四、被动结构的译法
英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛,几乎所有的及物动词和部分由不及物动词+介词构成的短语均可用于被动语态。虽然在汉语中也有类似英语被动语态的结构,但它的使用范围和频率远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围和频率。
从英语被动结构的构成来看,被动语态是通过“be+动词的过去分词(+by短语)”的形式体现被动的概念,用来表示不知道动作的执行者是谁,或者没有必要提及,或者为了避免提及。有时,为了强调动作的承受者,英语中也使用被动语态的形式。
试比较以下两组句子。
例1 The bridge was built last year.
A.这座桥是去年被建的。
B.这座桥是去年建的。
例2 A.Obviously,you made a very serious mistake here.
很显然,你这里犯了一个很严重的错误。
B.Obviously,a very serious mistake was made here.
显然,这里存在着一个很严重的错误。
显然,例1中译文B“这座桥是去年建的”更好。可见,英语虽然用了被动语态,译成汉语时也并非一定要使用“被”字。尽管译文A中的“被”字好像“忠实”地体现了原文的结构,但读起来却十分别扭,不符合汉语的表达习惯,可见翻译过程中的“忠实”并非指结构上的一致。
例2中A和B两个英语句子,相比较而言,译文B优于译文A,因为它听起来更礼貌,同时听者也同样会感觉到是谁犯了错误。由此可见,英语的被动语态还可以用来委婉地提出批评。另外,我们在处理第二个例句的译文时,使用了“存在”,而没有采用“犯了”,因为汉语习惯讲“这里存在”一个错误,或者“这里出现了”一个错误,而非“这里犯了”一个错误。
汉语在表达被动的概念时,则是通过词序变化的方式或是通过在谓语动词前添加用来表示被动意义的词汇的方法来体现被动的含义,即在谓语动词前添加“被”、“受到”、“遭受”等词汇。有时也会使用判断句来表达被动的意思。值得注意的是,汉语中在使用“被”、“受到”、“遭受”等词汇时,有时含有谓语动词所表达的动作对宾语或动作的承受者不利,或该情况有些特殊,出人意料,如“被击败”、“受到嘲笑”、“遭受打击”等等。
在翻译含有被动语态的英语句子时,一定要在正确理解原文的基础上,使用符合汉语习惯的句式来表达,避免发生“汉语的文字、英语的句式”的现象。常见英语被动结构的译法主要有以下几种。
(一)将英语的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构
1.英语原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语,并将英语的被动句译成汉语的判断句,即“……是……的”句式,来体现英语原文中的被动概念。
例1 The cup is used to drink coffee.
A.这个杯子是被用来喝咖啡的。
B.这个杯子是用来喝咖啡的。/这个杯子是喝咖啡用的。
显然,在译文A中加入了“被”字,读起来很别扭,不符合汉语的表达习惯。以下例句中的译文A也存在类似的问题。
例2 Rome was not built in a day.
A.罗马不是一天被建成的。
B.罗马不是一天建成的。
例3 Such films are produced for children.
A.这些电影是为孩子们而被拍摄的。
B.这些电影是为孩子们拍摄的。
2.英语原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语,并在译文中适当使用“加以”、“予以”等词来加强语气,同时体现原文中的被动含义。
例1 The other questions will be discussed briefly.
A.其他问题将简单地被讨论。
B.其他问题将简单地加以讨论。
译文B好于译文A,因为它更正式,更符合汉语的表达习惯。
例2 It has to be stressed that shipment must be effected within the prescribed time limit,as a further extension will not be considered.
必须强调的是,货物装运必须按期进行,任何进一步延期的要求将不予以考虑。
例2中,第一个被动结构It has to be stressed that...,翻译时处理成了无主语结构“必须强调的是”,也没有使用表示被动含义的词汇;第二个被动结构not be considered翻译成“不予以考虑”,要比翻译成“不被考虑”更正式,更得体。
3.英语的结构是被动形式的,但表达的意思是主动的。翻译时,原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语,译文中也不使用表达被动的词汇。
例1 Two months later,Jessica was discharged from hospital.两个月后,杰西卡出院回到家中。
例2 This liquid became mixed with the salt at room temperature.在室温条件下,这种液体与盐混合了。
4.将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,有时需要增加表示泛指概念的词语如“有人”,“人们”、“大家”、“我们”等,来作主语。
例1 Earth will be managed,like a farm or a factory.
人类将会像管理农场或工厂那样来管理地球。
增加“人类”作译文的主语,或者增加“人们”、“我们”作译文的主语,都是可取的。如果译文使用被动结构,“地球将会像农场或工厂一样受到管理”,读起来会觉得“洋味”十足。
例2 It is odd that so little is known about the talented painter.
奇怪的是,人们对于这位有才华的画家知之甚少。
例3 It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.
人们普遍认为,孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及以后的人品。
下列“It+系动词+动词的过去分词+that...”的结构中,也常使用这种译法:
1)It is believed that... 有人认为……
2)It is generally considered that... 大家认为……
3)It is suggested that... 有人建议……
4)It is well known that... 众所周知……
5)It will be said... 有人会说……
6)It was told that... 有人曾经说……
7)It’s hoped that... 人们希望……
8)It has been found that... 人们已经发现……
9)It should be realized that... 我们应该认识到……
10)It’s universally accepted that... 人们普遍认为……
5.将英语原文中的by,in,for等作状语的介词短语翻译成汉语的主语,英语原文中的主语一般翻译成宾语。
例1 Doctors or teachers are needed in every part of the world.
世界上的每一个地方都需要医生和教师。
例2 Our roof was damaged in last night’s storm.
昨天的暴风雨损坏了我家的屋顶。
例3 A lot of precious oil paintings are housed in this museum.
这家博物馆收藏着不少珍贵油画。
例4 Before long,Clever Hans was being acclaimed around the world.
不久,全世界都在称赞聪明的汉斯。
(二)将英语的被动结构翻译成汉语的被动结构
英语中的一些被动结构可以翻译成汉语的被动句,常用“被”、“给”、“把”、“为……所”、“使”、“由”、“受到”、“得到”等表示。
例1 By whom will the children be looked after?
孩子将由谁照看?
例2 The two thieves had been caught before the policemen arrived.
那两个小偷在警察到来之前就已经被抓住了。例3 Guests were scared when the bomb exploded.
炸弹爆炸时,客人们受到了惊吓。
例4 This help-the-poor policy has been successfully carried out.
这项扶贫政策得到了认真的执行。
例5 I was very well looked after when I was working there.
我在那里工作的时候得到了很好的照顾。
例6 Our roof was damaged in last night’s storm.在昨天的暴风雨中,我家的屋顶遭到了损坏。
例7 I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.我为这些话所深深感动,后来我就把它们写在了圣诞贺卡上。/这些话深深地感动了我,后来我就把它们写在了圣诞贺卡上。
(三)将英语的被动结构翻译成汉语的无主语句
英语中的被动结构可以翻译成汉语的无主语句(译文A),特别是当英语被动句由“情态动词(must,can)+be+动词的过去分词”构成时,往往如此;也可以将其译成“主语+情态动词的含义+主动形式的谓语动作”的形式(译文B)。
例1 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
A.一旦发现了错误就一定要纠正。
B.错误一经发现就一定要纠正。
例2 These exercises must be finished in class.
A.必须在课堂上完成这些练习。
B.这些练习必须在课堂上完成。
例3 The timetable can be changed any time.
A.可以随时改变时间表。
B.时间表可以随时改变。
例4 This book may not be taken out of the reading room.
A.不可以将这本书带出阅览室。
B.这本书不可以带出阅览室。
例5 This dictionary must be taken good care of.
A.必须保管好这本词典。
B.这本词典必须保管好。
例6 This out-of-date teaching method must be done away with.
A.必须摈弃这种过时的教学方法。
B.这种过时的教学方法必须摈弃。
以下结构也常常翻译成汉语的无主语句。当然有时也可以根据行文的需要,将下列结构译成“添加泛指概念的词语作主语”的句子。
1)It is said that... 据说……/有人说……
2)It is estimated that... 据估计……/有人估计……
3)It is hoped that... 希望……/人们希望……
4)It is supposed that... 据推测……/有人推测……
5)It must be admitted that... 必须承认……/大家必须承认……
6)It is reported that... 据报道……
7)It cannot be denied that... 无可否认……
8)It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……
9)It will be seen from this that... 由此可见……
10)It has been proved that... 业已证明……
翻译实践
I.完成下列译文,注意斜体部分的译法及被动语态翻译技巧的运用。
1.History is made by the people.
历史________________________________。
2.The message was passed from person to person until it reached the front of the bus.
________________________________,一直传到公共汽车的前部。
3.The shame which I felt cannot be described.我感到的耻辱________________________________。
4.If more is wanted of any goods─say,shoes─a flood of new orders will be given for it.
_______________________________,比如对鞋的需求增加了,那么新的订单就会像潮水般涌来。
5.Passengers are requested to remain seated until the aircraft comes to a complete stop.
在飞机停稳前,_______________________________。
6.While the problem was solved shortly after the meeting,the boss was still angry at not being informed of it by the manager.
_______________________________,但老板还在为经理没有通知他这件事情而生气。
7.Claim,if any,must be made within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination,after which no claims will be entertained.
万一发生索赔,必须于货物到达目的地后30天内提出,_________________。
8.No one can use cell phones in any areas at the hospital where equipment might be affected by the interference from cell phones.(2003年12月A级)
在医院的任何区域,___________________________________,任何人都不得用手机。
9.Your prompt payment of the goods we sent last month will be appreciated.贵方如能立即支付我方上月发运货物之货款,_______________________________。
10.It is generally accepted that old people should have a share in the rewards for material and cultural advancements to which they have made contributions.(2005年6月A级)
________________________________,老年人对物质和文化的进步作出过贡献,应该分享其成果。
II.将下列句子译成汉语,注意被动语态的译法。
1.I was asked to send a stamped addressed envelope.
2.When she was invited to the party,she readily accepted.
3.This book is divided into sixteen units that deal with topics of everyday conversation.(2001年12月A级)
4.It was later discovered that the kerosene(煤油)can had accidentally been filled with gasoline(汽油).
5.Candidates(考生)are requested to present themselves fifteen minutes before the examination begins.
III.将下列段落译成汉语,注意被动语态的译法。
For many years it was thought that it was enough to produce goods and sup-ply services.It is only more recently that it has become increasingly understood that the production of goods is a waste of resources unless those goods can be sold at a fair price within a reasonable time span.
Light Reading
下面是一则英汉对照小幽默。轻松之余,别忘了体会其中翻译技巧的运用。
The Composition Class
The students in the composition class were assigned the task of writing an essay on“the most beautiful thing I ever saw.”The student who,of all the members of the class,seemed the least sensitive to beauty,handed in his paper first with astonishing speed.It was short and to the point.He had written:“The most beautiful thing I ever saw was too beautiful for words.”
作 文 课
作文课上,老师布置了一篇题为“我所见到过的最美的东西”的作文。在整个班级,看起来对美最不敏感的那位学生却以惊人的速度第一个交了卷。文章简短而扼要。他写道:“我所见到过的最美的东西美得无法用语言来表达。”
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