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王佐良:增减与拆合译

时间:2023-04-03 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:第二节 增减与拆合翻译是一门艺术,是一门在两种文字间不断寻求贴合达意的语言艺术。酌情增字或减字,也是一种译艺和技巧。但无论增与减,都要把握一个原则,那就是增有增的道理,减有减的依据。Sanctions admittedly pressed harder on some countries than others.采取制裁措施对某些国家的压力显然要比其他国家大。

第二节 增减与拆合

翻译是一门艺术,是一门在两种文字间不断寻求贴合达意的语言艺术。由于语言体系和表达方式的不同,两种文字的表达往往是不对称的,因此在翻译过程中就不能原文有多少字,便译出多少字。酌情增字或减字,也是一种译艺和技巧。但无论增与减,都要把握一个原则,那就是增有增的道理,减有减的依据。同样,由于语言表达方式和习惯的不同,在把一种语言翻译过来时,有时需要将原句拆开来译,有时又需要将分开的句子合在一起,这同样要依据具体情况而定,当拆则拆,该合才合。

一、增与减

一般说来,增字与减字有以下几种原因:(1)需要解释或说明的;(2)力求两种语言形式上对等的;(3)增加译文的感情色彩和渲染力的。

正如傅雷先生所说,汉民族与西方民族的mentality相差甚远,“外文都是分析的,散文的,中文却是综合的,诗的。这两个不同的美学原则使双方的词汇不容易凑合”。故而在翻译中的增与减实则难免。首先来看王佐良先生翻译的培根名篇《谈读书》的第一句话:

Studies serve for delight,for ornament and,for ability.

培根的语言简洁、精练,毫不拖泥带水,很不好译。这句话中,delight,ornament和 ability都是名词,而且是独立的名词,又在文章的开篇,难以有参照。如果一对一翻译,可以是:“读书服务于乐趣,服务于文采,服务于才干。”意义肤浅含混。如果将每一个名词都译成一大串文字,则可能是:“读书可以使人从中获得乐趣,可以给人添加文采,可以使人增加才干。”译文与原文相比略显冗长,远不如原文简洁明快。王佐良先生采用增补词语的方法将其译为:“读书足以怡情,足以傅采,足以长才。”保留了原文的语言特色。可以说,王译《谈读书》惟妙惟肖地表达了原著的丰姿神采。

(一)增词

所谓增词,就是指为了使译文在语法、语言形式上符合目标语的行文习惯,忠实通顺地再现原文的意思、文化内涵及风格,而添加必要的词、词组、短语及分句的一种方法。简而言之,就是增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的一些词。

1.英文译成中文后,意思准确,但读起来不顺畅,需要增词,如:

(1)In this mood, I went to diplomatic circles, earnest but only sketchily informed.

我就是怀着这种心情进入外交界的,满腔热情,但是知识肤浅得很。

译文增加了“就是”,因为英文“in this mood”放在句首,有强调的意思。“热情”之前增加了“满腔”,语气流畅多了。“but only sketchily informed”原意为“但是对知识只有大致的了解”改译为“但是知识肤浅得很”,加个“得很”,语气舒缓。

(2)We need time to regroup further east.

我们要在更远的东面集结起来,还需要一些时间。

由于原文未明确说出需要多少时间,译文加入“一些”,伸缩性很大。

2.英文忌重复,常省略一些词,中文则须重复,故译时要加词。

These problems had to be weighed up under varying, sometimes uncertain factors.

这些问题必须根据变化着的因素,有时是捉摸不定的因素来进行衡量。

原句只有一个factors,译文则增加了一个,使句子表意更加清楚。

3.有时原文表意清楚,但若直译,则译文易产生误解,因而需要增加一些解释性的文字。

And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his army of the future.

接着他发表了长篇大论,振振有词地把他心目中的未来军队鼓吹了一番。

从原文上下文看,“his army of the future”并非他将来要统帅的军队,而只是他建议将来要组建的一支军队。加上“心目中”三个字,意思就更加准确。

4.一个英文词的含义往往不完全等于一个中文词的含义,故要加词。

But this naval competition strained the Liberal Government’s principles as well as their budgets.

但是这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说,也使其预算捉襟见肘。

trained的意思是“使紧张,扭伤了,歪曲了”。原文中的trained可以限定the Liberal Government’s principles和budgets,但译过来时只得分开来说,增加一些词意思更贴近原文。

5.有时英文为了简洁,长话短说,译时必须加词才能使译文明白。

Sanctions admittedly pressed harder on some countries than others.

采取制裁措施对某些国家的压力显然要比其他国家大。

6.根据句子结构、语义或修辞上的需要,如:

(1)从他的演说中,可以看出,他赞成什么,反对什么;喜欢什么,痛恨什么。

People might see from his speech what he is for and what he is against, what he likes and what he bitterly hates.

如不加“people”一词,就不符合英语的习惯用法。

(2)虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。

Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.这个句子必须增加连词。

(3)As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.

他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

(4)He is a complicated man—moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.

他是一个性格复杂的人——喜怒无常,反复多变,有些郁郁寡欢。

我们也可以简单地将增词分为两大类:

I.为了确保译文句法结构的完整统一

在英汉互译时,为了确保译文句法结构的完整统一,需要添加词语,所补词语大致可分为以下二大类:

· 实词

名词或代词

(1)很高兴能有机会向你们介绍西南科技大学概况。

It is my pleasure to have the opportunity to give you a brief introduction to Southwest University of Science & Technology.

(2)小不忍则乱大谋。If one is not patient in small things, one will never be able to control great ventures.

(3)跑了和尚跑不了庙。The monk may run away, but the temple can’t run away with him.

(4)This tape-recorder is indeed cheap and fine. 这部收录机真是价廉物美。

物主代词

(5)她用手蒙住眼睛。She covered her eyes with her hands.

(6)她把一生都献给了无家可归的孩子。She devoted her whole life to homeless children.

动词

(7)He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。

(8)After the football match, he’s got an important meeting. 在观看足球比赛之后,他有一个重要会议去参加。

数量/量词

(9)He showed me the scars on his legs. 他让我看他双腿上的道道伤痕。

(10)In 221 B.C. after Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of the Qin dynasty, unified China, the sections of the Great Wall built by the kingdoms of Qin, Yan, and Zhao in the 5th century B.C. were linked and extended.

公元前221年秦始皇统一中国后,连接并增修了公元前5世纪原秦、燕、赵三国建造的长城。

· 虚词

汉语中的虚词虽无实在的词汇意义,却有特殊的重要的语法功能,在不同的语境中有不同的含义,这是虚词意义模糊的一种表现。

连词 英语连词的使用率远远高于汉语连词,因为英语重形态结构,而汉语重内在联系。因此在汉译英时,需要添加连词(或从属连词或并列连词或连接副词)来表明词与词,词组与词组以及句与句间的逻辑关系。例如:

(1)自作自受;自食其果。As you brew, so you must drink

(2)一手交钱,一手交货。Give me the cash, and I will give you the goods!

(3)师之所处,荆棘生焉。Wherever armies are stationed, thorny bushes grow.

(4)Heated, water will change into vapor. 水如果受热,就会汽化。

介词 介词虽属虚词,却是英语中最活跃的词类之一,英语句子大多少不了介词。汉语中不需用介词的地方,在英语中却常用介词。因此在汉译英时,增补介词的情况更是见惯不惊。

(5)咱们校门见吧。Let’s meet at the gate.

(6)这事非常重要。The matter is of great importance.

冠词 汉译英时往往还需要补充必要的冠词。

(7)马是一种有用的动物。A house is a useful animal./ The horse is a useful animal.

(8)英国人非常具有幽默感。The English have a wonderful sense of humor.

语气助词 汉语中有许多语气助词,如“吧”、“呢”、“哩”、“么”、“呀”、“嘛”“啦”“呗”“罢了”“了”等等。不少语气助词用在不同的场合中可以起不同的作用,在文学作品中,尤其在人物对话的刻画中,用得尤其多。据不完全统计,鲁迅先生写的《药》中人物对话里所用语气助词多达30多次,故英译汉时更要细心体会原文,以便增加一些汉语特有的语气助词,以更好地表达原文的意义和修辞色彩。例如:

(9)“Nothing to be sorry about in beating a wretch like that”, said Greybeard.花白胡子的说,“打了这种东西,有什么可怜呢?”

(10)“Jump it,”Joe advised.“那就溜呗,”乔出主意。

(11)Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.

他们的主人,又是割啊,又是倒啊,又是布菜啊,又是切面包啊,又是谈啊,又是敬酒啊,忙个不停。

II.为了确保译文意思的清楚明了

由于英、汉两个民族的思维差异,在翻译时为了保证译文意思的清楚明了,可把隐含在上下文词语中的意思补充出来。例如:

(1)There is another reason to emphasize national self-sufficiency, officials fear that if China becomes dependent on grain imports, it would be vulnerable to a grain embargo at times of international tension.

中国强调国家粮食自给的另一个原因是:官员们担心如果中国依赖粮食进口,那么在国际局势紧张时中国易受粮食禁运的影响。

(2)Pug observed that not one of them was shooting his crippled walk.

波格察觉到,他们中没有一个人拍摄他那一拐一拐地走路的样子。

(3)This great scientist was born in New England.

这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的新英格兰。

(4)As an Oriental, I cannot but be proud of your historic achievement.

作为一个东北人,我不得不为你们所取得的历史性成就感到骄傲。

(5)Flu can be spread by hand contacts.

感冒可通过人的手来传染。

(6)Globalization is weaving the world together as never before, but it is a world of different cultures, different systems, and different levels of development.

全球化正以前所未有的方式把整个世界编织在一起,但这是一个有着不同文化、不同制度、不同发展水平的世界。

(7)The ship plows the sea.

船在大海中乘风破浪前进。

(8)Dinner with family or friends is again becoming a very special way of enjoying and sharing.

与家人或朋友共同进餐又成了既可享受人生乐趣,又可互相交流信息的一种非常特殊的方式。

(9)Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.

物质可以转化为能量,能量也可以转化为物质。

(10)The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.

最好的导体电阻最小,最差的导体电阻最大。

(二)减词

减词并非将原文的内容删掉不译,而是指原文中有些词在译文中虽未译出,但从上下文可以看出其含义。减词有几种情况:

1.减掉原文中重复的词

(1)The mostamazing and inspiring part of the tale came after that.这之后才是故事最惊心动魄的部分。

(2)Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause and reason.

双方均不得无故解除合同。

(3)我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。

We should develop our ability to analyze and solve problems.

(4)University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.

报考大学的人,有工作经验的优先录取。

最后一句如果不省略,译出来就会很啰嗦。

(5)今天世界各地学打太极拳、学做气功及学习按摩的人越来越多。

There is an increasing number of people worldwide learning Taiji boxing, static qigong breathing and therapeutic massage.

2.减掉冠词

(1)I am not a poet, I could not write a single line to depict its beauty.

我不是诗人,我写不出一行诗句来描绘它的美丽。

(2)They welcomed the General at the airport.

他们在机场欢迎将军。

(3)The moon was slowly rising above the sea.

月亮慢慢从海面上升起。

(4)A former met a soldier. The soldier asked the former if he had seen an officer. The farmer answered “yes” and said the officer had left his farm long before.

一个农夫遇到一个士兵。士兵问农民有没有看见一个军官。农民回答看见过,并说那军官早就离开了他的农场。

注:当不定冠词表示“数量”时,一般不省译,而表示“泛指”时,则可省。

3.减掉连词

(1)When I sing, I sing off key.

我一唱歌就跑调。

(2)He didn’t come to the meeting as he was ill yesterday afternoon.

昨天下午他病了,没来开会。

(3)If winter comes,can spring be far behind?

冬天来了,春天还会远吗?

(4)Whether they be philosophy or science, or history or poetry, they treat of human, not academic problems.

无论是哲学、科学还是历史、诗歌等方面的名著,所探讨的都是人类的普遍性问题,而不是学术性问题。

(5)Globalization obliges all nations, small or large, rich or poor, to take part in a continuous process of adjustment.

全球化迫使所有国家,无论大小、贫穷,都要加入持续调整的进程中。

(6)China is now awakening , and it may soon move the world.

中国正在觉醒,不久她将会震撼世界。

(7)If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.

得寸进尺。

4.减掉代词

省略作主语的人称代词

(1)Liquids have no definite shape, yet they have a definite volume.

液体没有一定的形状,但有一定的体积。

(2)Lead is so soft that it can be made into any required.

铅很软,所以能做成任何所需要的形状。

省略作宾语的代词

(1)拿茶来.

Bring me a cup of tea.

(2)拿杯咖啡来.

Bring me a cup of coffee.

(3)把伞带上.

Take the umbrella with you.

(4)The chemical properties of helium differ from those of hydrogen.

氦的化学特性不同于氢。

省略作定语的物主代词

(1)One day he discovered that his sister was back in town.

一天,他发现姐姐回到了堪萨斯。

(2)Robert asked him to marry her for the sake of her child.

罗伯特恳求他看在孩子的分上与她结婚.

(3)He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.

他双手插进口袋,然后耸了耸双肩。

5.省略介词

Xiamen Zhongshan Hospital was established with the donation of overseas Chinese and local celebrities in 1928.

厦门中山医院是1928年由海外华侨和地方名士捐资创办的。

6.根据习惯用法或修辞的需要

根据汉语的表达习惯,往往在一些词语后加上表示范畴的词语,在汉译英中就可以把表示“范畴”、“概念”的词语略去。

(1)He started to fumble the map shut, but, before he could move, a bright thing fell through the air and hit the paper.

他想要把地图册合上,但还来不及动手,一滴亮晶晶的东西就落在纸上。

(2)Before the night was far advanced, they began to move against the enemy. 入夜不久,他们开始进攻敌人。

(3)等他回国再说。

Let’s wait till he is back to China.

(4)他 就是这种脾气!

That is his temper!

(5)相反,大多数的俄罗斯人对经济的放开却持明显的怀疑和悲观态度。

Most Russians, by contrast have reacted to liberalization with their distinctive mixture of skepticism and pessimism.

(6)在实施外贸市场多元化战略方面也取得了新的进展。

New progress was made in implementing the multi-market strategy for foreign trade.

这些都是人民内部矛盾问题。

(7)All these are contradictions among the people.

朋友们听到她家中的困难情况后,都主动伸出援助之手。

(8)After her friends heard about her family difficulties, they offered her a helping hand.

二、拆与合

中英文句子通常一个靠意合,一个靠形合,故句子的表达在形式上存在一定的差别。有人比喻英文句子常如参天大树,枝叶横生;中文句子如万倾碧波,层层推进,从一个侧面反映出中英文句子在结构、表意形式上的不同。为了能够充分地传达原意,在翻译过程中常常根据不同的情况,对句子进行拆合,通过改变原文句子的结构,来实现表意层次的清晰、合理。

(一)拆句

拆句,就是将原文中一个句子拆开译成两个或两个以上的句子。通常有这样两种情况:一种是句子的某一个部分如不拆开翻译,就很难表意清晰;另一种是原句冗长,结构迂回,只有通过拆句翻译才容易表达清楚。在翻译过程中,拆句是一个十分常见的方式,但在运用中要充分依据原文的上下文意思,当拆才拆,拆而不散,形变意不变。拆后的译文要层次清晰、结构合理,与原文的句式粘合。同时要注意与原文的逻辑关系的一致,表达要完整。

1.把原文中的一个单词译成一个句子,使原文的一个句子变为两个或两个以上的句子。

(1)Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.

顺便提一下,我希望能在这些国家得到比我在美国这里所能得到的更好的治疗。

(2)He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.

他摇了摇头,两目睁得圆圆的,接着又眯成一条线,脸上露出了愤怒的神色。

(3)The ancients tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed.

古人曾试图说明虹是怎样产生的,但没有成功。

2.把原文中的短语译成一个句子。

(1)She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.

她坐在那儿双手托着下巴,眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。

(2)I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.

我头三年写了四本书,打破了以往的记录。

(3)I am surprised to learn that he lost the game.我听说他在比赛中失利了感到十分意外。

3.将一个长句译成两个或两个以上的句子。

(1)He visited many places, in all of which he was received with the usual enthusiasm which attended his arduous labours.

他访问了许多地方,到处受到热情的欢迎。他的艰苦努力是经常受到热情欢迎的。

(2)Our goal must be attained. Our goal will be attained.

我们的目的一定要达到,我们的目的一定能够达到。

(3)She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.

她已试了好几次,要帮他们另找一所出租的房子,结果并未成功。

(4)On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

我谨代表所有美国客人向你们表示感谢,感谢你们的不可比拟的盛情款待,中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名于世界。

(二)合句

合句,就是将原文两个或两个以上的句子译成一个句子。合句也要依据原文的意思和句子的结构,当合则合,合后句子的表意不变,逻辑关系清楚,层次分明。

1.把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个句子。

(1)He was very clean. His mind was open.

他为人单纯而坦率。

(2)There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South.

从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。

(3)The sun had just sunk below the horizon and a gentle breeze caressed one’s face.

太阳刚刚落下地平线,柔风阵阵吹在脸上,怪痒痒的。

2.把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句。

(1)When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.

我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。

(2)I’m blest if I know.

我一点儿都不知道。

3.把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。

(1)In 1844 Engles met Marx, and they became friends.

1844年恩格斯与马克思相遇并成了朋友。

(2)The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.

十点三十分的时候,街上来往的车辆稀少了。

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