第八讲 倍数和分数的译法 (Translation of Multiples and Fractions)
一、概说
科技英语中,倍数的使用相当普遍,但在倍数的表达上,英汉两种语言却有不同的表达习惯。譬如:to increase 4 times,译成汉语时,可译为:“增加了3倍”或“增加到4倍”,所以常常在“增加了”和“增加到”这类问题上混淆不清。又如英语可以说to reduce 4 times,译成汉语时不能说“减少4倍”而说“减少了四分之三”或说“减少到四分之一”。因此在翻译倍数时,必须慎重处理。现将常见的倍数的译法,归纳为如下表格:
二、倍数的译法
(一)n times +名词(或代词that)
译为:“几倍于…”,“是…的几倍”
或译为:“增加了(n-1)倍”。
⒈ The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
地球的大小是月球的49倍。
⒉ The volume of the sun is 330,000times that of the earth.
(读作:three hundred and thirty thousand times)
太阳的体积为地球的330,000倍。
⒊ The weight of the proton is about 1837 times that of the electron.
质子的质量约为电子的1837倍。
⒋In this workshop the output of July was 3.5 times that of January.
这个车间7月份的产量是1月份的3.5倍。
(或译为:这个车间7月份的产量比1月份增长了2.5倍。)
⒌ In 1998 the import value of computers was 8 times that of 1988.
1998年计算机的进口额为1988年的八倍。
(或译为:1998年计算机的进口额比1988年的增长了七倍。)
(二)n times+as+形容词(副词)原级+as…
译为是“…几倍”或“比…大(重)(n-1)倍”
⒈ The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.
氧原子的重量几乎是氢原子的十六倍。
(或译为:氧原子的重量几乎比氢原子重十五倍。)
⒉ The speed of sound in water is about four times as great as in air.
水中的声速约为空气中的四倍。
(或译为:声音在水中的传播速度比空气中快三倍。)
⒊ On the earth everything is six times as heavy as on the moon.
地球上每一件东西的重量为月球上的六倍。
(或译为:地球上每一件东西都比月球上的东西重五倍。)
(三) n times+形容词(副词)比较级+than。
译为:“是…的几倍”,“为…的n倍”,“n倍于…”,“比…大(重)(n-1)倍”
⒈ Iron is almost three times heavier than aluminum.
铁的比重几乎是铝的比重的三倍。
(或译为:铁的比重几乎是比铝的比重重两倍。)
⒉ The volume of the earth is 49 times large than that of the moon.
地球的体积是月球的49倍。
(或译为:地球的体积比月球的大48倍。)
(四) 表示增减意义的动词+(by)+n times
⒈ With the result of automation productivity has increased 6 times in that factory.
由于自动化的结果那个工厂的生产率增加了五倍。
(或译为:……增加到六倍。)
⒉ The machine improves the working conditions and raises 4 times in efficiency.
这台机器改善了劳动条件,并使工效提高了三倍。
(五) 表示倍数意义的动词+宾语
常见作动词用的倍数词有:double(两倍),treble(三倍),quadruple(四倍)。
⒈ As the high voltage was abruptly trebled, all the valves burnt.
由于高压突然增加了两倍,所有的真空管都烧坏了。
⒉ If the resistance is doubled without changing the voltage, the current becomes only half as strong.
如果电压不变。电阻增加了一倍,电流就减少一半。
三、倍数减少的译法
⒈ By using this new process the loss of metal was reduced four times.
采用这种新工艺使金属损耗减少了四分之三。(或译为:……降到了四分之一)⒉ Switching time of the new type transistor is shortened 3 times.
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。
(或译为:……缩短为三分之一。)
四、分数和百分数增减的译法
(一)一般都表示净增减的部分,不包括底数在内。
⒈ Output of semiconductor storage chip this year was 59 per cent higher than last year.
今年的半导体存储芯片的产量比去年提高了百分之五十九。
⒉ The output of black-white television set this year was reduced by four-fifth.
今年黑白电视机产量减少了五分之四。
(或译为:……减少到五分之一。)
(二)“百分数+(of)+名词(或代词)”和“表示增减的动词+to 百分数”,则表示增减后的结果,包括底数在内。
⒈ This year the factory has produced 340 per cent the number of computer in 1998.
今年这家工厂生产的计算机是1998年的340%。
(或译为:……比1998年增加了2.4倍。)
⒉ The city's total industrial output value rose to 260 per cent of last year.
这个城市的工业总产值是去年的260%(即2.6倍)
(或译为:……比去年增长了1.6倍。)
Exercises:
Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the translation of multiples and fractions:
⒈ The output of this year is three times that of last year.
⒉ This year the factory has produced four times as many television sets as in 1998.
⒊ The machine improves the working conditions and raises efficiency four times.
⒋ The voltage has dropped by five times.
⒌ The advantage of the new machine over the old machine is a fourfold(四倍) reduction in weight.
⒍ The time needed to finish a product on the machine is shortened by 3 times.
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