论述，并提供相关参考译文。

第一节　翻　译　示　例

一、法律法规类文本

法律法规类文本就是大家通常所说的立法文本，这一类法律文本，一般通过集体合作，由国际组织、政府组织专业人员翻译。这类文本的翻译水平一般较高，是研习法律文本入门的必备资料。

（一）《美利坚合众国宪法》（The Constitution of the United States of America）

美国的每一个州都有自己的宪法，但是人们通常所说的宪法都指联邦宪法｡1787年5月，美国各州代表在费城召开制宪会议，同年9月通过了《美利坚合众国宪法》｡1789年，美国宪法正式生效，后又附加了27条宪法修正案｡美国宪法是世界上“寿命最长”的成文宪法｡作为世界上第一部成文宪法，美国宪法也为以后许多国家宪法的制定提供了成功的范本｡

Preamble

We the people of the United States,in order to form a more perfect union，establish justice，insure domestic tranquility，provide for the common defense,promote the general welfare,and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity,do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

…….

（二）《美国统一商法典》（Uniform Commercial Code）

《美国统一商法典》（Uniform Commercial Code）是在统一州法全国委员会和美国法学会的共同努力下所取得的最成功和最重要的成果，也是最为著名的一部“标准法典”。它分为11章（Article），以总则（General Provisions）和各分则的形式，对现实中的商事规则和商事惯例进行了归纳和制度层面的架构。它基本消除了各州商法对州际交易因规定不同而造成的障碍，实现了美国商法在州际交易范围内，关于销售、票据、担保、信贷各领域规定的统一（除路易斯安那州之外的49个州、哥伦比亚特区和维尔京岛都采纳了这部法典），并为各类商事交易活动提供了优良的模式，被美国国内乃至国际商事社会广泛采用和吸收，实现了商法的国际性。

TITLE

AN ACT

To be known as the Uniform Commercial Code,Relating to Certain Commercial Transactions in or regarding Personal Property and Contracts and other Documents concerning them,including Sales,Commercial Paper,Bank Deposits and Collections,Letters of Credit,Bulk Transfers,Warehouse Receipts,Bills of Lading,other Documents of Title,Investment Securities,and Secured Transactions,including certain Sales of Accounts,Chattel Paper,and Contract Rights；Providing for Public Notice to Third Parties in Certain Circumstances；Regulating Procedure,Evidence and Damages in Certain Court Actions Involving such Transactions,Contracts or Documents；to Make Uniform the Law with Respect Inconsistent Legislation.

…….

（三）《中华人民共和国宪法》（The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China）

……

本宪法以法律的形式确认了中国各族人民奋斗的成果，规定了国家的根本制度和根本任务，是国家的根本法，具有最高的法律效力。全国各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织，都必须以宪法为根本的活动准则，并且负有维护宪法尊严、保证宪法实施的职责。

第一章　总　纲

第一条　中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。

社会主义制度是中华人民共和国的根本制度。禁止任何组织或者个人破坏社会主义制度。

第二条　中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。

人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。

人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务。

第三条　中华人民共和国的国家机构实行民主集中制的原则。

全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生，对人民负责，受人民监督。

国家行政机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督。

中央和地方的国家机构职权的划分，遵循在中央的统一领导下，充分发挥地方的主动性、积极性的原则。

第四条　中华人民共和国各民族一律平等。国家保障各少数民族的合法的权利和利益，维护和发展各民族的平等、团结、互助关系。禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。

国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要，帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展。

各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权。各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分。

各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。

第五条　中华人民共和国实行依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家。

国家维护社会主义法制的统一和尊严。

一切法律、行政法规和地方性法规都不得同宪法相抵触。

一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织都必须遵守宪法和法律。一切违反宪法和法律的行为，必须予以追究。

任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权。

……

（四）《中华人民共和国民法通则》（General Principle’s of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China）

……

第一章　基　本　原　则

第一条　为了保障公民、法人的合法的民事权益，正确调整民事关系，适应社会主义现代化建设事业发展的需要，根据宪法和我国实际情况，总结民事活动的实践经验，制定本法。

第二条　中华人民共和国民法调整平等主体的公民之间、法人之间、公民和法人之间的财产关系和人身关系。

第三条　当事人在民事活动中的地位平等。

第四条　民事活动应当遵循自愿、公平、等价有偿、诚实信用的原则。

第五条　公民、法人的合法的民事权益受法律保护，任何组织和个人不得侵犯。

第六条　民事活动必须遵守法律，法律没有规定的，应当遵守国家政策。

第七条　民事活动应当尊重社会公德，不得损害社会公共利益，破坏国家经济计划，扰乱社会经济秩序。

第八条　在中华人民共和国领域内的民事活动，适用中华人民共和国法律，法律另有规定的除外。

本法关于公民的规定，适用于在中华人民共和国领域内的外国人、无国籍人，法律另有规定的除外。

……

二、商业协议类文本

此类文本是法律翻译实践中使用最广、实用价值较高，也是从事法律翻译应该、必须掌握的文本。此类文本的主要特点是格式化，受国内法调整，但不以国内法为依据，而是以贸易惯例、全球通行的法律原则为起草依据而制定，即当事人合意的任意性条款较多。以下是常用各种性质的合同的中英对照翻译：

续表

（一）独家代理协议（Sole Agency Agreement）

This Sole Agency Agreement is made and entered into this 28th day of September,2009,in Changsha,Hunan,China through friendly negotiations by and between Far East Industrial Corporation of America,having its principal office at New York of U．S．A.（hereinafter called Principal）and Changsha Electronic Products Import ＆ Export Corporation,having its principal office at Changsha,Hunan,China（hereinafter called Agent）on the basis of equality and mutual benefit to develop business on the terms and conditions set forth below：

1．Principal agrees to appoint Agent to act as its sole agent in the territory of Changsha,Hunan,China for the sale of COMPAQ 1200 computers supplied by Principal.

2．Price：

Agent is under obligation to push sale energetically at the price quoted by Principal．Each transaction is subject to Principal’s final confirmation.

3．Quantity：

During the under-mentioned period,Agent shall place orders with Principle for not less than 5,000 sets of COMPAQ 1200 computers．Agent shall order at least 2,500 sets in the first six months from the date of signing this agreement．Should Agent fail to fulfill the abovementioned quantity（namely 2,500 sets）in this duration,Principal shall have the right to sell the goods under this agreement to other customers in Changsha．In case Agent places orders for less than 1,000 sets in three months from the date on which the agreement is signed,Principle shall have the right to terminate this agreement by giving notice in writing to Agent.

4．Payment：

Payment is to be made by confirmed,irrevocable Letter of Credit,without recourse,available by sight draft upon presentation of shipping documents．The Letter of Credit for each order shall reach Principal 30 days before（prior to）the date of shipment．Should Agent fail to establish the Letter of Credit in time,any loss or losses including bank interest,storage,etc．which Principal may sustain shall be borne by Agent.

5．Commission

Principal agrees to pay Agent a commission of 5%（five percent）on F．O．B value of orders．The commission is to be paid only after full payment for each order is received by Principal．As stated in Article 3）of this agreement,no commission shall be paid on orders secured and executed by Principal itself.

6．Reports on Market Condition：

Agent shall have the obligation to forward once every three months to Principal detailed reports on current market conditions and on consumers’ comment．For Principal’s itself,Agent shall,from time to time,forward to Principal samples of similar commodity offered by other suppliers,together with their price,sales position and advertising material.

7．Advertising ＆ Publicity Expenses：

Agent shall bear all expenses for advertising and publicity within the aforementionedterritory in the duration of this Agreement and submit to Principal all drafts and/or drawings intended for such purposes for prior approval.

8．Validity of Agreement：

This Agreement,when duly signed by the parties concerned,shall remain in force for two years to be effective as from September 28,2009 to September 27,2011．If a renewal of this Agreement is desired,notice in writing should be given by either party within one month prior to its expiry．Should one of the parties fail to comply with the terms and conditions of this Agreement,the other party is entitled to terminate this Agreement.

9．Arbitration：

All disputes arising from the execution of this Agreement shall be settled through negotiation between both parties．In the event that no settlement can be reached,the case in dispute shall then be submitted for arbitration to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade,Changsha,in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Foreign Trade Arbitration．The decision made by this Commission shall be regarded as final and is binding on both parties.

10．Other Terms ＆ Conditions：

1）Principal shall not supply the contracted commodity to other buyers in the abovementioned territory．Direct enquiries,if any,will be referred to Agent．However,should any other buyers insist on dealing direct with Principal,Principal should have the right to deal with them．In the latter case,Principal shall send to Agent a copy of relevant S/C and reserve 3 per cent（3%）commission for Agent on the net invoice value of the transactions concluded.

2）Should Agent fail to send their orders to Principal for a minimum of..．for a period of ..．months,Principal shall not be bound to this Agreement.

3）For any business transacted between governments of both parties,Principal shall have full right handle such direct dealings as authorized by principal’s government without binding themselves to this Agreement．Agent shall not interfere with such direct dealings,nor shall Agent bring forward any demand for compensations or commission thereof.

4）Other terms and conditions shall be subject to those specified in the formal S/C signed by both parties.

This Agreement is made out in quadruplicate，each party bolding two copies.

Principal________　　　　　　　Agent________

（二）包销协议书（Exclusive Sales Agreement）

经友好协商，中国、北京，中国国家进出口公司（以下称甲方）与埃及、开罗，×××公司（以下称乙方）就下列条款条件缔结协议：

1．甲方委托乙方在埃及地区包销“天坛”牌男式衬衫。此协议有效期自2009年5月至2011年5月。

2．数量：在上述时间内，乙方应努力促销，其“天坛”牌男式衬衫销售量不低于两百万件，每季度销售量应大致均等。

3．在此协议有效期内，甲方不应以埃及各港口为终到港向其他厂商提供上述货物，同时乙方保证不购买、促销或代理任何其他厂商提供的与条款1所述货物相同或类似的产品。乙方保证不将上述货物转运至任何甲方已经授权包销或代销商的地区。一旦发现任何违反上述协议的行为，甲方有权终止本协议。

4．如包销地区其他买家向甲方提出购买上述货物，甲方应介绍其向乙方购买。如对方坚持直接向甲方购买，甲方可以进行交易。同样，甲方可以不低于给乙方报价的价格与访问中国及参加中国出口商品展览会的埃及买主进行交易。在上述情况下，甲方同意付给乙方每单交易船上交货价的1%的佣金，并向乙方提供交易相关合同的副本。

5．在此协议有效期间，双方应严格遵守协议各条款规定的条件。如任何一方违反协议，必要时另一方有权宣布终止本协议。

6．乙方负责每月向甲方寄送报告以供参考。报告包括上述货物的当地市场情况（关于价格水平的细节以及对商品品种的需求）。

7．本协议期满后，双方将通过协商决定终止或续签协议。

8．本协议分别由中、英两种语言书写，两种文本具同等法律效力。每个版本双方均持有。

甲方：×××　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　乙方：×××

2009年4月26日

（三）货物进口合同（Purchase Contract）

……

The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below：

1．Name,Specifications and Quality of Commodity：

2．Quantity：

（________% more or less allowed）

3．Unit Price：

4．Total Amount：

5．Terms of Delivery FOB/CFR/CIF________

6．Country of Origin and Manufacturers：

7．Packing：

The packing of the goods shall be preventive from dampness,rust,moisture,erosion and shock,and shall be suitable for ocean transportation/ multiple transportation．The Seller shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing．The measurement,gross weight,net weight and the cautions such as “Do not stack up side down”,“Keep away from moisture”,“Handle with care” shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fadeless pigment.

8．Shipping Marks：

9．Time of Shipment：

10．Port of Loading：

11．Port of Destination：

12．Insurance：

Insurance shall be covered by the________for 110% of the invoice value against________ Risks and________Additional Risks.

13．Terms of Payment：

1）Letter of Credit：The Buyer shall,________days prior to the time of shipment /after this Contract comes into effect,open an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Seller．The Letter of Credit shall expire________days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated.

2）Documents against payment：After shipment,the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange on the Buyer and deliver the documents through Sellers bank and________Bank to the Buyer against payment,i.e D/P．The Buyer shall effect the payment immediately upon the first presentation of the bill（s）of exchange.

3）Documents against Acceptance：After shipment,the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange,payable________days after the Buyers delivers the document through Seller’s bank and________Bank to the Buyer against acceptance（D/A________days）．The Buyer shall make the payment on date of the bill of exchange.

4）Cash on delivery（COD）：The Buyer shall pay to the Seller total amount within________ days after the receipt of the goods（This clause is not applied to the Terms of FOB,CFR,CIF）.

14．Documents Required：

The Seller shall present the following documents required to the bank for negotiation/collection：

1）Full set of clean on board Ocean/Combined Transportation/Land Bills of Lading and blank endorsed marked freight prepaid/ to collect；

2）Signed commercial invoice in________copies indicating Contract No.,L/C No.（Terms of L/C）and shipping marks；

3）Packing list/weight memo in________copies issued by________；

4）Certificate of Quality in________copies issued by________；

5）Certificate of Quantity in________copies issued by________；

6）Insurance policy/certificate in________copies（Terms of CIF）；

7）Certificate of Origin in________copies issued by________；

8）Shipping advice：

The Seller shall,within________hours after shipment effected,send by courier each copy of the above-mentioned documents No..

15．Terms of Shipment：

1）FOB

The Seller shall,30 days before the shipment date specified in the Contract,advise the Buyer by________of the Contract No.,commodity,quantity,amount,packages,gross weight,measurement,and the date of shipment in order that the Buyer can charter a vessel/book shipping space．In the event of the Seller’s failure to effect loading when the vessel arrives duly at the loading port,all expenses including dead freight and/or demurrage charges thus incurred shall be for the Seller’s account.

2）CIF or CFR

The Seller shall ship the goods duly within the shipping duration from the port of loading to the port of destination．Under CFR terms,the Seller shall advise the Buyer by________of the Contract No.,commodity,invoice value and the date of dispatch two days before the shipment for the Buyer to arrange insurance in time.

16．Shipping Advice：

The Seller shall,immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods,advise the Buyer of the Contract No.,names of commodity,loading quantity,invoice values,gross weight,name of vessel and shipment date by________within________hours.

17．Quality Guarantee：

The Seller shall guarantee that the commodity must be in conformity with the quality,specifications and quantity specified in this Contract and Letter of Quality Guarantee．The guarantee period shall be________months after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination,and during the period the Seller shall be responsible for the damage due to the defects in designing and manufacturing of the manufacturer.

18．Inspection：

1）The Seller shall have the goods inspected by________days before the shipment and have the Inspection Certificate issued by________．The Buyer may have the goods reinspected by________after the goods arrival at the destination.

2）The manufacturers shall,before delivery,make a precise and comprehensive inspection of the goods with regard to its quality,specifications,performance and quantity/weight,and issue inspection certificates certifying the technical data and conclusion of the inspection．After arrival of the goods at the port of destination,the Buyer shall apply to China Commodity Inspection Bureau（hereinafter referred to as CCIB）for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods．If damages of the goods are found,or the specifications and/or quantity are not in conformity with the stipulations in this Contract,except when the responsibilities lies with Insurance Company or Shipping Company,the Buyer shall,within________days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination,claim against the Seller,or reject the goods according to the inspection certificate issued by CCIB．In case of damage of the goods incurred due to the design or manufacture defects and/or in case the quality and performance are not in conformity with the Contract,the Buyer shall,during the guarantee period,request CCIB to make a survey.

19．Claim：

The buyer shall make a claim against the Seller（including replacement of the goods）by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the Seller．The claims mentioned above shall be regarded as being accepted if the Seller fail to reply within________days after the Seller received the Buyer’s claim.

20．Late delivery and Penalty：

Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract,with the exception of Force Majeure causes specified in Clause 21 of this Contract,the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on the condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation．The rate of penalty is charged at________% for every________days,odd days less than________days should be counted as________days．But the penalty,however,shall not exceed________% of the total value of the goods involved in the delayed delivery．In case the Seller fail to make delivery________days later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract,the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract and the Seller,in spite of the cancellation,shall nevertheless pay the aforesaid penalty to the Buyer without delay.

The buyer shall have the right to lodge a claim against the Seller for the losses sustained if any.

21．Force Majeure：

The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure,which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit．The Seller shall advise the Buyer immediately of the occurrence mentioned above and within________days thereafter the Seller shall send a notice by courier to the Buyer for their acceptance of a certificate of the accident issued by the local chamber of commerce under whose jurisdiction the accident occurs as evidence thereof．Under such circumstances the Seller,however,are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods．In case the accident lasts for more than________days the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the Contract.

22．Arbitration：

Any dispute arising from or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation．In case no settlement is reached,the dispute shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission（CIETAC），Shenzhen Commission,for arbitration in accordance with its rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration．The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.

23．Notices：

All notice shall be written in________and served to both parties by fax/courier according to the following addresses．If any changes of the addresses occur,one party shall inform the other party of the change of address within________days after the change.

24．The terms FOB、CFR、CIF in the Contract are based on INCOTERMS 2010 of the International Chamber of Commerce.

25．Additional clause：

Conflicts between Contract clause hereabove and this additional clause,if any,it is subject to this additional clause.

26．This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English,each of which shall deemed equally authentic．This Contract is in________copies,effective since being signed/sealed by both parties.

Representative of the Buyer

（Authorized signature）：________________

Representative of the Seller

（Authorized signature）：________________

（四）补偿贸易合同（Compensation Trade Contract）

……

鉴于乙方拥有现用于制造________的机器设备，并愿意将机器设备卖给甲方；鉴于乙方同意购买甲方用乙方提供的机器设备生产的________，以补偿其机器设备的价款；

鉴于甲方同意从乙方购买该项机器设备；

鉴于甲方有意向乙方出售________，以偿还乙方的机器设备价款；

因此，考虑到本协议所述的前提和约定，甲、乙双方特订立此协议。

第一条　贸易内容

1．乙方向甲方提供用于生产的________型机械________台，以及各种其他辅助机械设备，并同时提供各类机械设备所必需的附配件及备用件，以及在生产过程中各种必需的测试仪器。具体的各类机械设备、测试仪器、附、配件、备用件之型号、名称、规格、数量、价格、包装、要求、交货期限等，由双方另行签订设备进口合同，作为本合同不可分割的一部分。

2．甲方用乙方提供的机械设备所生产的部分产品以及其他商品，或经双方协商，用________工厂生产的________商品来偿付全部机械设备的价款。具体的偿付商品的名称、数量、价格、交货期限等，由双方另行签订补偿商品供货合同，作为本合同不可分割的一部分，设备进口合同与补偿商品供货合同可合并为补偿贸易购销合同。

第二条　支付条件与方式

由甲乙双方对开信用证，即由甲方分期开出以乙方为受益人的远期信用证，分期、分批支付全部机械设备的价款；乙方开出以甲方为受益人的即期信用证，支付补偿商品的货款。甲方用乙方支付补偿商品的货款来支付全部机械设备的价款。当乙方支付的货款不能相抵甲方所开的远期信用证之金额时，其差额部分由乙方用预付货款方式，在甲方所开的远期信用证到期前汇付甲方，以使甲方能按时议付所开的远期信用证。甲方所开的远期信用证的按期付款，是基于乙方按规定开出限期信用证及按规定预付货款。乙方保证按规定开出信用证及预付货款。

第三条　偿付期限

甲方用________年________个月，分月用商品偿付全部机械设备的价款。偿还日期自第一批机械设备到货后约________个月后开始，原则上每月偿还的金额是全部机械设备价款的________分之________.甲方可以提前偿还，但需在________个月前通知乙方。

在甲方用补偿商品偿还机械设备价款期间，乙方应按本协议项下的有关补偿商品合同的规定，开出以甲方为受益人的足额、限期、不可撤销、可分割、可转让的信用证。

第四条　计价货币和作价标准

双方商品均用________币计价。乙方提供的全部机械设备及所有仪器、附件配件用________币作价，甲方提供的补偿商品则按签订合同时甲方出口货物的币基价，以当时的币对________币在甲方用补偿商品偿还机械设备价款期间，乙方应按本协议项下的有关补偿商品合同的规定，开出以甲方为受益人的足额、限期、不可撤销、可分割、可转让的信用证。的汇率折算为________币。

第五条　利息计算

甲方所开的远期信用证及乙方所预付货款的利息应由甲方负担。双方议定年利息为百分之________。

第六条　技术服务

货物到达甲方口岸后，由甲方自行安装，但在主要设备安装过程中，甲方认为需要时，乙方必须派出技术人员进行现场指导，提供必要的技术服务，在此过程中由于技术上的问题，所造成的损失由乙方负责。

经双方协调，为完成此项工作，由乙方派出________数量的技术人员。在中国的一切费用均由乙方承担。

第七条　附加设备

在执行本协议过程中，如发现本合同项下的机械设备在配套生产时需要继续增添新的机械设备或测试仪器时，可由双方另行协商，予以增订，增订的项目仍应列入本合同范围之内。

第八条　保险

设备进口以后由乙方投保。设备所有权在付清货款后发生转移，之后，如发生意外，损失先由保险公司向投保人赔付，再按比例退回甲方已支付的设备货款。

第九条　违约责任

乙方不按合同规定购买补偿商品或甲方不按合同规定提供商品时，均应按合同条款承担违约责任，赔偿由此造成的经济损失，并向对方支付该项货款总值的________%的罚款。

第十条　履约责任

为保证合同条款的有效履行，双方分别向对方提供由各自一方银行出具的保函予以保证。甲方的担保银行为________国________银行，乙方的担保银行为________国________银行。

第十一条　合同条款的变更

本合同内容如遇特殊情况需要变更，须经双方协商一致。

第十二条　不可抗力

由于人力不可抗拒的原因，致使一方或双方不能履行合同之有关条款，应及时向对方通报情况，在取得合法机关的有效证明之后，允许延期履行或不履行有关合同义务，并可根据情况部分或全部免除违约责任。

第十三条　仲裁

凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议，均应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会，按照申请仲裁时该会现行有效的仲裁规则进行仲裁，仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方均有约束力。仲裁适用中华人民共和国法律。

除非另有规定，仲裁不得影响合同双方继续履行合同所规定的义务。

第十四条　文字、生效

本合同当中________两种文字写成，两种文字具有同等效力。本合同自签字之日起生效，有效期为________年。期满后，双方如愿意继续合作，经向政府有关部门申请，获得批准后，可延期________年或重新签订合同。

甲方：________________　　　　　　　　　乙方：________________

授权代表签字：________________　　　　　授权代表签字：________________

年　月　日

三、司法文书类

司法文书类主要是指起诉状（Complaint）、答辩状（Answer）、传票（Summons）、仲裁协定（Arbitral Agreement）、风险代理协议（Contingent Fee Retainer）、授权委托书（Power of Attorney）……等；这类文本在司法实践中广泛运用，是从事涉外法律翻译、作为一名涉外律师应该掌握的。对于该类文书的翻译，要注意是根据不同程序使用不同的术语，比如公诉书（BILL OF INDICMENT）、民事起诉书（Civil Complaint），民事判决书（Civil Judgment）与刑事判决书（Paper of Sentence），……等等。

（一）诉状（Complaint）

诉状俗称起诉书，是原告提起诉讼时向法院递交的书面材料。诉状可分为民事起诉状，刑事自诉状，刑事附带民事起诉状。诉状主要包括以下四个部分：

1．The rise一般包括文书标题，原告和被告的身份事项。

2．Claims即诉讼请求，要求用简明扼要的文字写出请求法院解决的问题。

3．Facts and Reasons是诉状的核心，是原告提出诉讼请求的材料来源，也是人民法院裁决的重要依据。

4．Attachments即附件。

诉状是律师接触最多的文书之一，也是最常见的送达文书。在写作格式方面，中国与英美国家有比较大的差别，例如民事诉讼状，英美国家的致送法院通常在文书首部，我国民事诉讼状的致送法院放在尾部。诉状写作要求事实叙述具体明确，详略得当；实事求是，语言文明；说理充分，以理服人；诉讼请求具体明确，切实可行。

Complaint

To：________________People’s Court

Plaintiff：

Domicile：

Legal Representative：

Position：

Defendant：

Domicile：

Legal Representative：

Position：

Claims：

1．To order the Defendant to pay to the Plaintiff the due amount of RMB________for the dispatched products,plus the interests in the amount of RMB________thereon,in the aggregate of RMB________；

2．To order the court fees to be borne by the Defendant.

Facts and Reasons：

The Defendant was one of the distributors of the Plaintiff for various kinds of products in the territory of________,China．From September,1997 to October,1998,the Plaintiff dispatched various kinds of products in the aggregate values of RMB________．（See Exhibit I）

Each of the said transactions was duly signed and received by the Defendant（see Exhibit II）．Though the Plaintiff has repeatedly demanded payment,the Defendant fails to liquidate the outstanding debts in due time.

It is the Plaintiff’s position that the indebtedness arising out of the transactions between the Plaintiff and the Defendant shall be under the jurisdiction of the China’s laws．The Defendant’s refusal to satisfy the agreed amounts after receipt of the above-mentioned lubricants resulted in tremendous economic losses on the side of the Plaintiff（see Exhibit III）．Therefore,pursuant to the relevant PRC laws and regulations,the Defendant shall assume the civil liabilities accordingly for such nonpayment.

By reason of the forgoing,in accordance with Articles 106 and 112 as set forth in the PRC General Civil Law,Article 108 as set forth in the PRC Civil Procedural Law and other applicable laws and regulations,the Plaintiff hereby files this case with the Court for your adjudication.

Plaintiff：

Date：

Attachments：

1．One copy of the Plaintiff’s business license；

2．One copy of the original Certificate of the Legal Representative；

3．One copy of the original Power of Attorney；

4．Exhibit I：Invoices for each transaction；

5．Exhibit II：Receipts for each transaction；and

6．Exhibit III：List of Losses.

（二）答辩状（Answer）

答辩状是被告人或被上诉人在诉讼活动中，针对原告或被上诉人在起诉、自诉或上诉时陈述的事实、理由、请求进行答复、辩解和反驳的诉讼文书。答辩状通常包括以下几个部分：

1．首部：答辩人的身份基本情况。

2．案由：写明答辩人因何案的起诉状或上诉状提出答辩。

3．正文：答辩理由和答辩请求。针对原告诉讼请求的答复或反驳，包括事实依据、有关证据、和法律依据。

4．尾部：送达何法院，答辩时间和答辩人姓名、附项等。

答辩状分为刑事答辩状和民事答辩状，是与诉状或上诉状相对应的司法文书。被告或被告上诉人通过答辩状可以对原告或上诉人提出的起诉或上诉理由和依据以及请求事项进行有的放矢地答复和辩解，于答辩之中阐明自己的理由和要求，并提出事实和证据证实自己的观点，维护自己的合法权益，同时使法庭能够了解诉讼双方的意见、要求和主张。

答辩状篇幅不必长，但必须抓住重点，特别要抓住起诉状中那些与事实不符、证据不足、缺少法律依据的内容，进行系统辩驳，以利于法院在审理时判明原告诉讼请求是否符合事实，是否有法律依据，从而做出正确的裁判。

答　辩　状

答辩人：________人民医院

住　址：________市________路七号

因________要求________人民医院人身损害赔偿一案，现提出答辩意见如下：

1．答辩人与________之间不存在直接的合同关系，答辩人1998年6月10日与________第二建筑安装工程公司订立了一份口头合同，由________第二建筑安装工程公司负责把答辩人的一个高压电表柜拆除，________是受________第二建筑安装工程公司的委托来拆除高压电表柜的，与答辩人之间不存在直接合同关系。

2.________的伤害赔偿应由________第二建筑安装工程公司负责，其一，根据我国法律和有关司法解释规定，________第二建筑安装工程公司对其职工在履行合同的范围内所受到伤害应负责任，________的伤害并不是由于合同客体以外的事物造成的。其三，受________第二建筑安装工程公司委托的________在拆除高压电表柜的过程中，存在着严重违反操作程序的行为，未尽一个电工应尽的注意。

3．答辩人对________伤害赔偿不应承担责任。根据我国《民法通则》的规定，从事高度危险作业的人致他人损害的，应负赔偿责任。而本案中答辩人与________第二建筑安装工程公司订有合同，高度危险来源已通过合同合法地转移给________第二建筑安装工程公司。________第二建筑安装工程公司成为该危险作业物的主体，________在操作过程中受到伤害，这是________第二建筑安装工程公司在履行合同过程中，合同客体造成自己员工的伤害行为，与答辩人无关。

综上所述，________人民医院为不适合被告，请贵院依法驳回原告起诉。

此致

________市中级人民法院

答辩人：________人民医院

日期：

（三）传票（Summons）

传票是由法院签发的要求与案件有关人员到庭接受讯问或询问（inquiring）的通知书，是传唤的书面方式。我国法律规定，民事（civil）案件的被告经传票传唤，无正当理由（warrant）拒不到庭的，可以缺席判决（adjudge）。传票（summons）一词有多种用法：

1．在民事诉讼中，传票是在原告起诉之后，由法院书记员签发而向被告送达的令状，又称为“要求被告出庭并答辩的传票”（summons ad respondendum）。签发这种传票是民事诉讼的第一个步骤，法院通过送达传票的方式获得对当事人的管辖权。

2．在刑事诉讼中，对受到轻微犯罪指控的被告人，有权的司法官员（如英国的治安官［magistrate］或美国的行政司法官［sheriff］）可签发传票，传唤被告人到庭就有关指控进行答辩。

3．要求某人到法院履行陪审员义务或到庭作证的通知。

4．在英格兰法中，summons一般用来指当事人向普通法法官提出的申请，以获得法院做出的有关命令，如请求延长进行某一行为的期限、请求披露及出示文件等。

要求被告出庭并答辩的传票，一般包括三个部分：

1．标题部分：法院或法庭的名称、案卷编号、被传唤人的姓名和地址。

2．命令部分：传唤事由、被传唤人应到时间、应到地点、应携带的材料等相关内容。

3．结尾部分：签发日期以及法院书记员在传票右下角签字。

传票是法院为了特定目的而要求某人到庭的一种正式文件。传票的格式可采用范例所示的表格式，也可以采用列举式，即把相关内容分条分项地列举出来，列举时可加上编号或项目符号。

天津市第一中级人民法院

传　票

案　　号　　　　　　　　　　　　　　字第　　号

案　　由

被传唤人工作单位或住址

传唤事由　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　开　　庭

应到时间　　　　　　　　　　　　年　　月　　日　　时　　分

应到处所　　　　　　　　　　南开区王顶堤堤北路金厦里18号楼第3法庭

注意事项：

1．被传唤人必须准时到达应到住所。

2．本票由被传唤人携带来院报到。

3．被传唤人收到传票后，应在送达回证上签名或盖章。

审判员　

书记员　

年　月　日

（四）授权委托书（Power of Attorney）

授权委托书是指一个人授权他人作为代理人或非法律代理人，为授权人利益从事某类行为或某一特定行为的一种书面文件。它既可以是单方面出具的法律文件，也可以是其他法律文件（如合同或其他协议）的组成部分。授权委托书一般分两类：

1．一般授权委托书：顾名思义，其授权是总括性的或全权的。

2．特别授权委托书：所授权力则是特定的，即此种委托书将代理人的权力仅仅局限在一定范围之内或某一特定事项上。

授权委托书是指授权他人或组织在某一领域行使代理权的法律文件，是最为常见的法律文书之一。委托人即被代理人，应在委托书中明确规定代理人的权限，如代理时间、代理事项等。代理时间应明确，如未规定时间，应根据代理事项推定合理时间。代理事项应具体，以防代理人越权，或在以后发生争执时易于界定权责。

英文授权委托书具有较固定的格式和结构。句式和措辞也很正规和严谨，使用一些正式程度很高的词语和句式，如We hereby appoint and empower…；We further appoint and empower…；we hereby confirm that this Power of Attorney shall remain in full force from the date of signature…等。

Power of Attorney

We,________,a corporation duly organized and existing pursuant to the laws of________ with its office at________,hereby appoint and empower Mr．/Ms.________to be our agent ad litem in the first and second instances and/or retrial respectively,as well as in theenforcement procedures,with respect to the case of________vs.________.

We further appoint and empower any of the above-mentioned attorneys to prepare the answer and appear before the competent court hearing；to counterclaim；to investigate,collect,and deliver to the relevant court any related evidence；to make compromise；to accept any mediation presided over by court；to admit,waive or modify the claims；to prepare the statement of appeal and file an appeal；to apply for retrial；to apply for measures of evidence preservation and measures of property preservation during or before the proceedings；to apply for enforcement of the valid court document；to accept service of court documents；to sign and receive verdicts,judgments,summons,decisions and any other court document,and to handle all other issues in connection with the said matters.

In particular,we appoint and empower Mr．/Ms.________to nominate and authorize any other lawyer of the law firm to engage in,fulfill and implement any of the matters and issues as contemplated herein.

We further grant our recognition to the acts made and the documents signed by the attorneys mentioned above within the limits of the powers granted herein.

We hereby confirm that this Power of Attorney shall remain in full force from the date of signature and/or seal through the completion of the matters as set forth in this Power of Attorney.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,we cause this Power of Attorney to be duly signed and sealed.

________________

（Signed and Sealed）（签章）

Date：

（五）风险代理协议（Contingent Fee Retainer）

律师“风险代理”，实质上就是“胜诉取酬制”。通俗一点讲，就是当事人事先无需交纳代理费用，待案件胜诉或执行后，按照事先约定从胜诉所得中由当事人支付给律师超过日常标准的代理费用；如果判决未如人意或未能达到双方确定的胜诉标准，当事人有权不支付代理费，由律师自行承担已垫付的各项费用和损失。

与其他法律文书一样，风险代理协议用词正式，语意严谨，力求准确。本例中使用了一些平时极少见的古词语，以复合型副词为主，如hereinafter,hereby,herein,hereto,whatsoever等。同时，也频繁使用成对词和近义词，如retain and employ，monies or property，obtained or received等，增强了法律文书的严肃性。

CONTINGENT FEE RETAINER

STATE OF ________

ss：

COUNTY OF ________

KNOW YE ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS，

This Agreement is made and entered into this________day of________,________,by and between________,of________,hereinafter called the “Attorney”,and________,of________,hereinafter called the “Client”.

WHEREAS,Client desires to initiate proceedings against________,of________,Client hereby retains and employs Attorney to prosecute said action to final judgment or to any other settlement satisfactory to Client．Client agrees to pay Attorney for his services under this Agreement a sun equal to________percent of any monies or property obtained or received by Client as the result of voluntary compromise or other out-of-court settlement；________percent if received after judgment；and________percent if received by Client after appeal.

Client further agrees to reimburse Attorney for all proper expenses incurred by Attorney pertaining to such action or settlement.

Except as provided herein,Attorney shall not be entitled to any other compensation from Client for legal services related to this Agreement．It is agreed between the parties hereto that Attorney shall have a lien for payment of his fee on all monies or property obtained,received or recovered by compromise,settlement,judgment or any other means whatsoever.

In the event legal action is required to enforce any provision of this Agreement,the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have executed this Agreement on the date first above written.

________

________

（六）仲裁协议书（Arbitration Agreement）

仲裁协议，是指当事人双方签订的，当合同所列事项的一部分或全部发生纠纷时，将纠纷交由仲裁机构仲裁的协议（agreement）。

仲裁协议的内容包括以下三个部分：

1．请求仲裁（arbitration）的意思表示，即当事人协商同意在合同纠纷或其他财产权益纠纷发生后，以仲裁的方式解决。

2．仲裁事项，即当事人协商同意将什么纠纷提交仲裁。

3．选定仲裁委员会，即当事人协商选定一个特定的仲裁委员会仲裁他们之间的纠纷。

只有具备了上述三方面的内容才是一份有效、完整的仲裁协议。仲裁协议可以在双方当事人签订合同时，在合同中设定仲裁条款（item），也可以在履行合同过程中，双方签订。

仲裁协议书

按本协议______和______同意将双方之间的所有争议和分歧或因双方于20____年____月______日所签订的一项合同而产生的或与之有关的一切争议或分歧或本合同附件所列的争议和分歧提交由________先生仲裁或提交由一名仲裁员独立审理。如双方当事人就该仲裁员的指定不能达成协议，经一方当事人提请，其可由（某仲裁机构）主席指定；或提交由一名仲裁员独立审理，如双方当事人就该仲裁员的指定不能达成协议，可临时由伦敦普通法律师协会主席按伦敦律师仲裁规程指定.或提交由________先生和________先生裁定，如他们意见不一，可由他们指定一名首席仲裁人共同裁决。或提交由________先生，________先生和________先生共同裁决。或提交由当事双方各自指定的一名仲裁人共同裁定，（如他们意见不一），则连同经一方当事人提请，由________（仲裁机构）主席指定的一名首席仲裁人（如两名仲裁人就首席仲裁人的指定意见不一）一起共同裁决。

时间：20________年________月________日

由________代表________签字________由________代表________签字________

（七）聘用律师合同（Retaining Agreement）

聘用律师合同是进行诉讼的开始，聘用律师合同通常是固定格式，翻译也相对固定。作为法律文本翻译的基础，也应该了解。下例是美国某州某律师事务所的律师聘用合同。

The State of（　）

County of（　）Know all men by these presents：

That I,（　）have employed（　）as my attorney to present me to prosecute through settlement or judge certain claims I have and hold against（　）and /or any all other persons,firms and corporations for or arising out of personal injuries to（　）as well as damages to property caused by or growing out of a certain accident which occurred on or about the（　）day（　）of（　）20（　）.

I hereby full authorized and empower my said attorney at law and also in my name,place and stead to bring suit on said claims or any of them,if necessary,and to prosecute the same to final judgement and to compromise and settle said claims or any of them with or without suit in any way or manner that he may deem beat or advisable,giving and granting also unto my said attorney full power to substitute one or more attorneys at law in his place or stead as my attorney in or concerning the premises or any part thereof or in the performance of any or all of the professional services hereunder whether in the trial or appellate court,such other attorneys of attorney to be paid by my above named attorney with no additional expense to me by

way of attorneys’ fees other than hereinafter set out.

In consideration of the services to be rendered to me by my said attorney hereunder,I hereby sell,transfer,assign and convey to my above named attorney or attorneys an undivided interest of ONE THIRD（1/3）interest in and to said claims and amounts received in settlement in the event same is or are settled without suit,and FORTY（40%）per cent of sane and of anyjudgement obtained or amounts received,on or for such claimed or suits,if same is or are collected by suit or by—settlement after suit is filed.

No compromise of my said claimed may be made by said attorney without my consent.

WITNESS my hand this the（　）day of（　）20（　）.

（八）证明书（Certificate）

证明书，又称“证明文件”、“证书”或“证明”，系指由政府官员或具有官方地位者对其所知或其权限范围内的某一事实所作的书面证明或确认。证明书的种类很多，大凡需要正式证明某一事情或有关信息的真实情况者，均可使用这种文书。如工作经历证明、病情证明、留学生经济担保书、学业成绩证明书、公司现状和存续的合法性证明、公司财务状况证明等。证明书的写法通常也采用一般信件的格式，但多省掉收信人的姓名、地址和结束敬语。称呼多用“To whom it may concern”，意即“有关负责人”，但此项亦可省略。写证明书要求言简意赅。Sample 1 是由医生出具的病情证明，Sample 2是由美国一公司所在州的州务卿出具，证明该公司（美国________贸易公司）现状和存续的合法性。英文证明书大多有较固定的格式，而且证明中的语言表述也具有一定的格式化特征，如使用this is to certify that...,it is hereby certificated that...等句式。同时英文证明的用词也相当讲究，如常用in testimony whereof，thereunto,hereby等，这些在翻译时都是应该注意的。

Sample 1

Doctor’s Certificate

June 18,2010

This is to certify that the patient,Mr．Tomas,male,aged 41,was admitted into our hospital on June 9,2010,for suffering from acute appendicitis（阑尾炎）．After immediate operation and ten days of treatment,he has got complete recovery and will be discharged on June 19,2010．It is suggested that he rest for one week at home before resuming his work.

Jack Hopkins

Surgeon-in-charge

Sample 2

SECRETARY OF STATE TEXAS

It is hereby certificated that

Articles of Incorporation of

________TRADING CORPORATION

File No．1359732

were filed in this office and a certificate of incorporation was issued to this corporation,and no certificate of dissolution is in effect and the corporation is currently in existence.

In testimonywhereof,I have hereunto signed my name officially and caused to be impressed hereon the Seal of State at my office in Austin,Texas on March 27,2010.

Hernry Cuellar

BAM

Secretary of State

（九）公证书（Notarial Certificate）

公证书是公证机关根据法律的规定和当事人的申请，按法定程序对法律行为、有法律意义的事实和文书的真实性、合法性的非诉讼活动确定其真实性及合法性后出具的证明材料。公证书应该包括以下内容：

1．公证书编号（serial No．of notarial certificate）；

2．当事人的基本情况（general description of client）；

3．公证证词（testimony）；

4．承办公证员的签名（签字章）、公证处印章和钢印（seal and signature of the notary public undertaking such notarization）；

5．公证处印章和钢印（seal and steel seal of public notary office）；

6．出证日期（date of issuance）。

公证书和其他司法类文书一样，也具有固定的样式和结构。Sample 1是国外使用的公证书格式，公证地名写在左上方，须全用大写字母，ss.（或SS.）写在地名中间。公证书正文应和地名相隔三行。

Sample 2是中国通用的公证书格式，与国外的格式稍有区别。

为体现公证书的严谨性，其措辞也往往十分讲究。英文公证书常用一些古词语和相对正式的词语，如forgoing（以上）、hereunto（此外，再者）等，规范严谨的措辞和句式才能使公证书更好地发挥在国内外法律活动中的作用。

Sample 1

________________,COMMONWEALTH

ss．ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS

On this________day of________（month）,________（year）,personally appeared before me________and________,known to me to be the person（s）whose signature（s）is/are subscribed to me to be the foregoing instrument and who acknowledged to me that he/she/they executed the same as a voluntary act for the purposes set forth therein.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,I have hereunto set my hand and official seal on the day and year first written above.

________________

NOTARY PUBLIC

Sample 2

NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE

（ ）Zi,No.___________

________NOTARIAL PUBLIC OFFICE，

________PROVINCE,THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

On this________day of________（month）,________（year）,personally appeared before me Mr.________,acting on behalf of________（full name of the corporate body）,and Mr.________,acting on behalf of________（full name of the corporate body）,known to me to be the persons whose signatures are subscribed to the foregoing________Contract.

It is investigated and found that the signing of the foregoing instrument is in accordance with Article 55 of “The PRC’s General Civil Rules” and “The PRC’s________”.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF,I have hereunto set my hand and official seal on the day and year first written above.

Notary：________________（signature）

Dated：________________

四、经济组织内部法律文件类

这类文本主要常见经济贸易组织内，对此类文本的翻译要参考现有的公司法以及相关经济组织、及活动的法律法规。常见的有董事会会议记录（Minutes of the Meeting of Directors）、备忘录（Memorandums），股东声明（Shareholder Representation Letter）、广告（advertisements）……等等。

（一）备忘录（Memorandums）

备忘录（memorandum or memo for short）大致可分两类：

第一类属于正式公文，常作为外交函件或商业合同的补充条款或事项，具有一定法律约束性，因此文体正规，措词严谨。

第二类备忘录是一种非正式的商务文件、便条，多用于公司或机关内部，是以书面形式来交流内部事务的一种简便函件。它可以用来解释政策、程序和指示；发布通知，提出信息和行动要求；答复要求。也可以用来提醒事务或对决定、电话交谈、会议提供书面记录。由于这类备忘录流通于一定单位内部，因此大多格式简明、语言通俗。

下面这则备忘录是由市场部经理Robert Regent向公司所有董事及销售、金融等相关部门员工递送的一项工作报告。

Englang（Publishers）Ltd.

Memo to：Directors,and all Sales,Finance and Editorial Staff

Report and Recommendations based on our Experiences at the recent International Book Fair,Frankfurt.

This year was the sixth successive time that we have been represented at the annual Frankfurt Fair．We have always felt that it is useful in a general way to attend,to display a representative sample of our books,and—not least—to have a look at what other publishers,both British and Foreign,are producing．Our stand has always been 45 square meters and is staffed mainly by our marketing personnel.

Over the last few years the fastest rising area of book production has been in materials for teaching English to foreigners,and five years ago we decided to enter this field in a more determined fashion．Since then we have brought out some interesting material,both for students and for teachers,but the stand did not have room to display all of these titles,nor were our marketing staff able to cope with all the specific and detailed questions raised by visiting teachers,inspectors,and so on.

I would therefore like to make two suggestions to improve our stand at future exhibitions．First,I recommend that we increase the area of our stand to,say,60 square meters so as to give us sufficient room to display more of our books for teaching English to foreigners．Second,I feel it is essential that the staff should include at least one expert in this new field who can then deal on the spot with enquiries from specialists．I would be pleased to hear your views on these two proposals.

Robert Regent

Marketing Manager

（二）商业通告（Business Notice）

商业通告属于商业书信的一种。它虽较一般通知正式些，却又不如商业信函那么正式。通常是采用书信的方式。目前不少公司、银行为求简便快捷、经济实用，直接将通告内容印于明信片或卡片上，送达顾客。 凡是有关开业、合并、迁址、人事变动、财务办理等方面的通告都可以采用这种形式。

下面是一则成立新公司的通告（Establishment of a new Corporation）。其通告“Rocket公司”已成立，经营进出口业务及其他相关的对外贸易的业务。

_

_______：

兹通告“火箭公司”已在本市成立，经营进出口及其他和对外贸易相关的业务。

随着我国经济的发展，本公司愿致力与各国、各地区的贸易和金融界开展商业往来，在独立自主、自力更生的基础上，努力发展对外经济合作和技术交流，并灵活采用国际上通用的各种合理的做法。

附上本公司概况、业务范围和其他事项的简介一本以供参阅。欢迎就发展贸易和商业合作的各项有关问题进行询问，并共同探讨。

您真挚的

×××

2009年7月3日

（三）会议记录（Meeting Minutes）

会议记录（Meeting Minutes）是一种将开会时与会者的发言和会议内容记录下来的文字材料。由于一次会议的决议不一定能当场通过，所以需要记录下来以备将来参考和修改。

会议记录用途广泛，内容往往涉及政府、公司、学校等场合的会议。会议记录与报告的书写不同，它只是如实记录会议情况，不需要像写报告书那样加入自己的分析和建议。

会议记录应包括以下几个方面：

1．会议记录的名称

2．开会的具体日期、时间和地点

3．参加会议的人员及主持人

4．对会议流程及内容的详细描述以及最终决议的记录

5．会议结束的时间和下次会议时间的确定

会议记录一般采用过去式。最后往往经主持人和记录人签字后保存。会议记录一般有两种形式：摘要记录和全文记录。

下面这则是一份市场营销会议的摘要记录（Minutes of Marketing Meeting）。会议发言人为营销部经理，生产部经理及广告部经理。会议内容为对营销计划的讨论。

Minutes of Marketing Meeting

A meeting was held on 12/06/09 to evaluate the marketing strategy for the new range of Dawoo mobile phone which the company is to launch in October of this year.

Presenter：Mr．Grant,Marketing Manager；Mr．Salve,Product Manager；Ms．Green,Advertising agent.

The meeting began with a discussion of the budget proposals for the product launch．Ms．Green pointed out that the proposed allocation was too low．She was of the opinion that it was necessary to spend a high percentage of anticipated sale revenue on marketing．Mr．Grant supported this view and also thought that they should be prepared to consider a situation where first year sales revenue was not sufficient to cover costs．However,Mr．Salve disagreed with these arguments.

Next,Mr．Grant pointed out that Dawoo needed to make a reasonable compromise between three important factors,namely：impact,frequency,and coverage．It was obvious,Mr．Grant went on to say,that they could not achieve an ideal combination of all three．Ms．Green suggested that it was much better to restrict spending geographically,given the constrains of the budget．She explained that a full advertising campaign against half the market would be more effective than half a job against the whole market．Both Mr．Salve and Mr．Grant agreed with this approach.

Mr．Salve said he would provide facts and figures for the design of the marketing plans.

Finally,various aspects of promotional policy were considered．Mr．Salve pointed out that thecompany used to favor coupons as a means of encouraging sales,but Ms．Green was not all in favor of using this method．The latter said that she preferred a combination of price cuts,trade discounts,and consumer special offers．Mr．Grant’s feelings on the matter were that it would be better to use the available resources on package,design and display．Owing to the lack of agreement on this last subject,a decision on promotion methods would be put forward to the next meeting.

Mr．Grant is to arrange a further meeting as soon as possible.

（四）会议议程（Agenda）

会议议程（Agenda）原意为“将要做的事”。议程专指会议上各项内容的安排，是一种正式的商务文件、政府文件，多用于对外交流的大型会议，是以书面形式来交流会议事务的一种简便函件。它可以用来解释会议政策；发布会议程序；提出会议的各项要求，也可以用来提醒会议事务使参会人员在了解会议流程的同时做好相关准备。由于会议议程流通于部门之间或直接公布于网上，因此大多格式简明、语言简洁。

下面是一所大学董事会的会议议程表（Agenda of Board Meeting）

FINAL Meeting Agenda（Distributed February,2010）

Agenda of the University of Colorado

University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center

（Day 1 of 2）

Wednesday,January 19,2010 – Board Study Sessions

12：00 p.m．Strategic Planning Study Session Immediately Followed by the Intercollegiate

Athletics Study Session

（Day 2 of 2）

Thursday,January 20,2010 – Board Business Meeting

8：00 a.m．Executive Session

Board will reconvene in public session to vote to go into executive session for specified matters；public session will reconvene immediately following executive session but no earlier than 10：00 a.m.

The Contents

A．APPROVAL OF MINUTES OF THE BUSINESS MEETING HELD DECEMBER 8-9,2009（no earlier than 10：00 a.m.）

B．REPORTS

• President Hoffman

• Host Campus Chancellor

• Board of Regents Ad Hoc Committees and Liaison Activities

• Colorado Commission on Higher Education（Vice President Burns）

• Governance

　o Faculty Council Chair Rod Muth

　o Staff Council Chair Pat Beals Moore

　o Intercampus Student Forum Chair Joseph Neguse

C．ACTION ITEMS

1．Approval of Department Name Change from Department of Rehabilitation Medicine to Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - APPROVED

2．Selection of the Engineering Firm to Perform Quality Assurance for the Chilled Water Expansion of the Central Utility Plant -APPROVED

3．Mid Year Faculty Salary Adjustments for Academic Year 2009-2010（School of Nursing）- APPROVED

4．Amendment to the Program Plan for the University of Colorado at Colorado Spring Parking Garage and Office Space - APPROVED

5．Creation of the Institute for Science and Space Studies - APPROVED

6．Establish the Christopher and Catherine Fund,a Quasi-Endowment in the University Endowment of the University of Colorado - APPROVED

7．Establish the Helen Geneva Smith Scholarship Fund,a Quasi-Endowment in the University Endowment of the University of Colorado - APPROVED

D．Next board meeting is scheduled on February 23-24,2010,at University of Colorado.

（五）合同与协议（Contracts ＆ Agreements）

1．本合同由依～法律成立的ABC（全称）公司，其登记注册地在～，法定地址为～（以下简称买方）和依～法律成立的DEF（全称）公司,其登记注册地在～,法定地址为～（以下简称卖方）于2010年10月15日在中国南京订立，双方同意按下述条款买卖下述货物：

1）货物名称

2）规格、数量和单价

3）总金额（按美元计）

4）生产国和制造商：

5）包装：包装必须适于海上运输、坚固、耐野蛮装运。紧压打包、外加紧箍，内层防水，外层为优质帆布。箱子或其他外包装体积要尽量小，并能确保货物安全。每件包装的两侧和一端须完整刷上标志和装运号码，采用优质印色，字大而清晰。每包均须标明“请勿用钩”。

2．1）本合同正文一式两份，分别以中文和英文书写，两种文本具同等效力。若对其解释产生异议，则以中文本为准。

2）本合同第20章列出的附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。

3）本合同的任何修改和⁄或补充，只有在双方授权的代表在书面文件上签字才能生效，并成为本合同不可分割的组成部分。

4）本合同将在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。

3．如果合同一方未能在合同规定的时限内履行合同义务，并在收到未违约方的通知后15天内未能消除违约或采取补救措施，而且在被允许推迟履行的期限内仍未履行合同，在此情形下，未违约的一方应书面通知违约方解除合同，同时有权要求违约方赔偿损失。

五、法律学术类文本

法律学术类文本在我国法律教材中广泛使用，法律学术类文本的主要功能是提供信息，因此采用描写性的语言，以简洁明了为贵。

（一）你有权保持沉默：米兰达规则（You Have the Right to Remain Silent—The Miranda Decision）

In the area of suspect rights,no case is as famous as that of Miranda v．Arizona,which was decided in1966．Many people regard Miranda as the centerpiece of Warren Court due process rulings.

The case involved Ernesto Miranda,who was arrested in Phoenix,Arizona,and accused of having kidnapped and raped a young woman．At police headquarters he was identified by the victim．After being interrogated for two hours,Miranda signed a confession which formed the basis of his later conviction on the charges.

Upon eventual appeal to the U.S．Supreme Court,the Court rendered what some regard as the most far-reaching opinion to have impacted criminal justice in the last few decades．The Court ruled that Miranda’s conviction was unconstitutional because “The entire aura and atmosphere of police interrogation without notification of rights and an offer of assistance of counsel tends to subjugate the individual to the will of his examiner.”

The Court continued,saying that the defendant,must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent,that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law,that he has the right to the presence of an attorney,and that if he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires．Opportunity to exercise these rights must be afforded to him throughout the interrogation．After such warnings have been given,and such opportunity afforded him,the individual may knowingly and intelligently waive these rights and agree to answer the questions or make a statement．But unless and until such warnings and waiver are demonstrated by the prosecution at the trial,no evidence obtained as a result of interrogation can be used against him.”

To ensure that proper advice is given to suspects at the time of their arrest,the nowfamous Miranda rights are read before any questioning begins．These rights,as they appear on a Miranda warning card commonly used by police agencies．Persons 18 years old or older who are in custody must be given this advice of rights before any questioning.

It appears in the following paragraph：

1．You have the right to remain silent．Anything you say can be used against you in a court of law.

2．You have the right to talk to a lawyer and to have a lawyer present while you are being questioned.

3．If you want a lawyer before or during questioning but cannot afford to hire a lawyer,one will be appointed to represent you at no cost before any questioning.

4．If you answer questions now without a lawyer here，you still have the right to stop answering questions at any time.

（二）法的渊源和等级（Sources and Hierarchy of Law）

The Constitution

The Constitution of the United States is the “supreme law of the land” ；it provides the basis for the U.S．government,and guarantees the freedom and rights of all U.S．citizens．No laws may contradict any of the Constitution’s principles and no governmental authority in the U.S．is exempt from complying with it．The federal courts have the sole authority to interpret the Constitution and to evaluate the federal constitutionality of federal or state laws.

International Treaties

Treaties entered into by the United States are also considered the supreme law of the land pursuant to the U.S．Constitution,as are federal laws．In the case of a conflict between a treaty and a federal statute,the one that is later in time or more specific will typically control．Treaties to which the United States are a party may be found in the U.S．Treaties Service,the Statutes at Large,the Treaties and other International Acts Series issued by the State Department,as well as the United Nations Treaty Series．See Section 25：Transboundary and International Issues．Treaties are often implemented by federal statutes.

Federal Statutes

Federal Statutes are published first in Slip Law,then in the Statutes at Large,and subsequently in the United States Code．An example of a cite to a federal statute is：42 U.S.C．sec．9607,which would refer to title 42,section 9607 of the U.S．Code．Federal statutes may be challenged in federal court.

Agency Rules and Executive Orders

Federal administrative bodies issue rules and regulations of a quasi-legislative character；valid federal regulations have the force of law and preempt state laws and rules．Rules and regulations may be issued only under statutory authority granted by Congress．The President also has broad powers to issue executive orders．An executive order is a directive from the President to other officials in the executive branch．Proposed and final rules,executive orders,and other executive branch notices are published daily in the Federal Register．No person may be subject to any rule required to be published in the Federal Register and not so published．5 U.S.C．sec．552（a）（1）．Every federal agency must publish：descriptions of its organizationalstructure；general statements of how the agency functions；its rules of procedures,available forms and descriptions of all papers,final reports or examinations；and,all substantive rules or statements of general applicability adopted by the agency．Rules may be challenged in federal court．The federal courts have sole authority to review agency rules and actions to ensure that they are legal under the substantive federal statute．See Section 1.6：Role of the Executive in the Law-Making Process；and,Section 1.7：Role of the Courts．An official citation to the Federal Register includes the volume,page number and year,for example,as follows：43 Fed．Reg．11,110（1978）．Final administrative rules are published first in the Federal Register and then in the Code of Federal Regulation．An example of an official citation to the Code is：40 C.F.R．pt．260,which refers to title 40,part 260 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

Judicial Opinions

The United States is a common law country．Every U.S．state has a legal system based on the common law,except Louisiana（which relies on the French civil code）．Common law has no statutory basis；judges establish common law by applying previous decisions（precedents）to present cases．Although typically affected by statutory authority,broad areas of the law,most notably relating to property,contracts,and torts are traditionally part of the common law．These areas of the law are mostly within the jurisdiction of the states,and thus state courts are the primary source of common law．Federal common law is relatively narrow in scope,being limited primarily to clearly federal issues that have not been addressed by a statute.

Reported decisions of the U.S．Supreme Court and of most of the state appellate courts can be found in the official reporter of the respective courts．Those decided from at least 1887 to date can also be found in the National Reporter System,a system of unofficial reporters．Decisions of lower state courts are not published officially,but can usually be found in unofficial reports．When referring to a case,a citation typically includes the name of the case and the volume and pages of the reporter,as well as the date．For example,as follows：Kleppe v．New Mexico,426 U.S．529（1976）．Citations to federal courts of appeals are found in volumes abbreviated F.,F.2d,or F.3d,and district courts are in volumes abbreviated F．Supp．The decisions of other specialized federal courts such as claims of bankruptcy decisions are also reported.

The system for citing state cases is similar．A correct citation would be：Wagen v．Ford Motor Co.,97 Wis．2d 260,294 N.W．2d 437（1980）,meaning the case was decided in 1980,and is found on page 260 of volume 97 of the second series of Wisconsin State Reporters（the official reporter）,as well as on page 437 of volume 294 of the second Northwestern set of the National Reporter System.

State Constitutions and Statutes

State constitutions are the supreme law within the state．State statutes must conform to the respective state’s constitution．All state constitutions and legislation can be preempted by federal legislation or the federal Constitution．See Section 1.1：Structure of Government．Municipal charters,ordinances,rules,and regulations apply only to local issues；they typicallycan be preempted by either state or federal law.

Citation

To ensure uniformity in citation styles for all law-related publications or writings,most citation to legal sources in the United States follows the Uniform System of Citation,also known as the Bluebook．The Bluebook is updated every few years by a consortium of law schools．Among other things,the Bluebook provides the abbreviations for all state and federal courts,statutory compilations,and administrative rules.

（三）美国法院体系（The U.S．Court System）

The U.S．court system,as part of the federal system of government,is characterized by dual hierarchies：there are both state and federal courts．Each state has its own system of courts,composed of civil and criminal trial courts,sometimes intermediate courts of appeal,and a state supreme court．The federal court system consists of a series of trial courts（district courts）serving relatively small geographic regions,circuit courts of appeal that hear appeals from many district courts in a particular geographic region and the Supreme Court of the United States．The two court systems are to some extent overlapping in that certain kinds of disputes（such as a claim that a state law is in violation of the Constitution）may be initiated in either system．They are also to some extent hierarchical,the federal system stands above the state system．Litigants who lose their cases in the state supreme court may appeal their cases to the Supreme Court of the United States.

Thus，the typical court case begins in a trial court-a court of general jurisdiction -in the state or federal system．Most cases go no further than the trial court：for example,the criminal defendant is convicted and sentenced by the court and the case ends,the personal injury suit results in a judgment by a trial court（or an out-of-court settlement by the parties）and the parties leave the court system．Burt sometimes the losing party at the trial court cares enough about the case that the matter does not end there．In these cases,the ‘loser’ at the trial court may appeal to the next higher court.

（四）我国刑法中的正当防卫（About Justifiable Defence in Chinese Criminal Law）

正当防卫是排除犯罪性的行为，也就是说，这种行为在表面上给合法权益造成了损害，实质上却是保护了合法权益。因此，我国刑法明文规定这种行为不构成犯罪。根据刑法，为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害而采取的制止不法侵害的行为，对不法侵害人造成损害的，属于正当防卫，不负刑事责任。

正当防卫必须具备以下条件：

第一，这种行为的目的是为了保护国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害；

第二，必须存在不法侵害行为，包括犯罪行为和其他违法行为；

第三，不法侵害必须正在进行，即不法侵害已经开始且尚未结束；

第四，防卫必须针对不法侵害人本人；

最后，正当防卫行为不能明显超过必要限度造成重大损害，正当防卫明显超过必要限度造成重大损害的，属于防卫过当，应当负刑事责任，但是应当减轻或者免除处罚。

此外，为了有效地保护合法权益，鼓励公民积极进行正当防卫，我国刑法规定对于正在进行的行凶、杀人、抢劫、强奸、绑架以及其他严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防卫行为造成不法侵害人伤亡的，属于正当防卫而不是防卫过当，不负刑事责任。据此，对严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪进行防卫，不存在防卫过当的问题。

正当防卫是刑法学的一个重要问题，是保护国家和人民合法权益的有效手段。但是在实践中，有时也很难判断正当防卫的限度，这就需要刑法学专家不断进一步地研究。

（五）行政法的概念和基本原则（The Concept of Basic Principles of Administrative Law）

行政，是指组织、管理等活动。行政法领域的行政是指国家与公共事务的行政，即行政主体依法对国家与公共事务进行的决策、组织与管理活动，通常称为公共行政。

行政法则是调整因行政主体行使行政职权而发生的各种社会关系的法律规范和原则的总称。

下面我来谈谈行政法的基本原则。这一问题是行政法学的基本理论问题之一，是指导行政法制定和实施的基本准则。基本原则主要包括合法性原则和合理性原则。

1．合法性原则是行政法的首要原则，是指行政主体必须按照法定的授权、形式和程序实施行政行为，并对其违法行政行为承担相应的法律责任。合法性原则的基本内容是：第一，行政主体的行政职权依法设定或被授予；第二，行政主体的行政行为必须符合行政法律规范；第三，行政主体的违法行为无效；第四，行政主体必须对其违法行政行为承担相应的法律责任。

2．合理性原则是对合法性原则的补充。它要求行政主体的行政行为不仅要合法，而且要合理。这一原则的具体要求是：第一，行政行为要符合客观规律；第二，行政行为要符合制定有关法律的目的；第三，行政行为要符合国家和人民的利益；第四，行政行为要有充分客观的依据；第五，行政行为要符合正义和公正；第六，不合理的行政行为要承担相应的法律责任。行政合理性原则是行政法的原则，而不是行政诉讼法的原则，所以它对行政主体的行政行为是适用的，但不适用于司法机关的行政诉讼活动。

行政法的基本原则越来越支配和约束着我国各种行政法律制度。随着社会主义市场经济的发展和社会主义法治国家的建设，这些原则的内容将会不断得到完善。

（六）知识产权（Intellectual Property）

一般来说，知识产权是无形的并且是由相对于体力劳动的智力劳动创造的。在美国，专利权、版权和商标权是由联邦法管辖的，而商业秘密是由州法律管辖。

专利权是政府对一项新发明授予的独占的权利，以给予该发明以鼓励和奖励，一项具有专利性的想法必须具备新颖性、实用性和非显著性。在美国，专利权人对产品的制作、销售及使用有十七年的控制权，而设计是十四年。如果某人未经专利权人授权而制造、销售及使用该专利发明，那么他就可能是专利侵权行为。即使侵权人不了解专利侵权依然存在。侵权人可以要求赔偿并且禁止以后侵权。

然而，被质疑专利侵权的一方可以用许多方式逃避责任。一个方式是证明被质疑的产品或过程是在专利的领域之外。另一个方式是证明由于专利未能满足专利性的标准而无效。第三个方式是证实专利权人滥用专利。当一个专利权人利用专利去非法的完成某些事时，专利滥用就发生了。最常见的滥用专利权常发生在专利权人利用其专利违反反垄断法的时候。

版权保护的是对智力或艺术成果的有形描述，而不是主意。版权的保护期是创作者的终身再加五十年。任何人创作了作品之后都自动受到普通法版权的保护，未获成文法版权保护的出版物被称为在公共领域，任何人都可以不经作者同意而使用。要想获得成文法版权的保护，作品出版时必须有版权标志，其形式有单词“copyright”或缩写“copr.”及附有版权人姓名的符号c。版权可以向版权登记簿登记并且国会图书馆将提供作品的复印件。如果侵犯了通过版权标志受到保护的版权，侵权人可能仅仅被禁止再侵权行为；但如果侵犯了注册版权，侵权人便会承担支付损害赔偿，罚款或被监禁的法律责任。版权人可以转让他们的权利给其他人。

商标是用来区别被标记的商品和相竞争的商品间的商品标记。商标可以是一个词，画或者设计。为了符合商标的标准，标记不能过度描述的或普通的。商标通过注册保护。未经授权使用他人注册商标是违法的。公众的认知在商标法中扮演着一个重要的角色。如果公众开始认为某个商标是普通的，它将会失去商标的法律地位。公众的认知也能为产品的某个性质创造法律权利。如果一产品的形状、式样或特征是任意的且不具备功能性的，如果公众将其视为与特定的产品有联系的话，它就被称为取得了引申义，那么该形状、式样或特征也可以注册并受到保护。

一个商业秘密可能由在某个公司使用的公式、设计及信息编辑等组成，并且该商业秘密赋予它机会去得到优势超过不知道或未使用该秘密的竞争者。商业秘密必需保有秘密。要符合保护的标准，该秘密必须给予公司竞争性的优势。不像专利和版权，商业秘密没有时间限制。只要控制着秘密，它就有效。法律保护商业秘密不被非法窃取。这并不意味着竞争者不能使用同样的制造过程。它仅仅意味竞争者必须独立的得到这个主意。

第二节　参考译文（Suggested Translation）

一、法律法规类文本

（一）《美国宪法》（The Constitution of the United States of America）

序　　言

我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

……

（二）《统一商法典》（Uniform Commercial Code）

标题

法　　律

本法名称为统一商法典，涉及下列关于个人财产、合同及其文件的特定商业交易，包括买卖、商业票据、银行押金和托收、信用证、整体交易、仓单、提单、其他权属文件、投资证券和担保交易，包括某些账单、动产文据与合同权利的买卖；在一定条件下向公众告知交易第三方；在涉及该类交易、合同或文件的特定法庭诉讼中规范程序、证据和赔偿金；统一此类法律；和废除不统一的立法。

（三）《中华人民共和国宪法》（Constitution of the People’s Republic of China

……

This Constitution affirms the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all nationalities and defines the basic system and basic tasks of the state in legal form；it is the fundamental law of the state and has supreme legal authority．The people of all nationalities,all state organs,the armed forces,all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and undertakings in the country must take the Constitution as the basic norm of conduct,and they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.

CHAPTER I．GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Article 1．The People’s Republic of China is a socialist state under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants．The socialist system is the basic system of the People’s Republic of China．Sabotage of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited.

Article 2．All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people．The organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at different levels．The people administer state affairs and manage economic,cultural and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the law.

Article 3．The state organs of the People’s Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism．The National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at different levels are instituted through democratic election．They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision．All administrative,judicial and procuratorial organs of the stateare created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate．The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full play to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.

Article 4．All nationalities in the People’s Republic of China are equal．The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops the relationship of equality,unity and mutual assistance among all of China’s nationalities．Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited；any acts that undermine the unity of the nationalities or instigate their secession are prohibited．The state helps the areas inhabited by minority nationalities speed up their economic and cultural development in accordance with the peculiarities and needs of the different minority nationalities．Regional autonomy is practised in areas where people of minority nationalities live in compact communities；in these areas organs of self- government are established for the exercise of the right of autonomy．All the national autonomous areas are inalienable parts of the People’s Republic of China．The people of all nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages,and to preserve or reform their own ways and customs.

Article 5．The state upholds the uniformity and dignity of the socialist legal system．No law or administrative or local rules and regulations shall contravene the constitution．All state organs,the armed forces,all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and undertakings must abide by the Constitution and the law．All acts in violation of the Constitution and the law must be investigated．No organization or individual may enjoy the privilege of being above the Constitution and the law.

……

（四）《中华人民共和国民法通则》（General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China）

……

Chapter I Basic Principles

Article 1．This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual situation in our country,drawing upon our practical experience in civil activities,for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil relations,so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist modernization.

Article 2．The Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China shall adjust property relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal status,that is,between citizens,between legal persons and between citizens and legal persons.

Article 3．Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.

Article 4．In civil activities,the principles of voluntariness,fairness,making compensationfor equal value,honesty and credibility shall be observed.

Article 5．The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall be protected by law；no organization or individual may infringe upon them.

Article 6．Civil activities must be in compliance with the law；where there are no relevant provisions in the law,they shall be in compliance with state policies.

Article 7．Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm the public interest,undermine state economic plans or disrupt social economic order.

Article 8．The law of the People’s Republic of China shall apply to civil activities within the People’s Republic of China,except as otherwise stipulated by law.

The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners and stateless persons within the People’s Republic of China,except as otherwise stipulated by law.

二、商业协议类文本

（一）独家代理协议（Sole Agency Agreement）

本独家代理协议由美国远东工业公司（以下简称委托方）其办公地址在美国纽约，和中国湖南长沙电子产品进出口公司（以下简称代理方），其办公地址在中国湖南长沙，在平等互利发展贸易的基础上，通过友好协商，根据下列条款，于2009年9月28日在中国湖南长沙签订：

1．委托方同意委托代理方在中国湖南长沙地区销售委托方提供的COMKPAQ1200型计算机。

2．价格：

代理方应尽力地按委托方所报的价格推销。每一笔交易都应以委托方最后确认为准。

3．数量：

在下述期限内，代理方向委托方发送的订单不得少于5000COMKPAQ1200型计算机。从签署本协议起的前6个月内，代理方订货不得少于2 500台。如果代理方在这一期限内没能完成上述数量（即2 500台）委托方将有权在此协议下向长沙地区的其他客户销售该商品。如果代理方的订货在协议签订后的前三个月内少于1 000台，委托方将有权以书面通知代理方的形式终止本协议。

4．支付：

以保兑的、不可撤销的、无追索权的信用证支付，在提出装船单据时凭即期汇票支付为有效。每批订货的信用证均须与装船日期前30天到达委托方。如果代理方没能及时开立信用证，委托方所遭受的所有损失包括银行利息、存储费用等由代理方承担。

5．佣金：

委托方同意按订单的FOB向代理方支付5%的佣金。佣金须在委托方收到了每份订单的全部货款后再予以支付。如属本协议中条款3）中陈述情况，由委托方自己所获得且执行的订单将不支付佣金。

6．市场情况报告：

代理方每三个月应向委托方呈交一份有关当前市场情况和客户评价的详细报告。代理方还应不时地向委托方提供其他供货商的类似商品的样品，并随服这些商品的价格、销售情况及广告资料供委托方参考。

7．广告及宣传贸用：

在本协议期限内，代理方应该承担上述地区内的所有广告及宣传费用，并向委托方呈交为上述广告宣传所拟订的所有草案及方案以便获得事先批准。

8．协议有效期：

本协议一经双方签署，便开始生效，有效期为二年，即从加2009年9月28日起到2011年9月27日止。如要展延本协议，任何一方都须于协议到期日前一个月内书面通知另一方。如果一方没有履行本协议条款，另一方有权终止本协议.

9．仲裁：

由执行本协议所引起的所有争议都应由双方协商解决。如果不能解决，争议应提交长沙中国国际贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会，依据中国国际贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会的仲裁程序暂行条例进行仲裁，该委员会做出的裁决将被作为最终裁决，对双方均具有约束力。

10．其他条款：

1）委托方不得将合同所规定的商品提供给上述地区的其他买主。如有直接询价应介绍给代理方。然而，如果任何其他买主坚持要与委托方直接做交易的话，代理方有权与其做交易，在后者的情况下，委托方应向代理方发送一份有关合同的副本，并按照所达成交易的净发票价值为代理方留出3%的佣金。

2）如果代理方在_____个月中没能向委托方发送至少_____的订单，到委托方将不再受本协议的约束。

3）对于双方政府之间的交易，委托方由其政府授权有充分权力直接做上述交易而不受本协议的约束。代理方不得干预上述直接交易也不得要求赔偿或佣金。

4）其他条款以双方签署的正式销售合同中所规定的条款为推。

本协议制作一式四份，双方各持两份。

委托方_____________　　　　　　　　代理方_____________

（二）包销协议书（Exclusive Sales Agreement）

Through friendly negotiations,this Agreement is entered into between China National Import and Export Corporation,Beijing,China（hereinafter called Party A）,and ×××Company,Cairo,Egypt（hereinafter called Panty B）on the following terms and conditions：

1．Party A entrusts Party B with the exclusive sales in the territory of Egypt for “Tiantan”brand Men’s Shirts．This Agreement is valid from May,2009,to May,2011.

2．Quantity：During the above-mentioned period,Party B shall endeavor to push sales of not less than 2million,of “Tiantan” brand Men’s Shirts,the quantity of which should be spread over quarterly periods in approximately equal proportions.

3．During the validity of this Agreement,Party A refrains from offering the above mentioned goods to other merchants with Egyptian ports as ports of destinations while Party Bundertakes to refrain from purchasing,pushing sales of or acting as agents for the commodity of other suppliers the same as or similar to that stated in Article 1 and guarantee not to transship in anyway the said goods supplied by Party A to any area,where exclusivity or sales agency has been granted by Party A．If any violation of the above is found,Party A has the right to cancel this Agreement.

4．Should other buyers in the territory under exclusivity approach Party A for the purchase of the above-mentioned goods,Party A should refer them to Party B．If such buyers insist on concluding business direct with Party A,Party A may do so．Party A may likewise conclude business with Egyptian buyers who come to visit China or attend the Chinese Export Commodity Fair at prices not lower than those quoted to party B．In the above events Party A agrees to reserve for Party B a commission of 1% on the basis of FOB value of the business thus concluded and send a copy of the relative contract to Party B.

5．During the period of this Agreement,both parties should strictly abide by the terms and conditions of this Agreement．In the event of any breach of them by one party,the other party is entitled,when necessary,to claim the termination of this Agreement.

6．Party B should be responsible for the sending of reports every month to Party A for their reference,setting forth local market conditions of the said goods（including details of price level and demand for variety in articles）.

7．At is expiration，the termination or renewal of this Agreement will be decided by both parties through negotiation.

8．This Agreement is made out in Chinese and English languages,both texts being equally binding．One copy of each is kept by either party.

Party A________　　　　　　　　　　Party B________

（三）货物进口合同（Purchase Contract）

……

买卖双方同意按照下列条款签订本合同：

1．货物名称、规格和质量：

2．数量：

允许________的溢短装

3．单价：

4．总值：

5．交货条件FOB/CFR/CIF________

6．原产地国与制造商

7．包装及标准

货物应具有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输的包装，由于货物包装不良而造成的货物残损、灭失应由卖方负责。卖方应在每个包装箱上用不褪色的颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心轻放”等标记。

8．唛头：

9．装运期限：

10．装运口岸：

11．目的口岸：

12．保险：

由________按发票金额110%投保________险和________附加险。

13．付款条件：

1）信用证方式：买方应在装运期前/合同生效后________日，开出以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的议付信用证，信用证在装船完毕后________日内到期。

2）付款交单：货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，按即期付款交单（D/P）方式，通过卖方银行及________银行向买方转交单证，换取货物。

3）承兑交单：货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，付款期限为________后________日，按即期承兑交单（D/A________日）方式，通过卖方银行及________银行，经买方承兑后，向买方转交单证，买方在汇票期限到期时支付货款。

4）货到付款：买方在收到货物后________天内将全部货款支付卖方（不适用于FOB、CRF、CIF术语）。

14．单据：

卖方应将下列单据提交银行议付/托收：

1）标明通知收货人/收货代理人的全套清洁的、已装船的、空白抬头、空白背书并注明运费已付/到付的海运/联运/陆运提单。

2）标有合同编号、信用证号（信用证支付条件下）及装运唛头的商业发票一式份；

3）由________________出具的装箱或重量单一式_______份；

4）由________________出具的质量证明书一式_______份；

5）由________________出具的数量证明书一式_______份；

6）保险单正本一式______份（CIF交货条件）；

7）________签发的产地证一式_______份；

8）装运通知：卖方应在交运后小时内以特快专递方式邮寄给买方上述第项单据副本一式一套。

15．装运条款：

1）FOB交货方式

卖方应在合同规定的装运日期前30天，以________方式通知买方合同号、品名、数量、金额、包装件、毛重、尺码及装运港可装日期，以便买方安排租船/订舱。装运船只按期到达装运港后，如卖方不能按时装船，发生的空船费或滞期费由卖方负担。在货物越过船舷并脱离吊钩以前一切费用和风险由卖方负担。

（2）CIF或CFR交货方式

卖方须按时在装运期限内将货物由装运港装船至目的港。在CFR术语下，卖方应在装船前2天以________方式通知买方合同号、品名、发票价值及开船日期，以便买方安排保险。

16．装运通知：

一俟装载完毕，卖方应在______小时内以________方式通知买方合同编号、品名、已发运数量、发票总金额、毛重、船名/车/机号及启程日期等。

17．质量保证：

货物品质规格必须符合本合同及质量保证书之规定，品质保证期为货到目的港______个月内。在保证期限内，因制造厂商在设计制造过程中的缺陷造成的货物损害应由卖方负责赔偿。

18．检验：

1）卖方须在装运前_____日委托________检验机构对本合同之货物进行检验并出具检验证书，货到目的港后，由买方委托________________检验机构进 行检验。

2）发货前，制造厂应对货物的质量、规格、性能和数量/重量作精密全面 的检验，出具检验证明书，并说明检验的技术数据和结论。货到目的港后，买方将申请中国商品检验局（以下简称商检局）对货物的规格和数量/重量进行检验，如发现货物残损或规格、数量与合同规定不符，除保险公司或轮船公司的责任外，买方得在货物到达目的港后______日内凭商检局出具的检验证书向卖方索赔或拒收该货。在保证期内，如货物由于设计或制造上的缺陷而发生损坏或品质和性能与合同规定不符时，买方将委托中国商检局进行检验。

19．索赔：

买方凭其委托的检验机构出具的检验证明书向卖方提出索赔（包括换货），由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负担。若卖方收到上述索赔后________天未予答复，则认为卖方已接受买方索赔。

20．迟交货与罚款：

除合同第21条不可抗力原因外，如卖方不能按合同规定的时间交货，买方应同意在卖方支付罚款的条件下延期交货。罚款可由议付银行在议付货款时扣除，罚款率按每________天收________%，不足________天时以________天计算。但罚款不得超过迟交货物总价的________%。如卖方延期交货超过合同规定________天时，买方有权撤销合同，此时，卖方仍应不迟延地按上述规定向买方支付罚款。

买方有权对因此遭受的其他损失向卖方提出索赔。

21．不可抗力：

凡在制造或装船运输过程中，因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时，卖方不负责任。在发生上述情况时，卖方应立即通知买方，并在＿＿天内，给买方特快专递一份由当地民间商会签发的事故证明书。在此情况下，卖方仍有责任采取一切必要措施加快交货。如事故延续_______天以上，买方有权撤销合同。

22．争议的解决：

凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议应协商解决。若协商不成，应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会，按照申请时该会当时施行的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方均有约束力。

23．通知：

所有通知用________文写成，并按照如下地址用传真/电子邮件/快件送达给各方。如果地址有变更，一方应在变更后_____日内书面通知另一方。

24．本合同使用的FOB、CFR、CIF术语系根据国际商会《2010 年国际贸易术语解释通则》。

25．附加条款：

本合同上述条款与本附加条款抵触时，以本附加条款为准。

26．本合同用中英文两种文字写成，两种文字具有同等效力。本合同共_____份，自双方代表签字（盖章）之日起生效。

买方代表（签字）：________________

卖方代表（签字）：________________

（四）补偿贸易合同（Compensation Trade Contract）

……

Whereas Party B has machines and equipment,which are now used in Party B’s manufacturing of________,and is willing to sell to Party A the machines and equipment；and Whereas Party B agrees to buy the products,________,made by Party A using the machines and equipment Party B supplies,in compensation for the price of the machines and equipment,and

Whereas Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the machines and equipment,and

Whereas Party A agrees to sell to Party B the products,________,in compensation of the price of Party B’s machines and equipment；now therefore,in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter,Party A and Party B agree a follows：

Article 1 Transaction

1．Party B agrees to provide Party A with________machines to be used in production,their auxiliary machinery,accessories and spare parts and a variety of measuring and testing instruments required in the process of production．The details of the models,names,specifications,quantity,prices,packing,delivery,etc．thereof shall be specified in an additional equipment-import agreement to be concluded by and between both parties that shall serve as a component part hereof.

2．The total value of the machines,auxiliary equipment,etc．supplied by part B shall be paid off by Party A with part of the manufactures made therewith and/or other goods,or with________（designate name）products made in________（Name of the plant）if both parties agree．The specific name（s）,quantity,price,delivery,etc．of the goods granted as the make-up payment shall be decided in an additional compensation goods-supply agreement made by the parties which shall serve as a component part hereof．The equipment-import agreement and compensation-goods-supply agreement aforesaid may be merged as one calledsales agreement on compensation trade.

Article 2 Payment

Both parties agree to open letters of credit in favor of each other,i.e．Party A will open,at regular intervals,long term letters of credit in favor of Party B to pay by installments the total cost of the machines and auxiliary equipment provided by Party B；whereas Party B will open sight letters of credit in favor of Party A to pay the products to be delivered by Party A．Party A shall pay for the total cost of the machines and auxiliary equipment with the money remitted by Party B as reimbursement for the products to be delivered by Party A．In case the sum to be paid by Party B fails to cover the value of the long-term letters of credit opened by Party A,the difference shall be made up by Party B by paying that much to Party A in advance,before the long-term letters of credit are due,to enable Party A to reimburse on time the long-term letters of credit it opens．The payment of the long-term letters of credit opened by Party A is based on Party B’s opening a sight letter of credit under the provisions and on its paying the advance required herein．Henceforth,Party B warrants,guarantees and covenants that it will open the letters of credit and pay the advance as provided herein.

Article 3 Reimbursement

Party A shall reimburse Party B for all the machines and auxiliary equipment supplied by Party B by delivering goods to Party B on a monthly basis and the reimbursement will last for________year（s）and________months（s）．The reimbursement shall start approximately________ month（s）after the first delivery of the machines and,in principle,the money to be reimbursed per month shall be________percent of the total amount due for the machines．With a________month（s）notice to Party B,Party A may reimburse Party B in advance.

Within the reimbursement period,Party B shall,under the provisions of the additional sales agreement aforesaid,open sight,irrevocable,divisible and assignable letters of credit,covering the full amount,in favor of Party A.

Article 4 Standard Money and Price Standard

The standard money for this transaction is________（Name of currency）．All the machinery,auxiliary equipment and measuring and testing instruments,etc．provided by Party B shall be valued with________（Name of currency）,while the goods provided by Party A to Party B as reimbursement shall be valued with the basis price（Name of currency）of the same goods exported by Party A at the time when this agreement is entered into,and the total price（Name of currency）shall be changed into that of（Name of currency）in accordance with the exchange rate then.

Article 5 Interests

Party A shall pay the interest on its long-term letters of credit and the interest on the cash in advance rendered by Party B．The annual interest rate is agreed upon at________%.

Article 6 Technical Service

The machinery,after arrival at its destination,shall be installed by Party A,Party B shalldispatch its technicians to render spot instructions and other necessary technical assistance during the installation of the main machines,as may be requested by Party A in case of necessity,Party B shall be liable for the losses resulted in such a course of installation from technical default on its part.

In order to complete such work,after negotiation by both parties,Party B shall designate________technical personnel,whose expenses incurred in China shall all be borne by Party B.

Article 7 Additional Equipment

During the enforcement of this agreement,if it is found necessary that,in addition to the machinery and equipment listed herein,some new accessories or measuring and testing instruments are needed for completion of the project,（an）additional order（s）may be made through negotiation by the parties．The new items thus added shall be incorporated in agreement.

Article 8 Insurance

The machinery and auxiliary equipment,after shipment,shall be insured by Party B．The title thereof shall be transferred into Party B after full payment therefore is made by Party B,thereafter,the unforeseeable losses concerning the machinery and auxiliary equipment shall be indemnified for first by the Insurance Company to Party B,then Party B shall remit for Party A,in proportion,the sum already paid by Party A for the machinery or equipment involved in the contingency shall be refunded.

Article 9 Liability for Breach of Agreement

Party B shall,if it fails to comply with this agreement to make purchase of the goods delivered by Party A as reimbursement,or Party A shall,if it fails to comply with this agreement to deliver the goods it is due to provide,be deemed liable for a breach of agreement and shall compensate the non-breaching Party for the loss caused thereupon and shall pay the nonbreaching Party a fine accounting for________% of the total value of the goods in question.

Article 10 Performance Guarantee

To guarantee the implementation of this agreement,each party shall submit to the other party a letter of guarantee issued by its bank respectively．The guaranteeing bank of Party A is________Bank,________,while the guaranteeing bank of Party B is________Bank,________.

Article 11 Amendment

The modification of this agreement in particular cases shall be agreed upon by both parties through negotiations.

Article 12 Force Majeure

In case that one or both parties are impossible to perform the duties provided herein on account of force majeure,the party（or parties）in contingency shall inform the other party（or each other）of the case immediately and may,provided the case is duly verified by thecompetent authorities,delay in performance of or not perform the relevant duties hereunder shall be partially or entirely exempted from the liability for breach of this agreement.

Article 13 Arbitration

Any dispute arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission,Shenzhen Sub-commission for arbitration that shall be conducted in accordance with the Commission’s arbitration rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration．The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties and the applicable law is the material law of P.R.C.

Notwithstanding any reference to arbitration,both Parties shall continue to perform their respective obligations under the Contract unless otherwise agreed.

Article 14 Language and Effective Date

There are two originals hereof made respectively in Chinese and________,both of which are of the same effect.

This agreement shall come into effect on the date when both parties set their hands hereunto and remain effective for________years．Upon its expiration,the parties may,if they choose,extend the term hereof for________years or execute a new cooperation agreement,provided they apply to and approved by the Authority agencies concerned.

Party A Party B

Representative of________Representative of________

（Authorized Signature）________（Authorized Signature）

三、司法文书类

（一）诉状（Complaint）

原告：

住址：

法定代表人：

职务：

被告：

住址：

法定代表人：

职务：

诉讼请求

1．判令被告支付原告发出货物的到期应付人民币________元，外加利息人民________币元，共计人民币________元；

2．诉讼费由被告承担。

事实与理由

被告是原告分销商之一，在中国境内________经销各类商品。从1997年9月到1998年10月，原告共发出货物总计人民币________元（参见证据1）。每笔业务均由被告签收（参见证据2）。原告多次催收货款，但被告始终未付清欠款。

原告认为，原被告双方因业务往来而产生的欠款纠纷应受中国法律管辖。被告收到上述货物后拒不支付约定的价款，给原告造成了巨大的经济损失（参见证据3）。依照中华人民共和国相关法律法规，被告应承担拒不付款的相应民事责任。

综上所述，依照《中华人民共和国民法通则》第106条、第112条和《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第108条和其他法律法规规定，原告特向贵院起诉，请予公断。

此致

________________人民法院

日期：　　　　　　具状人：

附件

1．原告营业执照复印件1份；

2．法定代表人身份证明原件1份；

3．授权委托书原件1分；

4．证据1：每笔业务费发票；

5．证据2：每笔业务收据；

6．证据3：损失清单。

（二）答辩状（Answer）

Respondent：________People’s Hospital

Address：No 7,________Road,________City

The following answer is hereby given to the claim of________for compensation by________ thePeople’s Hospital for personal injuries：

1．The respondent does not have a direct contractual relationship with________．The respondent entered into an oral contract with________No．2 Construction and Installation Company on June 10,1998,whereby________No．2 Construction and Installation Company shall be responsible for removing the high-voltage meter cabinet.________was engaged in removing the high-voltage meter cabinet as entrusted by________No 2 Construction and Installation Company and therefore has no direct contractual relationship with the respondent.

2．The liabilities for compensating________for the damage shall be born by________No．2 Construction and Installation Company for the following reasons．Firstly,pursuant to PRC laws and relevant judicial interpretations,________No．2 Construction and Installation Company shall be liable for any injuries suffered by its employees to the extent of the contract performance．The injuries of________were not caused by anything other thanthe object of the contract．Thirdly,________,who was entrusted by________No．2 Construction and Installation Company,seriously violated the operational procedure in removing the high-voltage meter cabinet and failed to pay due attention thereto.

3．The respondent shall not be liable for compensating the injuries of________．In accordance with the General Principles of the Civil Law,any person engaged in highly dangerous operation shall be liable for compensation in the event of any damages．In this case,however,the respondent entered into a contract with________No．2 Construction and Installation Company,whereby the source of high danger shifted to________No 2 Construction and Installation Company legitimately.________No．2 Construction and Installation Company became the subject of the dangerous operation,and therefore any damages caused in the contract performance by________No．2 Construction and Installation Company has no connection with the respondent.

By reason of the foregoing,________People’s Court is not legible for becoming the defendant．We hereby request the court to reject the plaintiff’s action according to law.

To：

________City Intermediate People’s Court

Respondent：________People’s Court

Date：

（三）传票（Summons）

TIANJIN NO.1 INTERMEDIATE PEOPLE’S COURT

Summons

File No.：

Cause of Action：

The Summoned Party：

Address of the Summoned Party：

Main Content：Notice to Appear

Time of the Court Session：

Place of Court Session：

Tribunal 3,Building 18,Jinshali,North Wangdingdi Road,Nankai District,Tianjin

POINTS FOR A TTENTION：

1．The summoned party shall arrive on time.

2．The summoned party shall bring this summon to register at the court.

3．After receiving this summon,the summoned party shall affix his signature or seal on the return on service.

Judge：

Court Clerk：

Dated：

（四）授权委托书（Power of Attorney）________公司是依照________国法律依法设立并存续的公司，营业地点位于________。现委托并授权________（先生/女士）担任________诉________一案的一审、二审/或再审阶段，以及执行程序中的我方委托代理人。

我公司同时委托并授权上述律师________（先生/女士）起草答辩状、出庭、反诉、调查取证、向相关法院提供相关证据、和解、接受法庭调解、同意、放弃、变更诉讼请求、起草上诉状、上诉、申请再审、申请诉前、诉中证据保全和财产保全、对生效判决申请强制执行、接受法院文书送达、签收判决、裁定、传票、决定和法院其他文书，处理与案件相关的其他所有问题。

我公司特别委托并授权上述律师________（先生/女士）指定并授权事务所其他任何律师参加、履行、实施本委托书授权的任何事宜。

我公司承认由上诉律师在本委托书授权范围内从事的行为和签署的文件。

兹确认，本授权委托书处签章之日起生效，直至本书规定的事宜得到解决之日。

我公司特在本授权委托书上签章，特此证明。

________

（签章）

日期：________

（五）风险代理协议（Contingent Fee Retainer）

诉讼地：某州________某县________

有鉴于此，

本协议由________（姓名），________（地址或事务所名称）（以下简称“律师”）与________（姓名），________（地址）（以下简称客户）于________年________月________日签订。

鉴于客户旨在对________（姓名），________（地址）提起诉讼，特在此聘请律师代理上述诉讼直至最终判决或达到其他客户满意的任何调解结果。如结果为自愿或其他形式的庭外调解，客户同意根据本合同规定按客户所获得赔偿款额或财产的_____%支付律师服务费；如经判决获赔偿，支付_____%；如经上诉后获赔偿，支付_____%。

客户还同意支付律师因该诉讼或调解所发生的一切正当支出费用。

除本合同规定外，律师无权从客户处得到任何其他与本合同相关的法律服务补偿。

双方当事人在此同意，为获得其费用，律师对所有经和解、调解、判决或其他任何方式所获得的赔偿款额或财产具有留置权。

如为执行本合同而提起诉讼，胜诉方有权获得合理的律师费和诉讼费。

本合同双方当事人在上述日期签署本协议，特此为证。

（六）仲裁协议书（Arbitration Agreement）

By this agreement________and________．Hereby agree to refer all disputes and differences whatsoever between them or all disputes and differences between them arising out of or in connection with a contract between them dated the________,20________or the disputes and differences set out in the Schedule to this Agreement MR.________or a single arbitrator who failing agreement shall be appointed by the president of the________on the application of either party．Or a single arbitrator who failing agreement shall by appointed by the chairman for the time being of THE LONDON COMMON LAW BAR association under THE LANDON BAR arbitration scheme．Or MR.________and MR.________together,if they disagree,with an umpire to be appointed by them．Or MR.________,MR.________and MR.________or one arbitrator to be appointed by each party together（if they disagree）with an umpire who failing agreement between such arbitration shall by appointed by the president of the________on the application of either party.

Dated this________day of________,20_____

Signed on behalf of________signed on behalf of________

（By）________（By）________

（Name）________（Name）________

（七）聘用律师合同（Retaining Agreement）

_

_______州名

________县名

特此为证：

我，×××，特聘请××为我的律师，以代表我提起诉讼并通过调解或审判方式，就我在20××年×月×日所发生的事故中所遭受的人身伤害及财产损失向××、和/或其他任何和所有个人、商号和公司提出索赔。

在此，我正式授权我所指定的律师，以我的名义、地位和为维护我的利益，在必要时就上述所有或任何一项权利要求起诉；并委托他以他认为最恰当的方式，通过或不通过诉讼。以调解或审判方式，最终解决我所提出的所有或任何一项权利要求；我所指定的律师完全有权聘用一个或多个其他律师，以替代他自己在准备起诉或上诉过程中，就我提出是全部或任何一项权利要求，履行全部或部分法律职责；此种其他律师的费用应由我指定的律师承当，本合同所规定的应由我所支付的律师费用不得因此而增加。

鉴于我所委托的律师按本合同为我提供的服务，在不经起诉而调解成功时，我将把三分之一（1/3）的索赔所得，或经起诉后再和解或判决时，把百分之四十（40%）的判决所得或其他所得款项之净利完全给予以上指定的律师或律师们。

未经本人同意，所委托律师不得就我提出的权利要求达成任何妥协。本合同于20××年×月×日签字，特此证明。

________________

（聘用人签名）

（八）证明书（Certificate）

例一：

医生证明书

兹证明病人托马斯先生，男，41岁，因患急性阑尾炎，于2010年6月9日住院。经立即施行手术和十天治疗后，现已痊愈，将于2010年6月19日出院。建议在家休息一个星期后再上班工作。

主治医生：杰克·霍普金斯

2010年6月18日

例二：

德克萨斯州州务卿

兹证明________贸易公司（档案号1359732）章程在本处已存档，已向该公司颁发注册登记证，未有生效的关于解散公司的证书，该公司现仍存续。

特此证明

本人于2010年3月27日在德克萨斯州奥斯丁市本人办公室正式签署该文件，并加盖德克萨斯州州印。

州务卿

Hernry Cuellar（签字）

BAM 德克萨斯州（印）

（九）公证书（Notarial Certificate）

例一：

________________联邦马里亚纳群岛公证书

兹证明________和________于________年________月________日，在我的面前，签订前面________合同。经查，此行为是他（她）（他们）按合同精神自愿履行的。

________________

公证员（签名）

例二：

________合同公证书

（ ）字第________号

兹证明________（单位全称）的法定代表人（或法定代表人的代理人）________和________（单位全称）的法定代表人（或法定代表人的代理人）________于________年________月________日，在________（地点或本公证处），在我的面前，签订了上述《________合同》。

经查，上述双方当事人的签订合同的行为符合《中华人民共和国民法通则》第五十五条的规定，合同的内容符合《中华人民共和国________法》的规定。

中华人民共和国________省________市（县）公证处

公证员（签名）

________年_____月_____日

四、经济组织内部法律文件类

（一）备忘录（Memorandums）

Englang（出版商）公司

备忘录致：全体董事及全体销售、财政、编辑人员

最近的法兰克福国际图书交易会参展报告及提议

今年是我们连续第六次参加每年一度的法兰克福图书交易会。我们一直认为，参加这样的图书交易会总的来说是很有用的，不仅可以展示我们有代表性的图书作品，而且——同样地——可以了解别的出版商（英国的及其他国家的）的出版行情。我们的展台面积一直是45平方米，并主要由我们的市场营销人员负责。

近年来图书出版业增长最快的领域要数面向外国人的英语学习材料。五年前我们很坚决地进入了此领域。接着，我们推出了一些有趣的学习材料，有针对学生的和针对教师的。然而，我们的展台既没有足够的空间展示这些产品，并且，对于光临展台的教师、监察员等人提出的具体的细节性的问题，我们的营销人员也并非全部能够处理。

因此，我想就如何在以后的展览中改善我们的展台提两点建议。首先，我建议扩展我们的展台面积，比如说，扩至60平方米，以使我们有足够的空间展示我们更多的英语教学产品。其次，我认为有必要在展销人员中包含至少一名这个新领域的专家，此专家应具备当场解答一些业内人员咨询的能力。期待听到大家对这两点建议的看法。

Robert Regent

市场部经理

（二）商业通告（Business Notice）

July 3,2009

Dear Sirs，

This is to announce the establishment of

ROCKET CORPORATION

in this city for the purpose of carrying on import and export business as well as otheractivities related to foreign trade.

With the economic development of our country,this corporation will devote itself to commercial communication with more countries and areas．Based on the independence and self-reliance,we will try to expand economic cooperation and exchanges of technology with foreign countries,and will also make most use of common and reasonable international practices flexibly.

A handbook including a general introduction,the scope of business and other topics is enclosed for your reference．We welcome inquiries and discussions about all aspects of trade development and business cooperation.

Very truly yours,

×××

（三）会议记录（Meeting Minutes）

市场营销会议记录

公司预备今年十月在新的范围内上市Dawoo手机，为此于09年12月6日召开会议，评估行销策略。

参加者：Grant先生，销售经理；Salve先生，产品经理；Green女士，广告代理人。

因产品上市，会议开始于对预算提议的讨论。Green女士指出被提议的配额太低。她认为必须提高预期销售收入用于营销支出的百分比。Grant先生对这种看法表示支持，他认为他们应该考虑到第一年销售额不足以收回成本的情形。然而，Slave先生的观点与他们的并不一致。

接着，Grant先生指出Dawoo需要建立三个重要因素之间的合理协调关系，即：效果、频率和覆盖面。Grant先生继续说到，他们显然无法达成三者的理想组合。考虑到预算限制，Green女士建议，好一点的做法是限制地理开支。她解释说，针对半个市场的全面的广告活动将比针对整个市场的一半的工作有效。Slave先生和Grant先生同意了这个方案。

Slave先生说，他会为营销计划的设计提供论据和数据。

最后，他们考虑了促销策略的不同方面。Slave先生指出，公司过去一直使用折扣券作为促进销售的方法，但是Green女士对使用这个方法不是很赞成。她说，她觉得融降价、优惠和顾客特别服务为一体的组合更好些。Grant先生感觉，在实物的包装、设计和陈列上利用既得资源比较好。由于在这一点上没能达成一致，促销方式于下次会议再议。

Grant先生将负责尽快安排进一步的会议。

（四）会议议程（Agenda）

终局性会议议程（发布于2010年2月）

科罗拉多大学的会议议程

丹佛的科罗拉多大学和健康科学中心

（第一天）

星期三，2010年1月19日——董事会研究会议

中午12：00　战略性计划研究会议以及之后的大学间体育研究会

（第二天）

星期四，2010年1月20日——董事会商务会议

上午8：00　执行会会议

董事会将在公众会中再投票召集人选召开执行会，处理特殊事务；在执行会后，公众会将立刻重新集合，但不会早于上午10：00。

内容

1．核准2009年12月8日-9日召开的会议的会议记录（不早于上午10：00）

2．报告

总统 Hoffman

主办校园大学校长

Regents特别委员会和联络活动董事会

科罗拉多高等教育委员会（副总裁Burns）

管理

　　　成员会主席Muth

　　　职员会主席Pat Beals Moore

　　　校园学生论坛主席Joseph Neguse

3．动议

1．同意从“复原医学部”到“物理理疗部”的部门名称的变动－核准

2．选择工程公司为中央效用种植的冷水扩充执行质量保证－核准

3．2009-2010学年，调整全体教员薪水-核准

4．修正科罗拉多大学关于科罗拉多春天车库和办公室空间的项目计划－核准

5．为科学空间研究建立学院－核准

6．建立克里斯多夫和凯萨琳基金，类似科罗拉多大学捐助的捐赠－核准

7．建立海伦日内瓦史密斯奖学金基金，类似科罗拉多大学捐助的捐赠－核准

4．下次董事会定于2010年2月23日-24日在科罗拉多大学举行。

（五）Contracts ＆ Agreements

1．This Contract is made this 15th date of Oct.,2010 in Nanjing,China by and between ABC（Full Name）Company under the law of ~ ,having its registered address in ~ ,its legaladdress is ~（hereafter referred to as the “Buyer”）and the DEF（Full Name）Company under the law of ~ ,having its registered address in ~ ,its legal address is ~（hereafter referred to as the “Seller”）；whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the following goods on the terms and conditions as bellow：

1）Name of Commodity；

2）Specifications,Quantity and Unit Price；

3）Total Value（USD）；

4）County of Origin and Manufacturers；

5）Packing：

Packing must be suitable for ocean shipment and sufficiently strong to withstand rough handing．Bales must be press-packed and hooped,with adequate inside waterproof protection and the outer wrapping must comprise good quality canvas．Cases or other outside containers must be externally of the smallest cubic dimension consistent with adequate protection of the goods.

Package must bear full marks and shipping numbers stenciled in good quality stencil ink in large plain characters on two sides and one end of each package．All bales must be marked“use no hooks”.

2．1）This Contract is made out in two Origins,each copy written in Chinese and English languages,both texts being equally valid．In case of any divergence of interpretation,the Chinese text shall prevail.

2）The annexes as listed in Articles 20 to this Contract shall form an integral part of this Contract.

3）Any amendment and / or supplement to this Contract shall be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written document（s）,forming integral part（s）of the Contract.

4）This Contract shall come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties.

3．If the other party fails to perform its obligation in the contract within the time limit agreed upon in this Contract,and fails to eliminate or remedy such breach within 15 days following the receipt of the notice thereof from the non-breaching party and still again fails to perform the Contract within the period of time allowed for delayed performance,in such case the non-breaching party shall be entitled to rescind the Contract by a written notice to the defaulting party and still have the right to claim damages from the defaulting party.

五、法律学术类文本

（一）你有权保持沉默：米兰达规则（You Have the Right to Remain Silent—The Miranda Decision）

在犯罪嫌疑人的权利方面，没有比“米兰达诉亚利桑那州案”更著名的了，那是1966年的一个判例。许多人视米兰达案为沃伦法院正当程序判决中最为核心的一个案件。

该案涉及到恩纳斯托·米兰达，他因涉嫌绑架并强奸一名年轻女子而在亚利桑那州的菲尼克斯市被捕。在警察局总部被害人指认他犯了罪。经过两个小时的讯问，米兰达承认了被指控罪行并签了字，法院后来据此给他定了罪。

在最终的上诉中，联邦最高法院作出的司法意见对之后几十年的刑事司法产生了深远的影响。法院判定对米兰达的定罪是违宪的，因为“整个警察讯问的氛围和气氛是在犯罪嫌疑人没有被告知其权利和提供律师帮助的情况下进行的，这样就可能使犯罪嫌疑人屈从于讯问者的意志。”

法院进一步说，被告人“在任何讯问前必须被告知有权保持沉默，其所作的任何陈述可能成为对其不利的证据；他有权要求律师在场；如无力聘请律师而又有此要求时，得于讯问前为其指派律师。犯罪嫌疑人必须在讯问的全过程中都享有该权利。在被告知这些警示和权利后，犯罪嫌疑人可以在知情并理智的情况下放弃这些权利，同意回答问题或作供述。但是，除非并只有在警示和弃权在审判中由公诉人出示，否则任何讯问的结果都不能作为对其不利的证据。”

为了保证犯罪嫌疑人在被捕时得到适当的建议，如今著名的米兰达权利是在讯问前便宣读的。这些权利写在米兰达警示卡上，警察局广泛使用。在讯问18岁及18岁以上的被羁押人之前，必须告知其这些权利。

这些权利如下：

1．你有权保持沉默。你所作的任何陈述在法庭上可能成为对你不利的证据。

2．你有权和律师谈话，并有权在讯问过程中要求律师在场。

3．如果你想在讯问前或讯问过程中有律师在场但无力聘请时，法庭将会在讯问前免费为你指派一名律师。

4．如果你愿意在没有律师的情况下回答问题，你仍有权随时停止回答提问。

（二）法的渊源和等级（Sources and Hierarchy of Law）

宪法

美国宪法是“领土上的最高法律”。它规定了美国政府的基础，保证了美国公民的自由和权利。没有法律可以与宪法的任何原则冲突并且在美国没有政府的职权可以凌驾于宪法之上。唯一有权解释宪法的是联邦法院并且它还可以评估联邦或州法律的合宪性。

国际条约

依照宪法，美国签订的条约根据美国宪法也需同联邦法令一样尊重最高法律。在条约和联邦法令冲突的情形下，迟颁布的或更具体的法规有效。美国作为一方签订的条约可以在美国条约服务署找到。大部分的法令，条约及其他国际法规集都是由国务院发布，还包括联合国条约集。条约通常由联邦法贯彻实行。

联邦法

联邦法首先在法律单行本上公布，然后编撰到成文法规大全，随后进入美国法典。引用联邦法的一个例子是：42 U.S.C.sec．9607，是指美国法典9607章42条。联邦法院可以对联邦法提出质疑。

代理规则和行政命令

联邦行政机构发布规章制度是一个准立法行为；有效的联邦规章有法律效力并且优于州法律、法规。规章制度只有在国会赋予的法定职权内颁布。总统也有广泛的权力发布行政命令。行政命令是行政机构中总统对其他官员的指示。被提议和生效的法规，行政命令及其他行政机构的通知都将即日发布与联邦公报上。公布在联邦公报上的规则不能对任何人生效并且也不会出版。每个联邦机构必须公布：对其组织结构的描述；机构功能的总体陈述；程序规则，可用格式及所有资料的描述，最终报道及检查；及机构所采取的所有实质性规则或总体适用性的陈述。规则可以被联邦法院质疑。联邦法院是唯一有权去评论机构规则和行为的，以保证其遵照联邦法律的实质性。对联邦公报的正式引用包括卷、页、年份，如下所示：联邦公报43卷，11,110页（1978）。终局行政规则首先公布在联邦公报上，然后是联邦规则法典。引用法典的例子有：40 C.F.R．pt．260，指联邦规则法典第260部第40条。

司法意见

美国是普通法系国家，每个州依据普通法由一个法律体系，除了路易斯安那（其依据的是法国民法典）。普通法系没有成文法的基础，法官通过在断案中适用从前的案例（先例）来建立普通法系.尽管明显地受到成文法权威的影响，但大多数法律，特别是关于财产、合同及侵权仍旧是普通法系的传统部分。这些领域的法大多由州管辖，因此州法律是普通法系的基本渊源。联邦普通法在范围上相对狭窄一些，这是由于其主要限于没有法令规定的明显的联邦问题。

美国最高法院和大多数上诉法院的判决录都能在各自法院的官方汇编中找到。这些至少从1887年开始，到今日为止的判决也可以在一个非官方的汇编体系——国家报告体系中找到。当谈及一个案子时，典型的引用包括案例名称，汇编中的卷、页数以及日期。如下所示：Kleppe v．New Mexico,426 U.S．529（1976）。引用联邦上诉法院时可将卷简写作：F.,F.2d,或 F.3d，地方法院的卷可简写作：F．Supp。其他专门联邦法院例如破产法院等的判决也将编纂。

引用州案例的体系是相同的。一个正确的引用是：Wagen v．Ford Motor Co.,97 Wis．2d 260,294 N.W．2d 437（1980），是指案例判决于1980年，位置在威斯康星州案例汇编（官方汇编）第二系列97卷260页，同时亦可以在国家报告体系第二西北部分294卷437页找到。

州宪法和州法令

州宪法是州的最高法律。各州法令必须与其宪法相一致。联邦宪法和法律可以优先于所有州的宪法和法律。市府宪章、法令、规章及法规仅适用于当地问题；同时联邦和州法律明显的优先于它们。

引用

为确保所有关于法律的出版物及写作都有统一的引用格式，在美国对法律资源的引用大多都遵从统一引用体系，就是被大家所知的范本。范本每隔几年会由法学院协会更新。范本提供所有州及联邦法院、成文法编辑及行政规章的简写。

（三）美国法院体系（The U.S．Court System）

美国法院体系是政府联邦体系的组成部分，它以两级结构为特点：包括州法院和联邦法院。每个州都有自己的法院体系，由民事和形式初审法院组成，有时还包括上诉法院和州最高法院。联邦法院体系则包括：一系列面向相对较小的地区的初审法院（称为地方法院），巡回法院——审理来自众多位于特定地区的地方法院的上诉案件，和联邦最高法院。由于一些争议事项（比如声称州的某一法律违宪）可以诉诸两个法院体系的任何一个，因此这两个体系在某种程度上是重叠的。然而在某种程度上，这两个体系又是垂直的，联邦法院体系位于州法院体系之上。在州最高法院败诉的当事人可以上诉至联邦最高法院。

因此，典型案件开始于州法院体系或联邦法院体系的一个初审法院——一个具有普遍管辖权的法院。大多数案件止步于初审法院。比如刑事案件的被告被宣告有罪，由法院作出判决随之案件终结，人身伤害诉讼则随着初审法院作出判决（或当时方作出庭外和解）而终结。但有时，在审判法院败诉的一方十分重视该案件而使程序并未终止于此。在这类案件中，在初审法院的“败诉方”可以将案件上诉至高一级法院。

（四）我国刑法中的正当防卫（About Justifiable Defence in Chinese Criminal Law）

Justifiable defence is the act being exempted from crimes,namely,this act appears to cause damage to lawful rights and interests,but in essential it protects lawful rights and interests．Therefore,Chinese Criminal Law definitely prescribes that this act doesn’t constitute crimes.

According to Criminal Law,an act that a person commits to stop an unlawful infringement in order to prevent the interests of the state and the public,or his own or other people’s individual rights,rights of property or other rights from being infringed upon by the on-going infringement,thus harming the perpetrator,is justifiable defence,and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.

Justifiable defence must include the following conditions：Firstly,the purpose of this act is to prevent the interests of the state and the public，or a person’s own or other people’s individual rights,rights of property or other rights from being infringed upon by the on-going infringement．Secondly,there must exist an unlawful infringement,including criminal acts as well as other illegal acts．Thirdly,the unlawful infringement must be on going,which means an unlawful infringement has begun and has not finished yet．Fourthly,an actor can only defend against the person who himself commits unlawful infringement．Finally,the act of justifiable defence can not obvious exceed the limit of necessity and cause serious damage．If a person’s act of justifiable defence obvious exceeds the limits of necessity and causes serious damage,which is considered as undue defence,he shall bear criminal responsibility．However,he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.

Moreover,in order to effectively protect lawful rights and interests and encourage citizensto carry out actively justifiable defence,our Criminal Law prescribes that if a person acts in defence against an on-going assault,murder,robbery,rape,kidnap and other crime of violence that seriously endangers his personal safety,thus causing injury or death to the perpetrator,it is justifiable defence instead of undue defence,and he shall not bear criminal responsibility．According to this provision,it is not undue defence to the acts in defence against crime of violence that seriously endangers one’s personal safety.

Justifiable defence is an important problem in criminal jurisprudence．It is an effective way to protect the rights and interests of the state and people．However,in practice,it is also difficult to judge the limits of justifiable defence sometimes．It need further research by experts of criminal jurisprudence gradually.

（五）行政法的概念和基本原则（The Concept and Basic Principles of Administrative Law）

Administration refers to those activities such as organization and regulation．The concept of administration in administrative legal system refers to the regulation of state and public affairs,namely,decision-making,organization and management of state and public affairs by administrative subject according to law,which is often referred to as public administration.

Administrative law is the general term of all legal norms and principles that regulates the different kinds of social relations occurring in the course of implementation of administrative power by administrative subject.

Then I would like to introduce the basic principles of administrative law．This problem is one of the elementary theoretical issues in administrative jurisprudence,which denotes the fundamental rules guiding the enactment and application of administrative law．The basic principles mainly consist of legality and reasonableness.

1．Legality is the foremost principle of administrative law,which means that administrative subject must implement administrative activities according to lawful authorization,form and procedure,and undertake corresponding legal responsibility for its illegal administrative activities．The basic content of the principle of legality is as follows．Firstly,the administrative authority of administrative subject shall be set or conferred by law．Secondly,administrative activities carried out by administrative subject must comply with administrative legal specifications．Thirdly,administrative subject’s activities against law are invalid．Fourthly,administrative subject must undertake corresponding legal responsibility for its illegal administrative activities.

2．The principle of reasonableness is a supplement to the principle of legality．It requires administrative activities of administrative subject be not only legal,but also reasonable．The specific requirements of this principle are：Firstly,administrative activities should comply with objective rules．Secondly,administrative activities should comply with the aim of the enactment of relevant laws．Thirdly,administrative activities should comply with the benefit ofstate and people．Fourthly,administrative activities should have sufficient objective basis．Fifthly,administrative activities should comply with justice and fairness．Sixthly,unreasonable administrative activities should undertake corresponding legal responsibility．The principle of administrative reasonableness is the principle of administrative law instead of administrative procedural law；so,it is applicable to administrative activities of administrative subject rather than the judicial action of judicial departments.

The basic principles of administrative law are controlling and binding the various administrative legal systems of our country more and more．Along with the development of socialist market economy and the construction of the socialist country ruled by law,the content of those principles will be increasingly improved.

（六）知识产权（Intellectual Property）

Generally,intellectual property is intangible and is created by intellectual effort as opposed to physical effort．In the United States,patents,copyrights and trademarks are governed by federal law．Trade secrets are governed by state law.

A patent is a governmental grant of an exclusive monopoly as an incentive and a reward for a new invention．To be patentable,an idea must be novel,useful and nonobvious．1 in the U．S．A．,the owner of a patent controls the right to make,sell and use a product for a period of seventeen years and a design for fourteen years．If one manufactures,sells,or uses a patented invention without authorization of the patent owner,he has probably committed patent infringement．The infringement exists even if the infringer did not know about the patent．Infringers can be liable for damages and may be enjoined from future infringement.

However,the party challenged with patent infringement can escape liability in a variety of ways．One way is by proving that the challenged product or process is outside the scope of the patent．Another way is by proving that the patent is invalid because it fails to meet the criteria for patentability．A third way is to establish that the patent holder has misused the patent．Misuse of a patent occurs when a patent holder uses the patent to achieve something illegally．The most common type of misuse occurs when the patent holder uses the patent to violate the antitrust laws.

A copyright protects the physical expression of intellectual or artistic effort,not the idea．A copyright is effective for the life of the creator plus fifty years．Anyone who creates an original work is protected by an automatic common law copyright．Published materials without statutory copyright protection are said to be in the public domain and may be used by anyone,without the consent of the creator．To obtain statutory copyright protection,materials must be published with the copyright notice,which takes the form of the word “copyright” or the abbreviation copr．,or the symbol © followed by the name of the copyright owner．Copyrights may be registered with the Register of Copyright and copies of the copyrighted material are provided by the Library of Congress．If one violates the copyright created by the copyrightnotice,he may only be enjoined from future violations．If he violates a copyright created by registration,he may be liable for damages,fines or imprisonment．Owners of copyrights may assign their ownership to others.

A trademark is a mark on goods that distinguishes the marked goods from competing goods．The mark may be a word,picture or design．In order to qualify as a trademark,the mark must not be overly descriptive or generic．Trademarks are protected through registration．Unauthorized use of the registered trademarks of others is illegal．Public perception plays a significant role in trademark law．If the public comes to perceive that a trademark is generic,it will lose its legal status as a trademark．Public perception can also create a legal right for an attribute of a product．If a product’s shape or style or features are arbitrary and nonfunctional,and the general public comes to view these features as associated with a particular product,they are said to have acquired a secondary meaning,which may be registered and protected.

A trade secret may consist of any formula,device or compilation of information which is used in one’s business,and which gives him an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it．Trade secrets must be kept secret．To qualify for protection,the secret must give the firm a competitive advantage．Unlike patents and copyrights,there is no time limit on the life of a trade secret．It is effective as long as the secrecy is maintained．The law protects trade secrets from wrongful appropriation．This does not mean that a competitor cannot use the same manufacturing process．It only means that the competitor must arrive at the idea independently.

附录：常用法律术语英汉对照表

A

a law 法规、法例

argumentative question 争论性的问题

attempt 企图

abate 降低、减少、排除

abduct 拐骗、诱拐

abortion 堕胎

abscond 潜逃、逃跑

absolve 宣告无罪

abstract 摘要，无因性

abuse（people）虐待、辱骂

abuse（power）滥用权利

abuse（office）滥用职权

acceptance of bribes 受贿

accessory 从犯

accident 事故、意外

accomplice 共犯、帮凶

accord and satisfaction 和解与清偿

according to law 按照法律、依照法律、与法律一致

accusation 指控、控告

accused 被告

acquittal 宣告无罪

act of Congress 国会法案

act of God 不可抗力、天灾

adjudication 判决、裁定

admitted into evidence 接收为证据

admissible evidence 可接纳的证据

admission 供认、招认

adoption 收养、领养、认养；采用、接纳

Adult Probation and Parole 成人缓刑与假释

adultery 通奸

advisement of rights 权利告诫

advocate（n）辩护人

advocate（v）辩护；倡导

affiant 宣誓人、立誓词人

affidavit 宣誓书、经宣誓的书面陈述

affirm 确认、（上诉院）维持原判

aggravated 加重的

aggravated circumstances 增加严重性的情节

agreement 协议

aid and abet 协谋、教唆、帮凶

aiding escape 协助逃跑

aiding prostitution 协助卖淫

alias 别名、化名、假名

alibi 不在现场的证据

alien 外侨、侨民

alimony （付给前配偶的）赡养费

allegation 指称、指控

alleged thief 被指称为窃贼的人

allocution 认罪供词、自白供词

amnesty 大赦

ancillary 附属的

animal control officer 动物检疫人员

animal cruelty 虐畜罪

anticompetitive practices 防止竞争措施

antitrust act 反托拉斯法案，发信托案

appeal 上诉

appearance 出庭

appellate court 上诉法庭

applicability 可适应性

appoint 指定、委派、委任

appraisal 估价

aquatic wildlife 野生水中动物、鱼类

arbitration 仲裁、公断

argument 争辩、辩论

arm of the law 法律的权利

armed robbery 持械抢劫

arraignment 提审、提讯、提堂、过堂

arraignment hearing 提讯听证

arrest 逮捕、拘捕

arrest on suspicion 因有疑而被捕

arrest warrant 逮捕证、通缉令

arresting officer 执行逮捕的警员

arsenal 弹药库、枪械库

arson 纵火罪

ascertain 确定、查明

aspersion 中伤、诽谤

assassin 刺客、暗杀凶手

assailant 攻击者

assault 攻击

assault and battery 殴打罪、伤害人身罪

assess 估价、征收

assets 资产

asylum 庇护

atrocity 暴行

attempted crime 犯罪未遂

attempted murder 谋杀未遂

audit 稽查、查账、审计、审核

authenticate 鉴定、认证

auto burglary 偷汽车里的东西

auto theft 偷汽车

automobile homicide 车祸杀人

autopsy 验尸、尸体剖检

avow 招认、承认

award（v）判给

award（n）裁定额

B

backup 后援、后备

badge（of a police officer）徽章

bail 保释、保释金

bail bond 保释保证金、保金

bail bondsman 保释代理人

bail forfeiture 保释金没收

bail jumping 弃保潜逃、保释中逃跑、逃保

Bail Reform Act 保释修正案

bailey 法庭

bailiff 法警、法庭执行官

ban 禁止、禁令、取缔

bandit 盗贼、土匪

banish 流放、驱逐

bar 律师业

bar association 律师协会

barricade 临时防御、障碍物

befouling water 污染水源

behavior 品性、行为

bench 法官席、法官

bench trail 法官（无陪审团）审讯

bench warrant 法庭传票

beyond reasonable doubt 理无置疑、无合理怀疑

bias 偏见

bicycle path 自行车/脚踏车/单车专用道

bid 投标、出价

bigamy 一夫多妻制；重婚罪

bill（in a legislature）议案

bill of lading 提货单、提单

bill of particular 诉讼明细书

Bill of Rights 人权法案、基本权利法案

bind over 责令待审

binding 有约束力的、附有义务的

binding agreement 有约束力的协议

birthright 与生俱来的权利

black market 黑市

blackmail 勒索、敲诈、讹诈

blood alcohol 血液内的酒精含量

blood test 验血

bludgeon 杖刑

board certified（medical）拥有（医学）公会认可的资格执照

board examiner（medical）（医学）公会监考员

boating infractions 划船游乐方面的违规

body search 搜身

book verb 入案、落案

bookie /bookmaker 赌博（各种比赛）的经纪人

bookmaking 外围下注

bound 受到约束的

bounty hunter 为领赏而追捕逃犯的人

brandish a weapon 挥动武器（来威胁）

breaking and entering 强行闯入

bribe 行贿、贿赂

brief 摘要书、辨诉状

bring to justice 移送法办、绳之以法

burden of proof 举证责任

burglary 盗窃、盗窃罪

business license 营业执照

bylaws 规章、规程

C

（credit for）time served 已服刑时间

campaign contribution 竞选捐献、竞选献金

cannabis 大麻、大麻类毒品

capital punishment 死刑

carcass 动物尸体

carjacking 劫车

carpool lane 合用车专用道

carrying a concealed weapon 身携暗器、携带暗器

case 案子、诉讼案件

case in chief 主案、控方的证据

case law 判例法、案例法

causation 因果关系、造事原因

causing catastrophe 造成大灾难

caveat 警告、中止诉讼的通知

cease and desist 停止、制止

census 人口普查、人口调查

certified 被证明的、有保证的

chain of custody 接受监管的次序

challenge

a．preemptory challenge 不述理由而要求陪审员退席

b．challenge for cause 有原因要求陪审员退席

challenge（v）反对、质问

change of venue 变更审判地点、转移管辖

character evidence 人格证据、品德证据

charges 指控、罪名

charge to the jury （法官）对陪审团的指导

charitable organization 慈善机构、慈善组织

charity drive 慈善活动

chattel 动产、有形财产

chief justice 首席法官

child endangerment 危害儿童

child labor law 童工法

child molestation 猥亵儿童

child welfare service 儿童福利服务

choking 窒息

circuit court 巡回法庭

circumstantial evidence 间接证据、旁证

citation 罚单、传票

civil code 民事法典

civil enforcement 执行民事法典

civil law 民法

civil liberty 公民自由

civil right 公民权利

claim（n）要求权

claim（v）声称、断言

claim（damages）索赔

claim（lost or stolen property）认领

claimant 债权人、原告、索赔人

clandestine 暗中的、秘密的

class action lawsuit 集体诉讼

classified（advertisement）分类的

classified（document）保密的

clerk of the court 法庭书记

closing argument 终结陈述、终结辩论

cocaine 古柯碱、可卡因

co-conspirator 共谋人、篡谋人

coercion 强迫、胁迫、挟制

cohabitation 同居

commercial drivers license 商业性驾驶执照

commit a crime 犯下罪行

commitment hearing 拘禁听证

common law 判例法、习惯法、普通法

common law marriage 普通法/习惯法上的婚姻

community service 社区服务

community standards 共同道德标准

compelling argument 有道理/有说服力的争辩

competence 能力、权限

competent council 合格的律师

competent court 管辖法院、主管法院

complaint 控诉、民事起诉

compulsory education 义务教育

compulsory process 强制到庭的程序

computer crimes 用计算机（电脑）犯罪

concealed firearm 夹带/夹藏的枪械

concealed weapon 夹带/夹藏武器、暗器

concurrent sentences 合并刑期、同时执行

confession 认罪、供认、招认

confidentiality 保密性、机密性

confinement 监禁、拘留

confiscate 没收、充公

conflict of interest 利益冲突

confrontation of witness 证人对质

consecutive sentences 连续刑期

conspiracy 共谋、篡谋

conspiracy to commit a crime 篡谋犯罪

constable 警察

constitutional right 宪法权利

contempt of court 蔑视法庭

continuance/continuation（of the case）诉讼延期、展延

contract 契约、合同

contract law 合同法、契约法

contradict 反驳

contradict oneself 自相矛盾

contradiction 矛盾

convict noun 罪犯

convict verb 定罪

conviction 定罪、判罪

coroner 验尸官

correctional officer 狱警、监管警员

corroborate 证实

costs incurred 所引起的费用

counsel 律师

counseling 心理辅导

count 罪项

court 法庭、法院

court appointed attorney 法庭任命的律师

court interpreter 法庭翻译、法庭传译

court of appeals 上诉法院

court of last resort 终审法院

court of record 案件记录所在的法院

credibility 可信度、可信性

creditor 债权人

crime 罪行

crime lab 罪证化验室

criminal background information 前科资料

criminal code 刑事法典

criminal information 刑事检举书

criminal intent 犯罪意图

criminal justice 刑事司法

criminal mischief 刑事恶作剧

criminal offense 刑事犯罪

criminal proceedings 刑事诉讼程序

criminal record 犯罪记录

criminal trespass 非法进入他人土地或房屋

cross examination 盘问

crosswalk 行人穿越道、斑马线、人行横道

curfew 宵禁、戒严

custodial interference 妨碍监护权

custody（of children）监护权

（take into）custody 拘留、扣押

D

DA（District Attorney）检察官、检控官

damage 损失、损害

damages 损害赔偿

data 数据、资料

de facto 事实上、实际上

de jure 法理上

deadly weapon 致命武器

death sentence 死刑

debate 辩论

debrief（a witness）询问（证人）

deceit 欺骗、欺诈

deception 欺瞒、蒙骗

（to issue a）decree 颁布法令、命令

deface 毁伤外貌、污损

defamation 诽谤

default 缺席、逾期未……

default judgment 缺席判决

defendant 被告

defense 辩护、答辩、辩方

defense attorney 辩护律师

defense exhibit A 辩方呈物甲/证物甲

deferred prosecution 缓期起诉

defraud 诈骗、欺诈

defunct 已死的、已故的、已倒闭的

demolish 拆毁、拆除

denounce 谴责、斥责、驳斥

deny（a charge）否认、否定

deny（a request or proposal）驳回、否决

department of corrections 惩治局、狱政局、监狱局、劳改局

department of motor vehicles 机动车辆管理局、车管局

department of public safety 公安局、公安机关

deportation 递解出境、驱逐出境

deposition 宣誓证言、宣誓证词

deprave 腐化、腐败

deputy D.A．地区副检控官

deputy sheriff 警员

desecration 亵渎、污辱

destruction of property 破坏财物

detain 扣留、拘留

detainer 扣押令

detention 拘留

diagnosis 诊断

direct evidence 直接证据

direct examination 直接询问

disavowal 拒绝承担责任

discharge 撤销（命令）、释放

disciplinary action 纪律处分、惩戒处分

disciplinary measure 纪律措施

discovery 告知准备使用的证据、透露证据

dismemberment 肢解

dismiss 驳回

dismiss with prejudice 有偏见驳回起诉（不可以再诉）

dismiss without prejudice 无偏见驳回起诉（可以再诉）

disorderly conduct 扰乱治安行为、行为不轨

disposition（juvenile）（对未成年人的）判决、处理

dissident 异议人士、持不同政见者

disturbing public meeting 扰乱公众会议

disturbing the peace 扰乱治安

diversion 转移、替换

divest 剥夺

divorce 离婚

docket sheet 法院日程表

dog fighting 斗狗

domestic violence 家庭暴力

double jeopardy 双重判案、一罪重审

dragnet 法网

driver’s education 驾驶培训

driving on a suspended license 在驾照吊销期间开车

driving record 驾驶记录

driving under the influence 酒后或吸毒后开车、受影响下驾驶

drug abuse 滥用毒品

drug bust 突击搜捕毒品及贩毒者

drug dealer 贩毒者

drug trafficking 贩毒

drugs 毒品

drunk driving 酒后开车

due process of the law 适当/应有的法律程序

duly sworn 正式发誓

E

eavesdropping 窃听、偷听

electric chair 电椅、电刑处死

electronic monitoring 电子监视

elements of the offense 犯法要素

eligibility 资格

embezzlement 盗用、侵吞、监守自盗

emergency medical service 急救服务

enhanced penalties 加重刑罚

entrapment 陷阱、圈套

equal protection 平等保护/保障

escape 逃跑、逃脱

evidence 证据

examination 审查、发问、盘问

exclusionary rule 排除不合法证据的法规

excusable homicide 可原谅的杀人

exculpatory 申明无罪的

exhibit 呈物、证物

exoneration 证明无罪、免除责任

exoneration of bail 免除保释金

expert witness 专家鉴定证人

exploitation 利用、剥削

explosive 炸药、爆炸物

expose（a crime）揭露、揭发

expunge 删除、剔除

extortion 勒索

extradition 引渡

eyewitness 目击证人

F

fabrication 捏造、伪造

fact 事实、真相

failure to appear 不出庭罪

fair use 公平使用

fallacy 谬论

false accusation 诬告罪

false alarm 虚惊

false arrest 非法逮捕

falsification of documents 伪造文件

falsification of evidence 伪造证据

felony 刑事重罪

fencing 买卖赃物

field sobriety test 现场清醒测验

file（n）档案、卷宗

file（v）提交、入档、提出（诉讼）

find（n）拾得物、掘获物

find（v）判定

finding 判决、调查结果

fine 罚款

fingerprints 指纹

fire code 防火规章

fire marshal 消防局长

fire prevention 防火措施

firearms 枪械

firecrackers 鞭炮、爆竹

fireworks 烟火、焰火、烟花

flagellate 鞭打

flammable material 易燃物品

for the record 记录在案

foreclosure 赎回权的取消

forensic 法庭的、用于法庭的

forensic expert 法医、科学鉴定专家

forensic psychiatry 司法精神病学

forensic science 科学鉴定学

forensics 法医学

forfeit 放弃、失去

forgery 伪造

fornication 私通

foster home 寄养家庭、收养所

foul language 粗话

found liable 判定有责任

frame up 造假陷害

fraud 行骗、欺诈

frisk 搜身

fugitive 逃犯

G

gag order 禁止谈论令

gallows 绞刑台

gaming 赌博

gang 帮派、团伙

garnish 扣押钱财

gas chamber 毒气室

genocide 种族灭绝

gimmick 手法、手段

gist （诉讼中的）主旨、要点、大意

good behavior 品行良好

good cause 正当理由

good faith effort 有诚意的努力

grace period 宽限期

graffiti 乱涂乱写

graft 受贿、渎职

grand jury 大陪审团

grand theft 重偷窃罪

grievously sinful 罪孽深重

grievance 不满、冤情

gross negligence 严重失职

groundless 无根据、没道理

ground 理由

guardian 监护人

guilty 有罪

gun runner 军火走私贩

gunshot wound 枪伤

H

habeas corpus 人身保护法

habitual offender 惯犯

habitual sex offender 性惯犯

habitual violent offender 暴力惯犯

hallucinogen 幻觉剂

handcuff 手铐

handgun 手枪

harassment 骚扰

harbor a criminal 窝藏罪犯

hate crime 仇恨罪

hazardous material 危害物品、危险材料

hazing 戏弄、恶作剧

hearing 聆讯

hearsay 传闻

heroin 海洛因

highway patrol 高速公路巡警

hijacking 劫持

hit and run 驾车肇事后逃跑

hoarding 囤积

hoax 骗局

home detention 软禁

homicide 杀人、他杀

hostage 人质

hostile witness 敌对证人

hot pursuit 紧追

hung jury 不能做出一致决断的陪审团

hunting certificate/license/permit 狩猎许可

hunting tag 狩猎标牌

I

identification 身份证

identify 认出、辨认、分辨

illegal alien 非法居留者

illegal immigration 非法移民

illegal immigration broker 蛇头

illegitimate child 私生子、非婚生子

illicit 非法

illusory 错觉的

immunity 豁免权

immunity from liability 责任豁免权

immunity from prosecution 检控豁免权

impeachment of witness 指责证人

impersonation of judge 假扮法官

impersonation of police officer 假扮警察

implicate 牵连、牵涉

implied consent 默认、默示同意

impound 没收、扣押、充公

imprisonment 徒刑、下狱、坐牢、禁锢

in camera 不公开

in session 开庭

inadmissible 不可接纳的

incarceration 监禁

incest 乱伦

inchoate offenses 犯罪未遂

incite 煽动、鼓动

inconsistent（statements）矛盾（供词）

incriminate 归罪、使负罪

indictment 大陪审团起诉书、大陪审团公诉书

indigent 贫穷的

indirect evidence 间接证据

inducement 诱惑

infiltration 渗透

influence peddling 招权纳贿

informant 告密者、线人

information 正式起诉书

informed consent 知情的同意

infraction 违规、违例

inherent right 固有权利

inheritance 继承；遗产

injunction 禁令、强制令

injustice 不公正、不正义、不法

inmate 囚犯

insanity 精神错乱

instigate 煽乱、怂恿

insurance 保险

insurgent 叛乱的

intent 意图

interference with public servant 妨害公务罪

INTERPOL 国际刑事警察组织

interstate 州际

intimidation 恐吓

intoxilyzer 酒醉测试器

investigation 调查

irrational 不合理智的

issue（n）问题、争论点；

issue（v）发行、发出、分配

itemize 列举、详细列举

J

jail 拘留所、监狱

jailbreak 越狱

jay-walk 违章穿越马路

John/Jane Doe 无名氏

joy riding 偷车兜风

Judge Advocate General 军法局长、军法处长

judgment 判决

judicial 司法的

judicial notice 司法上应有的知识

judiciary 司法系统

jump bail 弃保潜逃

junk dealer 收售旧物者

jurisdiction 司法权、管辖权、判决权

jurisprudence 法理家

jurist 法学家

juror 陪审员

juror,alternative 候补陪审员

juror,prospective 待选陪审员

juror,sworn 正选陪审员

jury 陪审团

jury box 陪审团席

jury instructions（法官给）陪审团的指示

jury tempering 非法干预陪审团

jury trial 陪审团审案

juvenile court 青少年/未成年人法庭

juvenile delinquent 青少年/未成年人罪犯

K

kidnapping 绑架、绑票

killer 凶手

kiting 开空头支票

kleptomania 盗窃狂

knowingly 知情地、故意地

L

labor law 劳工法、劳动法

landmark decision 里程碑式的判决

larceny 盗窃罪

laser-sight weapon 激光瞄准武器

law code 法典、法例

law enforcement agency 执法机构

law firm 律师事务所

law school 法学院

lawsuit 官司、诉讼、案件

lead council 首席律师

leading question 诱导发问

lechery 淫乱行为

legal age 法定年龄

legal aid 法律援助

legal aide 法律助理

legal council 法律顾问

legal obligation 法律义务

legal system 法律体制

legal tender 法定货币

legalese 法律术语

legality 合法性

legislature 立法机关

leniency 宽恕、宽大处理

lethal injection 致命性注射剂

lethal weapon 致命凶器

letter bomb 信件炸弹

lewd conduct 猥亵行为、淫秽行为、下流行为

liability 应负责任、债务

liable 法律责任

liability insurance 责任保险

libel 诽谤罪

lie detector 测谎器

lie in wait 埋伏以待

lien 留置权、扣押权

life sentence 无期徒刑、终身监禁

lineup 列队辨认嫌疑犯

litigant 诉讼当事人

litigation 诉讼、打官司

littering 乱丢垃圾

loaded weapon 装上弹药的武器

loan shark 高利贷者

lodge a complaint 投诉

loitering 闲荡

loophole 漏洞

looting 洗劫、趁乱打劫

losses 损失

LSD 迷幻药

lynching 私刑处死

M

Mafia 黑手党、黑社会、黑帮团伙

magistrate 裁判官

mail bomb 邮件炸弹

mail fraud 邮件欺诈

mail theft 邮件盗窃

maiming 残害

making arrest 拘捕、逮捕

malfeasance 恶行、劣迹

malice 恶意

malicious mischief 恶意作弄

malicious prosecution 恶意控告

malign 诬蔑、诋毁

malpractice 失职

mandate 执行令

mandatory 规定的、强制性的

mandatory sentences 规定刑期

manhunt 搜捕逃犯

manslaughter 过失杀人、误杀

maritime law 海事法

marshal 法警、庭警

mass hysteria 集体发疯

material facts 重要事实

material statement 重要声明

material witness 重要证人

matter of record 有案可查的事项

maxim 格言

mayhem 残害身体

mediation 调停、仲裁

minimum standard 最低标准

minor 未成年人

Miranda Rights 米兰达权利

mischief 恶作剧

misconduct 不法行为、不端行为

misdemeanor 轻刑罪

misleading question 误导问题

misnomer 误称

misquote 错误引用

misrepresentation 虚假不实的陈述

missing 失踪

mistrial 无效审判（可重审）

mitigating circumstances 减罪细节

mitigating factors 减罪因素

modus operandi 作案方法

money laundering 洗钱

monopoly 垄断

moot（adj.）假设的、非实际的

moral certainty 确实可靠性

moral standard 道德标准

moral turpitude 违背道德、卑鄙

motion 动议

motion denied 动议被否决

motion granted 动议被批准

motive 动机

mug shot 入案照片

mutilation 切断、残害、毁伤

mutiny 兵变、叛变

N

narcotics 麻醉品

native-born citizen 土生公民

naturalization 入境、归化

negligence 疏忽、过失

negligent homicide 过失杀人

nepotism 任人唯亲、裙带风

neutrality law 中立法

next of kin 最近亲属

night court 晚间法庭

no contest 无争议

nonfeasance 不履行义务

nonpayment 不支付、未缴纳

nonresident 非（某地）居民

not guilty 无罪

notary public 公证人

nuisance 妨害公共利益的行为

null and void 无效、失效

nullify 取消

O

oath 誓言

objection 反对、抗议、异议

obscene 猥亵、淫荡

obscene phone call 猥亵/淫秽电话

obscenity 猥亵、淫秽、下流

obstructing justice 妨害司法

offense 罪行、犯法

officer 警察、官员

official misconduct 官员渎职

on the record 记录在案

open court 公开法庭

opening statement 开案陈述/陈词

ordinance 法令、条例

ostracism 排斥

outlaw（n）歹徒

outlaw（v）取缔、剥夺（权利）

outstanding warrant 未执行的逮捕证、仍有效的通缉令

overrule 驳回、推翻

over act 明显/公开行为

P

pandering procuring 拉皮条

panel 小组

panel（of jurors）全体陪审员

parade permit 游行示威许可

paradox 自相矛盾

paralegal 律师助理

paramedic 急救人员

paranoia 偏执狂、妄想狂

pardon 赦免

parole 假释

party 当事人

pass sentence 宣判

patent 专利

paternity suit 确认生父的诉讼

pathologist 病理学家

patronizing a prostitute 嫖娼、嫖妓

PCP 天使粉（兴奋剂）、苯环己哌啶

pedestrian 行人

penalties 惩罚、罚金

per dim 按日津贴

perjury 伪证

perpetrator 作案者、肇事者

petition 请愿、请愿书

petition（juvenile court）控诉书（青少年/未成年人法庭）

petition the court 向法庭请愿

petty theft 小偷

picket line 警戒线、纠察线

pistol 手枪

plaintiff 原告

plea 答辩

plea and（in）abeyance 暂停答辩

plea bargain 认罪求情、认罪协议

plead guilty 认罪答辩

plead innocent/not guilty 罪答辩

plight 誓约、困境

plunder（n）掠夺品

plunder（v）抢劫、掠夺

police detail 警察特定任务队

police dispatcher 警察调度员

police dog 警犬

police record 警察记录

polluting 污染

polyandry 一妻多夫制

polygamy 一夫多妻制

pornographer 制作色情作品的人

pornographic material 色情材料

pornography 色情

port-of-entry 入境口岸

possession of narcotics 持有麻醉品

post bail 交保、提交保释金

pound 兽栏

power of attorney 委托书、授权书、代理权

prank 恶作剧

precedence 优先权

precedent 前例、先例

prejudice 偏见

prejudice to the case 对案情不公、对案情不利

preliminary hearing 初步听证/聆讯

preliminary injunction 初步禁令

premeditate 预谋

preponderance of the evidence 绝大多数的证据、证据的优势

prerequisite 先决条件

prescription drugs 处方药

pre-sentencing investigation 判刑前调查

pre-sentencing report 判刑前报告

press charges 正式控告

presumption of innocence 无罪推定、无罪假设、假定清白

protection racket 勒索保护费的组织

pretrial conference 预审会议

pretrial services agency 预审服务机构

pretrial motions 预审动议

price control 物价控制

price fixing 价格垄断

prima facie evidence 表面证据、初步证据

prior convictions 前科

prison 监狱

prison clothes 囚衣

prison guard 狱警、管教

prison term 刑期

prisoner 囚犯

privacy 隐私权

privileged information 秘密资料

pro se（pro per）代表自己、自辩

probable cause 颇能成立的原因

probate 遗嘱认证

probation 缓刑

probation officer 监管缓刑犯的官员、缓刑官

professional organization 专业组织

prohibition 禁令

proof 证据

prosecution 控方、控告

prosecutor 检察官、检控官

prostitute 妓女

prostitution 卖淫

protective custody 保护性拘留、监护

protective order 保护令

psychotoxic chemicals 引起精神病的化学品

public defender 公设辩护人/律师

public domain 公有领域/产业/土地

public monies 公款

punish according to law 法办

punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿

purge 消除、销案

pursuit 追捕

Q

quack 无牌医生

qualification 资格

qualm 疑虑

quarantine 检疫隔离

quash 撤销、废除

quasi 准、类似、似乎

questionnaire 调查表

quibble 狡辩

quick court 短期法庭

quid pro quo 交换条件、抵偿物

quorum 法定人数

quota system 配额制

R

racial discrimination 种族歧视

racial segregation 种族隔离

racism 种族主义

racketeering enterprise 敲诈勒索集团

radar speed gun 雷达速度测试器

radar detector 雷达探测器

radical 激进、极端

railroad crossing 铁路公路交叉道口

ransack 洗劫、彻底搜查

ransom 赎金

rap sheet 警方逮捕记录

rape 强奸

ratify 批准、认可

real property/real state 不动产、房地产

reasonable doubt 合理的怀疑

rebuttal 反驳

recall a witness 召回证人

receiving stolen property 窝赃

reckless burning 鲁莽用火

reckless driving 鲁莽驾驶

recognizance 保证（到庭）

reconciliation 调停、调解、和解

recourse 追索权

recess 休息

recidivist 惯犯、累犯

recreational vehicles 大型旅行车

recross 再次盘问

redirect 再次直接询问

refugee 难民

registered trademark 注册商标

registration（auto）（汽车）上牌/登记

regulation 规章、规定

reinstated 恢复、复职

release 释放

release pending trail 得释在外待审

remain silent 保持沉默

remains（body）残骸、遗骸

remand 还押

removal hearing 移送聆讯

remedy 补救

reparations 赔偿、赔款

repeat offender 惯犯

repeat offense 多次罪行

represent a client 代表客户

represent to the court 向法官陈述

residence 住处

resisting arrest 拒捕

restitution 归还、赔偿

rest a case 案件证据已全部提出

restraining order 禁令

retail theft 盗窃零售商品

retract 撤回

retroactive 有追溯效力的

return a verdict 作出判决

reversal 推翻、撤销、驳回

review/retrial 复审

revoke 撤销、吊销、取消

revolt 叛变、造反

revolver 左轮枪

rifle 步枪、来复枪

right 权利

right-of-way 先行权、通行权

ringleader 主谋、魁首

risk of flight 潜逃危机

robbery 抢劫

robbery,armed 持械抢劫

round-the-clock 昼夜

rule of law 法治

rules of evidence 证据法规则

ruse 诡计

S

sabotage 蓄意破坏、怠工

sacrilege 渎圣、冒渎

sadism 虐待狂

safety inspection（auto）（汽车）安全检查

safety regulation 安全规则

sale of a child 贩卖儿童

sanction 制裁

sane 神志正常

scapegoat 替罪羊

scene of crime 作案现场

search and seizure 搜查与充公

search warrant 搜查令

secret agent 特务、特工

Secret Service 特勤部

security fraud 证券欺诈

sedition 煽动叛乱

self determination 自决

self incrimination 自证其罪、自我牵连

self-defense 自卫

sensitive 敏感的

sentence 判刑

separation agreement 分居协议

sequester a jury 隔离陪审团

serve a subpoena 送达传票

serve papers on a party 送交文件给某方

set bail 定保释金额

sever case 将案件分离

sexual abuse 性虐待

sexual assault 性侵犯

shackles 手铐、脚镣

sheriff （县）警长

shoplifting 入店行窃

shotgun 散弹枪、猎枪

sidewalk 人行道

sight translation 视译

simultaneous interpretation 同声传译

skid row 贫民区街道、没落地段

slander 诽谤

slavery 奴隶制

slip and fall 滑倒

slugs 假硬币、子弹

smuggling 走私

snowmobile 雪车

sodomy 鸡奸、兽奸

solicitation 教唆、拉客

solicitor 法务官

special agent 特务、特工

specification 规格

speedy trial 快速审理

squatter 擅自居住、擅自占地

stalking 潜行追踪

standard weights 砝码

standards 标准

status quo 现状

statute 法规

statute of limitation 时效法规

statutory law 成文法、制定法

statutory rape 制定法上的强奸

stay a warrant 中止刑事手令

stay of execution 延缓执行死刑

sting operation （为捉拿疑犯所设置的）突击圈套

stipulation 规定、协议

strangulation 勒死、掐死、绞死

strike from the record 从记录中删除

subject to prosecution 可被公诉

suborn perjury 唆使提供伪证

submit evidence 提出证据

subpoena 传票

substance abuse 滥用药物

substance abuse prevention 防止滥用药物的措施

substantive count 实质罪项

substantive law 实体法、主法

sue 起诉、打官司

suit 诉讼

summary judgment 即决审判

suppress evidence 压制证据

supreme court 最高法院

surcharge 附加费

surrogate parenthood 代父母身份

surveillance 监视

susceptible 易受影响的

suspect 犯罪嫌疑人、疑犯

suspended license 暂时吊销执照

suspended sentence 缓刑

swear to tell the truth 发誓说实话

sworn testimony 宣誓作证

syndicate 犯罪集团

T

tacit approval 默许

take issue 提出异议、反对

take the stand 到证人席作证、出庭作证

tampering with a witness 干扰证人

tampering with evidence 损坏证据

tampering with jury 干预陪审团

tariff 关税

tax advantage 有利税率

tax deduction 减税

tax evasion 逃税

tax exempt 免税

tax fraud 税务行骗

tax in kind 实物税、以实物缴纳的税

tax law 税法

tax rate 税率

tax return 税表、报税单

tax shelter 合法避税手段

telecommunications fraud 电信行骗

telephone fraud 电话行骗

temporary restraining order 暂时禁令

temporary insanity 暂时性精神错乱

tenor（gist）要旨、大意

tentative 暂定的

terrorism 恐怖主义

terrorist 恐怖分子

testify under oath/affirmation 宣誓作证

testimony 证词

the people 人民、公诉人

threatening elected officials 威胁公选官员

time off for good behavior 因表现良好而减刑

time served 已服刑期

tobacco product warning 烟草产品警告

tort 民事侵权行为

towing regulation 拖车规定

trade names 商品/商号/商业名称

trademark 商标

traffic citation 交通罚单

traffic court 交通法庭

trafficking in 非法贩卖

transcript 记录抄本

transliteration 音译

trespassing 擅自进入

trial 审讯

trial on merit 实体审判

trier of fact 事实的审判者

truancy 旷课、逃学、旷工

truant officer 调查旷课/旷工的官员

true bill 大陪审团签署的起诉书

true copy 准确的副本

trumped up charge 诬告、无中生有

truthful statement 真实声明

twist（the facts）歪曲事实

U

ulterior motive 别有用心、另有动机

un alienable right 不容剥夺的权利

unanimous verdict 全体一致的判决

unconstitutional 违宪的

under advisement,take 会考虑周全

under oath 宣过誓

under penalty of 处以……的惩罚

undermine 暗中破坏

underwrite 承保、负责保险、负责支付

unfair competitive practice 不公平竞争

uniform 一律、一致、统一；

uniform crime reporting 统一的罪案报告方式

unit（police）（警察）小组、警车

unlawful handling of 非法处理

unlawful retention 非法拘留

unlawful sexual intercourse 非法性交

unloaded weapon 没装弹药的枪械

unpremeditated crime 非预谋罪行

uphold verdict 维持原判

urine test 尿液测试

use of force 使用武力\暴力

usurpation 篡夺、非法使用

usury 高利贷

utter 行使伪造物

utility theft 盗窃公用设备\

U-turn 汽车调头\回转

V

vice 恶性

vice squad 警察缉捕队、刑警队

victim 受害者

victim’s right 受害者的权利

vigilance 警惕、防范

vigilante 民间警戒行动者、民间治安维持者

villain 恶棍

vindication 证实无罪、证实清白

vindictive punishment 报复性惩罚

vintage vehicle 古董车

violent crime 暴力罪行

visitation 探亲、探视；

vulgarity 粗鄙

vulnerability 弱点、易受伤害

vulture 贪婪而残酷的人

vacate 搬出；撤销 搬出；

vagrancy 流浪

validation 批准、证实、使生效

vandalism 肆意破坏财产

vehicular homicide 车祸致死

vendetta 世仇、家族仇杀

venereal disease 性病

venue 审判地点

verbal agreement 口头协议

verbatim 咬文嚼字

verdict 判决、裁决

vested rights 既定权利、应有权利

veto 否决 否

W

waive rights 放弃权利

waive time 放弃时限权利

waiver of rights 弃权书

wanton（willful or reckless）任性、肆意、肆无忌惮

wanton negligence 任意过失

war crimes 战争罪行

ward of the court 受法院监护的任

warden 监狱长 監獄長

warning lights 警告灯

warning sign 警告标志

warrant 法令、逮捕证、搜查证

warranty 保单、担保

water rights 用水权

weapon 武器

whereabouts 下落

white supremacy 白人种族至上主义

wildlife 野生动植物

will 遗嘱

wire tap 窃听电话

withdraw 撤回、撤销

with prejudice 有偏见

without prejudice 无偏见

witness of the defense 辩方证人

witness of the prosecution 控方证人

work furlough 暂准狱外工作

work release 白天监外工作

writ 书面命令、传票

wrongful act 不法行为、不当行为

X

xenophile 崇洋媚外

xenophobe 仇外 仇外

X-rated film 色情电影

Y

yes/no question 是非问题

yield 让步、屈服

youth authority 少年罪犯管理机构

Z

zealot 狂热、过分热心

zoning 城市区划