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英语篇章中与汉语篇章中顶真比较

时间:2023-04-03 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:英语篇章中Anadiplosis与汉语篇章中顶真比较李仕俊摘要:在英汉两种语言中都存在一种特殊的修辞格,蝉联和顶真,其表现形式和功能都非常相似,本文就此进行了简要的探讨。就其出现的体裁而言,在英汉两种语言中,蝉联或顶真出现在诗歌,戏剧,散文,小说,演讲,儿歌,广告和日常会话等语篇中。

英语篇章中Anadiplosis与汉语篇章中顶真比较

李仕俊

(西南科技大学外语学院 四川绵阳 621010)

摘要:在英汉两种语言中都存在一种特殊的修辞格,蝉联和顶真,其表现形式和功能都非常相似,本文就此进行了简要的探讨。

关键词:anadiplosis;顶真;体裁;功能

Anadiplosis是英语的一种修辞格,谢祖钧将其称之为蝉联格(谢祖钧,1988),又称为接头重复(catchword repetition)或者链形反复(chain repetition)。它是英语反复(repetition)修辞格的一种特殊形式,它表现为“后一句(或语段)的开头重复前一句末尾的词或词组,使相邻的句子(或分句)首尾蝉联”(A rhetorical trope formed by repeating the last word of one phrase,clause,or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next)(同上)。根据语言结构的句末中心(end-focus)的特点,这是一种信息中心表现形式,从篇章结构的角度看,它又具有语篇衔接功能。

顶真,又称顶针、蝉联,是一种在古今汉语中都常见的修辞现象。《现代汉语词典》对它的定义是:一种修辞方法,用前面结尾的词语或句子作下文的起头。《汉语辞格大全》说它是一种说写中“用前一句的结尾做后一句的起头,使邻近的句子头尾蝉联”,以获取某种特定语言效果的修辞文本模式。作为一种修辞格,蝉联式是“调整语辞使达意传情能够适切的一种努力”(陈望道,1979),通过这种努力,使篇章文体鲜明,语辞言随意遣,语篇畅达连贯。

从以上的定义中可以看出,在英汉两种语言中都有一种几乎同样的修辞手段,即蝉联或顶真现象。其表现形式和功能是非常相似的。表现为功能相似,体裁相似。本文拟就这两个方面作一些举例说明。

就其出现的体裁而言,在英汉两种语言中,蝉联或顶真出现在诗歌,戏剧,散文,小说,演讲,儿歌,广告和日常会话等语篇中。就其功能而言,蝉联或顶真在语篇上表现为跨句衔接功能,在语篇中起承上启下,联句成篇的衔接作用,使文章语辞通畅,语义完整,使段落或语篇成为一个意义完整、上下连贯的整体。这种修辞语篇的建构,一般说来,在表达上“能使语句结构紧密,语气连贯流畅,有一种缠绵纠结的文趣,表现出较强的节奏感和连环复沓的旋律美 。用于说理,条理清楚,逻辑性强;用于叙事描景,前后环扣,层次明了;用于抒情,一咏三叹,复沓回环。”(汪国胜1993)

一、诗歌

在诗歌中经常使用顶真或蝉联,充分表达其独特的听觉美、视听美。

Loving in truth,and fain in verse my love to show,

That she,dear she,might take some pleasure of my pain

Pleasure might cause her read,reading might make her know,

Knowledge might pity win,and pity grace obtain

I sought fit words to paint the blackest face of woe.

Philip Sydney

楚山秦山皆白云。白云处处长随君。长随君;君入楚山里,云亦随君渡湘水。湘水上,女罗衣,白云堪卧君早归。

——李白《白云歌送刘十六归山》

这里分别引用了文艺复兴时期英国诗人Philip Sydney(1554-1586)的一首爱情十四行诗的第一部分和唐代大诗人李白的诗歌,诗中使用了一系列的蝉联,韵律优美,语势贯通,品起来能感觉到诗人笔下情丝萦绕,意味深长。

再看两个例子:

The love of wicked men converts to fear,

That fear to hate,and hate turns one or both

To worthy danger and deserved death.

Shakespeare,Richard II 5.1.66-68

“有駜有駜,駜彼乘黄。夙夜在公,在公饮酒”、“有駜有駜,駜彼乘駽。夙夜在公,在公载燕”

——《鲁颂·有駜》

二、散文

散文中使用顶真或蝉联修辞格能达到条理清楚,逻辑分明,层次明了的效果。

Inside the gate there is a footpath and the footpath must be winding.At the turning of the footpath there is an outdoor screen and the screen must be small.Behind the screen there is a terrace and the terrace must be level.On the banks of the terrace there are flowers and the flowers must be fresh.Beyond the flowers is a wall and the wall must be low.By the side of the wall,there is a pine tree and the pine tree must be old.At the foot of the pine tree there are rocks and the rocks must be quaint.Over the rocks there is a pavilion and the pavilion must be simple.Behind the pavilions are bamboos and the bamboos must be thin and sparse.At the end of the bamboos there is a house and the house must be secluded.By the side of the house there is a road and the road must branch off.At the point where several roads come together,there is a bridge and the bridge must be tantalizing to cross.At the end of the bridge there are trees and the trees must be tall.In the shade of the trees there is grass and the grass must be green.Above the grass plot there is a ditch and the ditch must be slender.At the top of the ditch there is a spring and the spring must gurgle.Above the spring there is a hill and the hill must be deep.Below the hill there is a hall and the hall must be square.At the corner of the hall there is a vegetable garden and the vegetable garden must be big.In the vegetable garden there is a stork and the stork must dance.The stork announces that there is a guest and the guest must not be vulgar.When the guest arrives there is wine and wine must not be declined.During the service of the wine,there is drunkenness and the drunken must not want to go home.

Lin Yutang The Importance of Living

门内有径,径欲曲;径转有屏,屏欲小;屏进有阶,阶欲平;阶畔有花,花欲鲜;花外有墙,墙欲低;墙内有松,松欲古;松底有石,石欲怪;石面有亭,亭欲朴;亭后有竹,竹欲疏;竹尽有室,室欲幽;室旁有路,路欲分;路合有桥,桥欲危;桥边有树;树欲高;树荫有草,草欲青;草上有渠,渠欲细;渠引有泉,泉欲瀑;泉去有山,山欲深;山下有屋,屋欲方;屋角有圃,圃欲宽;圃中有鹤,鹤欲舞;鹤舞有客,客不俗;客至有酒,酒欲不却;酒行有醉,醉行不归。

——林语堂《生活的艺术》

这是林语堂先生的英文和引用的中文,文中使用了顶真中的双蝉,有点近乎文字游戏,但无论中文还是英文借助蝉联都清楚,简洁,准确地表达出了中国古代士大夫心目中理想的家园是个什么样子,给人留下深刻的印象。

再举一例:

·In the beginning was the Word,and the Word was with God,and the Word was God.·John1:1

·太初有道,道与神同在,道就是神。

——《约翰福音》

三、小说

在小说中,使用顶真或蝉联能使被描写的人物或事物更加形象,生动,若用于叙事述理,能大大增强文章的语义逻辑性。

And sixty cents of it was in pennies.Pennies saved one and two at a time.

O.Henry.The Gift of The Magi

有翼的床头仿佛靠着个谷仓,仓前边有几只缸,缸上面有几口箱,箱上面有几只筐,其余的小东西便看不见了。

——赵树理《三理湾》

这两个例子是“联珠”,即以句为单位,后句的第一个语词与前句的末一语词相同,从而形成前后蝉联,上通下接的形式

再看一个例子:

“Oh,really?”She said,“She didn’t seem to be giving you so much of a pain at else’s party last night,I notice.I notice you couldn’t even talk to anybody else,that’s how much of a pain she gave you.”

D.Parker.The Sexes

“由四川过湖南去,靠东有一条官路,这官路将近湘西边境,到了一个地方名叫‘茶峒’的小山城时,有一小溪,溪边有座白色小塔,塔下住了一户单独的人家。这人家只一个老人,一个女孩子,一只黄狗。”

——沈从文《边城》

这段描写语言朴素,平易亲切,用了顶真修辞格后,一下子带起了全文牧歌一样的意境。

四、演讲

在演讲中演讲者为了取得所想达到的效果,常常使用重复排比,其中之一就是顶真或蝉联,强调演讲主题,突出关键词句,打动听众,引起共鸣。

Tonight ,we are country awakened to anger and called to defend freedom.Our grief has turned to anger ,and anger to resolution.

George W.Bush .9-20-01 Address to Congress and the Nation

科学需要社会主义,社会主义需要科学。

——郭沫若:《科学的春天》

这是两个通过使用顶真或蝉联实现句内衔接的例子,都选自名人的演讲词,虽然所表示的概念意义没有产生变化,但对止下文的衔接却具有明显的作用。

再看一个跨句衔接的例子:

You ask,what is our aim? I can answer in one word.It is victory.Victory at all costs—victory in spite of all terrors—victory,however long and hard the road may be,for without victory there is no survival.

W.Churchill:Blood,Toil,Sweat and Tears

五、广告

广告语体中使用蝉联,尾首反复能在简短的语言中强调突出所要传递的内容,亦导亦诱,最终让读者相信广告的内容。

Now you can control your gray hair instead of letting it control you.With Option.Option let you control where you get rid of the gray;how much gray you get rid of;and most important,how gradually you make the change.[Change] within a few days or over a few weeks.And the results are so natural,even the guy who cuts your hair won’t know.

Reader’s Digest,1989,3

这是美国Option牌的染发剂广告。文中运用三项蝉联,环环相扣,像催眠术似的,亦导亦诱。

经过50年的演变

中国女排出现一颗巨星。

身为职业运动员,必须保持最佳状态。我深深了解到在每次练习或比赛后,如未能及时补充体液,身体便会出现“体渴”现象,大大影响我的表现。在美国及意大利进修期间,我发现了一种彻底解除体渴的饮品——佳得乐。

佳得乐令我时刻保持巅峰状态。作为女排国家队教练,为了令球员表现突出,我选佳得乐为女排有指定饮料。

——《羊城晚报》1996,5,23

这是前中国女排总教练郎平为“佳得乐”饮料作的广告,通过使用蝉联,并重复产品名称来加深听众对该产品的印象和信度。

六、日常对话

日常对话的特点之一就是语句结构自由,松散以应时景。在对话中更是常常接过上句的语尾,把话说下去,或是在没有想好之前重复刚出口的内容。

“…we saw him approach her;and then,ma’am,she yelled,and gave a spring,and the next minute she lay smashed on the pavement.

“Dead?”

“Dead?Aye,deadas the stone on which her brains and blood were scattered.”

——Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre

“这文理不通的无聊政客,扇子上落的款不明不白,害我出了岔子,该死该死!怎么办呢?”

“怎么办呢?好在方先生口才好,只要几句话就解释开了。”

——钱钟书《围城》

这是口语体中使用顶真或蝉联的例子,在对话中常常接过上句的语尾,把话说下去,,使对话双方的注意力都集中于某一信息焦点上。

结语:认识和识别英汉两种语言中出现的蝉联或顶真这种修辞手段,有助于英语教学工作者在具体的教学过程中引导学生欣赏,学习和运用它,从而在两种语言的表达上,尤其是传情达意上起到理想的效果。

参考文献

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3.朱永生等.英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001

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Abstract:In both Chinese and English languages,there is a rhetorical device called Dingzheng and anadiplosis respectively.And they are very similar in genre and function.This paper explores the two aspects.

Key Words:anadiplosis;Dingzheng;genre;function

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