第七节 网络辅助翻译
在当今这个知识和信息爆炸的时代,对于翻译工作者来说无论自己的专业知识多么深厚,翻译过程中都会遇到很多困难,因为翻译工作常常是跨行业的工作,译者不可能做到样样精通,而且有时甚至必须翻译自己不懂的东西,词汇的翻译和源文本的理解和翻译都会成为横在译者面前的一道拦路虎。因此本章主要讲解一些如何利用计算机辅助翻译的一些技巧。
计算机辅助翻译常常分为几种:基于语料库的翻译;电子词典辅助翻译;网络辅助翻译,软件辅助翻译。由于中国的语料库建设相对落后,而且翻译软件的翻译效果不理想,本章主要讲解如何利用网络和现成的CD-ROM,电子百科全书进行辅助翻译。
一、网络辅助翻译
在翻译过程中如果遇到词语翻译障碍,译者首先想到的是查词典,然而传统的纸质词典由于收词有限,而且不可能更上最新发展,常常查不到译者想要的词语的翻译。如果我们学会利用强大的网络信息资源来帮助翻译,那么就可能做到事半功倍的效果,还可以提高翻译的效率和准确性。
1.如何利用搜索引擎Google 来查找我们所需要的词汇的翻译
Google是目前世界上最优秀的支持多语种的搜索引擎之一。它的主要特点是容量大、查询准确、相关性高、速度快。所能查到的内容几乎是无所不包,常见的专业问题、热点问题、最新的各方面报道都可以查到很多相关的单语或者双语词汇,为翻译带来了极大的方便。
(1)首先我们看如何使用Google 解决专业术语翻译问题。
译者不仅需要知道几个专业术语,还需要对专业有一定的了解,才能翻译好。比如,要把一篇关于保险和再保险的文章从中文翻译为英文,专业不太懂,有些词(分出公司、分入公司)甚至没有听说过,那么,如何利用Google来帮助我们呢?有很多种方法。
方法一,同时输入英文和中文关键词,点击搜索所有网页,可能英汉对照的词语或相关解释。
比如,在搜索框里输入“再保险分出公司 insurance”,便会出现众多的搜索结果,进入其中一条:Ceded Company分进公司,分进公司系指接受原保险人(Original Insurer)所分出之业务之保险人,即再保险人(Reinsurer)。Ceding Company分出公司,分出公司系指依再保险契约之规定,将其所承保之业务分予再保险人(Reinsurer)以获取再保险保障之保险公司,又称原保险人(Original Insurer)、原签单公司(Original Writer)或被再保险人(Reinsured)。
我们不仅查到了词语,还学习到了专业知识,知道许多说法原来是同义词。
方法二,在搜索框里输入insurance +其它英文关键词(各个关键词以空格隔开),点击搜索所有网页,可以找到无数有关的文章(平行文本),你可能从中找到所需词语。
方法三,输入insurance glossary(or terminology, terms, dictionary等),你可以找到英英保险词语表或词典,可以据此确定某个英文术语的含义与中文是否完全一致
方法四,输入“保险词语(或术语、词典)英汉对照”,可能找到英汉对照保险词语表示。
总之,输入的关键词越多,查出来的结果越少,越有针对性。Google最多允许输入10个关键词。但如果关键词过多,无搜索结果,则要减少关键词数目。另外,如果一组关键词查不到理想的内容,要多试几组,一般总能查到。
关键词不仅限于待翻译文本中出现的词,也可以是文本之外大背景中的词。例如,文章中虽未提及“中国”一词,但因讲的是中国的事情,“中国”也是关键词。
(2)利用Google查我们所需要的资料翻译
如:想要查找各种证件公证翻译,可以在输入拦里输入:this is to certify that,就可以查到很多的相关信息。如各种证件翻译的模版。
结婚证
MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE
(Translation)
Name:
Sex:
Date of Birth:
Nationality:
ID Card No.
Name:
Sex:
Date of Birth:
Nationality:
ID Card No.
They hereby marry of their own wills. This certificate is issued upon examination that this marriage is in conformity with the provisions on marriage in the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China.
Special Seal for Marriage Registration of XXXX People's Government
Special Seal for Marriage Certificate
Management for Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China
Bearer:
Issuing Date:
身份证
IDENTITY CARD
THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Name:
Sex:
Date of Birth:
Nationality:Chinese
Address:
Issuing Date:
Validity:
ID Number:
CET-6 大学英语考试六级证书
Certificate of College English Test
This is to certify that _______, a student of Grade ______ at Department of __________, ___________ University/Institute, passed the examination of College English Test Band-6(CET-6)in January/June XXXX. Upon examination, he/she has fulfilled the band 6 requirements College English Syllabus Band Six with excellent/qualified score and is hereby awarded the Certificate of CET-6. Department of Higher Education
State Education Commission(国家教委)
或 Ministry of Education(教育部)
Date of Issuance:
Certificate No:
TEM 专业英语考试证书
Test for English Majors
This is to certify that , a student of
from ,
participated in the TEM- exam(Test for English Majors)organized by the English
Group of the National Higher Education Foreign Language Major Teaching Supervisory Committee of the State Education Ministry and passed the exam. Hereby he/she is awarded the TEM-__Certificate.
Issuing Date:___________
Certificate No.:
English Group
National Higher Education Foreign Language Major
Teaching Supervisory Committee(seal):
Graduation certificate 本科毕业证书
Graduation Certificate
Certificate No. _____________
This is to certify that ___________, born on __________, native of __________, has been majoring in the specialty of ________________ at our university/institute from September ________ to July _________. Upon completion of all the courses specified by the four-year undergraduate teaching programme with qualified score, he/she is hereby qualified for graduation.
(signature)
President
University(seal)
XX July XXXX
Bachelor certificate 学士学位证书
Certificate of Bachelor’s Degree
Certificate No.:
This is to certify that , male / female, native of __________, born on __________, has been majoring in the specialty of at our university/ institute from September_____ to July _______. Upon completion of all the courses specified by the four-year undergraduate teaching programme with qualified score, he/she is qualified for graduation. In conformity with the articles of the Regulations Regarding Academic Degrees of the People’s Republic of China, he/she has been
conferred to the degree of Bachelor of ___________.
(signature)
Chairman
Committee of Degree Accreditation
University(seal)
XX July XXX
Master graduation certificate 硕士研究生毕业证书
Graduation Certificate for Postgraduate Students Certificate No. _____________
This is to certify that ___________, born on __________, native of __________, has been majoring in the specialty of ________________ at our university/institute from September ________ to July _________. Having completed all the courses specified by the three-year postgraduate teaching programme with qualified score and passed the graduation thesis, he/she is hereby qualified for graduation.
(signature)
President
University(seal)
XX July XXXX
Master degree certificate 硕士学位证书
Certificate of Master’s Degree
Certificate No.: This is to certify that , male / female, native of __________, born on __________, has completed all the courses specified by the three-year postgraduate teaching programme with qualified score and passed the thesis defense. In conformity with the articles of the Regulations Regarding Academic Degrees of the People’s Republic of China, he/she has been conferred to the degree of Maser of ___________.
(signature)
Chairman
Committee of Degree Accreditation
University(seal)
XX July XXXX
CICPA Certificate of Completion 中注协全科合格证
Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants
Certificate of Completion
This is to certify that __________ has completed the full scheme of examinations of the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants(CICPA)and is hereby awarded the Certificate of Completion.
Issuing Authority:Examination Council of CPAs
Ministry of Finance(seal)
Issuing Date:____________________
No.:____________________
ID No.:____________________
Valid until:____________________
Remarks
(1)This is to certify that the holder of this certificate has been awarded the CICPA qualification. In accordance with the Law of CPAs of the People’s Republic of China and the relevant regulations, the certificate holder is
eligible to apply for practicing.
(2)The certificate does not entitle its holder to do public practice.
(3)Please keep this certificate carefully. No duplicate copy will be issued if lost
CICPA Examination results notification 中注协考试成绩通知单
National Examination for Certified Public Accountants
Notification of Examination Results
Dear ,
Hereby we confirm that your exam results in the year of _______ National Examination of Certified Public Accountants are as follows:
Accounting __________
Auditing __________
Financial and Cost
Management __________
Economic Law __________
Taxation Law __________
Notification number:
Exam docket number:
Exam entry number:
Issued by:General Office
Examination Council of CPAs
Ministry of Finance
Seal by:_________ Institute of CPAs
Date:__________
户口翻译
Household Register
Under Supervision of The Ministry of Public Security of P.R.C
Household:Non-agricultural Household
Householder Name :
Household Number:
Address :
The Bureau of Public Security of Guangdong Province Household Seal Household Register Office Household Seal
XXX
Station of the Bureau of Public Security of Shenzhen Household Seal Household Register Office Household Seal
August 25 , XXXX
Resident Population Register Card
Name :
Relation with Householder :
Other Used Names :
Sex :Male
Place of Birth :
Nationality :Chinese
Origin Native Place :
Date of Birth :
Other Addresses if have:
Religion:
Identity Card Number :
Height :Blood Group :
Education :University Graduation
Marital Status :
Military Service Status :
Work Place :
Occupation:
Household alteration record :
Address alteration record:
也可以输入你想要查找的那一类证件的翻译:如想查结婚证的翻译,就可以在输入拦输入:翻译 结婚证 certificate this is to certify,以下便可查到:
结婚证书翻译
Holder:
Certificate Number:
Name:
Gender:
Birthdate:
Nationality:Chinese
ID. Card No.:
Name:
Gender:
Birthdate:
Nationality:Chinese
ID. Card No.:
On application for marriage, According to the rules concerning marriage in Matrimony Law of People’s Republic of China, they are permitted to register and conferred the Marriage Certificate.
Seal and embossed seal
Date of Issue:
未婚证明
兹证明×××(女,×年×月×日出生,现住×××(地址))至二○○六年×月×日未曾登记结婚。
中华人民共和国×省×市公证处
公证员:×××(章)
×年×月×日
Unmarried Notarial Certificate
This is to certify that ×××, female, bone on × month × day × year, now residing in ×××(address), has never registered to be married up to the date ×month ×day, 2006.
Notary:×××
xxx(city)Notary Public Office
××× Province
The people's Republic of China
×month ×day, 2006
通过利用搜索到的平行文本,再就自己手边的材料进行改译,加快翻译速度,提高翻译的准确性。
二、使用Google 查人名、地名等专有名词
1.英语到汉语译名
对于不常用的人名、地名,在常见的《人名、地名翻译词典》中不容易查到,尽管我们知道应按照音译翻译,但不知道用哪几个汉字更常见,我可以用Google 来查,输入英文人名或地名,点击查找中文网站,有时能找到相应的译文。如要查缅甸反对党领袖 Anug San Kyi 的中文译名,用上面的方法可以查到此名有三种译法:昂山素季,翁山苏姬,昂山素姬。然后再点击文章查看文章的来源可知昂山素季是大陆的译法,翁山苏姬是台湾的译法,昂山素姬是香港的译法,或者也可以将三种译法输入搜索栏,并点击搜索所有的中文网页,一下便知此译法来源于何地。然后再根据翻译的服务对象选择相应的译法。
再如:要查诺贝尔奖获得者Lorenz, Tinbergen, von Frisch三人的中文译名,可用同样的方法来查找。可以查到三种不同的译法:康拉德·洛伦茨(Konrad Lorenz)、尼可拉斯·廷伯根(Nikolaas Tinbergen)和卡尔·冯·弗里施(Karl von Frisch);费力治(Von Frisch)、罗兰滋(Lorenz)和田伯根(Tinbergen);个体行为研究学家卡尔·冯·弗里希(Carl Von Frisch)与尼古拉斯·廷伯根(Nikolaas Tinbergen)、康拉德·洛伦兹(Konrad Lorenz)。然后倒回去查看这些译法来自何处。此外,译者除了知道译名外,还可以了解到关于三人的其它相关信息,可以帮助译者准确理解和翻译好原文。
2.汉语到英语译名
如果要回查外国人的原名,但译者之知道其汉语译名,可以在搜索栏里输入:翻译 汉语名字。如要查找利玛窦相应的英文名,就在搜索栏输入:翻译 利玛窦,其英文原名就出来了Matteo Ricci,再如:输入:翻译 广岛/翻译 长崎,其英文翻译即刻便查出是Hiroshima/ Nagasaki。另外中国人名一般采用拼音译法,这也符合我国的人名、地名翻译规范,但是有些中国的人名在国外已经有了固定的译法,我们最好援用以前的译法,不然译文读者会不知所云,如蒋介石、孙中山、董建华的英文译名。用上面的方法很快就可以查到两人的译法是:Chiang Kai-Shek,Sun Yat-Sen,Tung Chee-hwa。但是并不是所有的人名、地名输入进去,就可以立即找到答案,这时需要输入一些相关词。如要查找日本首相“小泉纯一郎”和“靖国神社”可以在搜索栏里输入小泉纯一郎 Japanese prime minister,点击搜索所有的网页,很快就查到了Prime Minster Junichiro Koizumi,Japanese Prime Minster visiting the Yasukuni Shrine。总之,当直接输入人名、地名查不到相应的翻译时,可以再添加几个与此人、此名的一些相关信息词,缩小搜索范围,这样可以减少搜索时间,快速找到答案。
3.利用Google 查机构名称、翻译法律条款等
要查找政府机构、国际组织、非政府机构或组织、公司等名称。可以输入中文,从而找到相应的英文网站,或者输入英文关键词,找到准确的说法。如输入FAO 马上可以找到全称和其网站。Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)。如要查找相应的以色列研究中心,可以输入center Israeli studies很快就查到了美国的以色列研究中心(http://www.american.edu/israelistudies/)。如果翻译跟以色列研究的文章可以查找到一些平行文本。
如果要查国际文书的英语原文或者汉语法律条款的英语译文。如要查找中国的婚姻法的英语翻译,就可以在搜索栏里输入marriage law china,点击搜索所有的网页,一下便查到了Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China - [ 翻译此页 BETA ],点击进入网站,可查到详细的信息。
4.利用Google 查中国新词语或特色词的翻译
随着改革开放的深入和全球一体化的进程的加快,我国在政治、经济、社会、文化、生活方式都发生了巨大的变化,很多新现象的产生导致了新词语和中国特色词层出不穷。而这些新鲜的东西在英语当中有些可以找到对应的译法,而有的根本没有对应的现象和对应的表达,但是在跨文化交际中,我们不得不把这些有中国特色的词语翻译出来,这时我们可以利用因特网帮助查找看有没有已有的翻译法,是否可以沿用?
如查“速配”的翻译,就可以在搜索栏输入:速配+翻译推测词(matching或者dating),很快找到了相应的翻译:speed dating ,然后又将英文的翻译输入回查这种翻译是否正确,本族人是否这样用?
再比如:要翻译“专升本”,就可以在搜索栏里输入“专升本 college”可以得到很多信息。即美国的两年制大学junior college 或者community college,相当于中国的大专,毕业后发放associate degree。因此,可以推测“专升本”翻译为“associate-to-bachelor”degree,然后将其输入到Google 检验,发现有很多类似的说法:
Associate's to Bachelor's Degree Programs
Predefined associate-to-bachelor's degree transfer procedures
The “A to B Program”(Associate to Bachelor's degree)
upgrade from associate's to bachelor's nursing degree
from an Associate to Bachelor's Degree
再如:硕博连读如何翻译?在搜索栏输入:硕博连读 master 可以找到Master’s-Ph.D. Students,然后进行回查,Gooogle提醒要查的是否Masters-Ph.D. Students 可以查到相关的翻译Masters-doctoral program;Masters-doctoral students 因此,我们可以大胆的翻译为masters-doctoral program/students。
再如:如要查找“超级女声”的英译,可在输入栏输入:翻译 超级女声 super,一下便可查到很多hits,翻译为super girl。
再如:要查八荣八耻的英文翻译,可以输入:翻译八荣八耻,点击搜索所有网页,可以迅速找到其对应的翻译,而且还有多种版本。
版本1来自中青网
八荣八耻
Eight Honors & Eight Disgraces
以热爱祖国为荣,以危害祖国为耻。
Love, do not harm the motherland.
以服务人民为荣,以背离人民为耻。
Serve, don’t disserve the people.
以崇尚科学为荣,以愚昧无知为耻。
Uphold science; don’t be ignorant and unenlightened.
以辛勤劳动为荣,以好逸恶劳为耻。
Work hard; don’t be lazy and hate work.
以团结互助为荣,以损人利己为耻。
Be united and help each other; don’t gain benefits at the expense of others.
以诚实守信为荣,以见利忘义为耻。
Be honest and trustworthy, not profit-mongering at the expense of your values.
以遵纪守法为荣,以违法乱纪为耻。
Be disciplined and law-abiding instead of chaotic and lawless.
以艰苦奋斗为荣,以骄奢淫逸为耻。
Know plain living and hard struggle, do not wallow in luxuries and pleasures
版本2来自欧美同学会网站
Take the eight glorious merits
against eight shameful behaviors
1‘Love our motherland’as glory,‘jeopardise her’as shame.
2‘Serve for the people’as glory,‘err from them’as shame.
3‘Advocate science’as glory,‘The ignorant’as shame.
4‘The laborious’as glory,‘love ease and hate work’as shame.
5‘Unite and help each other’as glory,‘harm others to benefit oneself’as shame.
6‘Be honest to keep faith’as glory,‘forget justice to seek for benefit’as shame.
7‘Abide by the law and discipline’as glory,‘disobey the law and discipline’as shame.
8‘Fight against everything hard and bitter’as glory,‘the extravagant and
dissipated’as shame.
[Tr. Manfield Zhu & Alice Jenny]
版本3来自河南人民政府网
以热爱祖国为荣,以危害祖国为耻。
Honor loving homeland, and shame harming it.
以服务人民为荣,以背离人民为耻。
Honor serving people, and shame betraying it.
以崇尚科学为荣,以愚昧无知为耻。
Honor upholding science, and shame being benighted.
以辛勤劳动为荣,以好逸恶劳为耻。
Honor hard work, and shame loving ease and hating work.
以团结互助为荣,以损人利己为耻。
Honor unity and helping, and shame harming others to benefit oneself.
以诚实守信为荣,以见利忘义为耻。
Honor honest and trust, and shame forgetting honor at sight of money.
以遵纪守法为荣,以见利忘义为耻。
Honor abiding by laws and disciplines, and shame being illegal.
以艰苦奋斗为荣,以骄奢淫逸为耻。
Honor arduous struggle, and shame wallowing in luxural and sensual pleasure.
版本4来自深圳翻译网
“八荣八耻”
(eight-honor and eight-shame)
以热爱祖国为荣,以危害祖国为耻。
honor to those who love the motherland, and shame on those who harm the mother land.
以服务人民为荣,以背离人民为耻。
honor to those who serve the people, and shame on those who betray the peo ple.
以崇尚科学为荣,以愚昧无知为耻。
honor to those who quest for science, and shame on those who refuse to be educ ated.
以辛勤劳动为荣,以好逸恶劳为耻。
honor to those who are hardworking, and shame on those who indulge in com fort and hate work.
以团结互助为荣,以损人利己为耻。
honor to those who help each other, and shame on those who seek gains at the expense of others.
以诚实守信为荣,以见利忘义为耻。
honor to those who are trustworthy, and shame on those who trade integrity for profits.
以遵纪守法为荣,以违法乱纪为耻。
honor to those who abide by law and discipline, and shame on those who break laws and discipline.
以艰苦奋斗为荣,以骄奢淫逸为耻。
honor to those who uphold plain living and hard struggle, and shame on tho se who wallow in extravagance and pleasures.
版本5 来自新华网
Eight Honors,Eight Disgraces
■-- Love the country,do it no harm.
■-- Serve the people,do no disservice.
■-- Follow science,discard ignorance.
■-- Be diligent,not indolent.
■-- Be united, help each other,make no gains at other's expense.
■-- Be honest and trustworthy,do not spend ethics for profits.
■-- Be disciplined and law-abiding,not chaotic and lawless.
■-- Live plainly, struggle hard,do not wallow in luxuries and pleasures.
虽然查到了很多版本,但是我们在选用的时候要有鉴别能力,不能随便选一种,要选用好的译文。
三、利用电子百科全书查词语翻译和平行文本
英特网可以查到很多词语和平行文章的翻译,但并不是所有的都能查到,有时我们可以利用现有的平行语料库和电子百科全书来查找某些资料的翻译。比如说,译者要翻译一篇与西安的兵马俑的资料翻译,我们可以从网上搜到很多信息,我们也可以在大英百科全书电子版(2006年版)搜索到相关的信息,而且英语译文非常地道,比现有的旅游资料翻译行文要好些。
如在百科全书的搜索栏里输入:terra-cotta,搜索到的结果有很多图片和文章。在下面还列举出了很多该词的文章来源,在点击Ch’in tomb,就可以查到丰富的信息。
再加上大英百科全书电子版所提供的强大网上搜索功能,还可以查到更多的信息和音像资料,可以说是不去兵马俑也可以领略到它的全貌和了解到它所有的信息,为翻译提供了很多捷径。
总之,在这个信息发达的时代,译者要学会利用现代的工具来作好自己的翻译工作。传统的工具——词典很有用,但是网络和电子文库可以为译者提供更为广阔的查找天地。学会了使用它们,就可以做到事半功倍的效果。
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