二、汉译英中的结构转换
汉英翻译过程中的结构转换与英汉翻译的结构转换正好相反:首要的任务是确定主语，然后确定主要谓语，然后完成其他细微的转换。
1.确定主语
由于汉语的句子以主旨意思为中心，只要能达意，有没有主语，主语的位置如何并不重要。例如:
例1:我们那时候不知谈些什么，只记得闰土很高兴，说是上城之后，见了许多没见过的东西。
(鲁迅:《故乡》)
I don't know what we talked of then，but I remember that Runtu was in high spirits，saying that since he had come to town he had seen many new things.
(杨宪益，戴乃迭 译)
例2:过分谦虚并不太好。
It's not good to be over-modest.
例3:晚饭十个人一桌，怎么样?
For dinner，is it OK to set ten for each table?
例4:菜点了吗?Have you ordered?
例5:老师不来，解决不了问题。
We cannot make any decision on it without the teacher.
例6:有博士文凭不一定有真才实学。
A PhD does not necessarily mean he is well-learned.
例7:他的文章写得寓意深长，受到同行的赞许。
The profundity of his essays has won him the praise of his peers.
例8:有意见就提，这没有错。
There is nothing wrong to complain.
2.确定主要谓语
汉语中使用最多、最为活跃的词类是动词，一句话常常包含好几个动词。而英语句子只能有一个主要的谓语动词，其他所要表达的动作要以介词、分词或从句来表示。例如:
例1:我冒了严寒，回到相隔两千余里，别了二十余年的故乡去。
鲁迅:《故乡》
Braving the bitter cold，I traveled more than seven hundred miles back to the old home I had left over twenty years before.
(杨宪益，戴乃迭 译)
例2:学生犯了错，作为老师你不管就是你的不对了。
It's your fault as a teacher not to do anything for the student who has done wrong.
例3:作为学生，每天不外乎看书、上课、做作业。
As a student，you do nothing more than reading，attending lectures and doing homework.
例4:生病并不可怕，怕就怕大夫不能对症下药。
Don't panic when you're sick，but the wrong medicine the doctor prescribes is something you have to watch out for.
例5:他给我发了短信，请我到他老家去玩儿。
He texted me，inviting me to visit his hometown.
例6:这个公园世界闻名，吸引了很多外宾前来游览。
Being a famous park in the world，it attracts many foreign visitors.
例7:天下着大雪，他还在校园里散步。
He is even taking a walk on campus in spite of the heavy snow.
例8:刮了一夜大风，气温降了10℃。
The strong wind that blew all last night brought down the temperature by 10℃.
例9:这样的事天天有，没什么稀奇。
This is just a daily occurrence，nothing extraordinary.
例10:夕阳西下，满天彩霞。
The sun set，leaving the sky in a riot of rosy clouds.
例11:我们只坐了三个半小时的火车，就到了太原。
·It only took us three and half hours to get to Taiyuan by train.
·The train ride to Taiyuan only took us three and half hours.
例12:他的衬衣多得一辈子都穿不完。
He has more shirts than he needs to last him all his life.
例13:公司资金不足，人手短缺，管理混乱，只得关门。
Beset with many problems such as shortages of funds and manpower，poor management，the company will have to close.
3.按照英语习惯组句
例1:他们用根绳子勒住了一个鬼子的喉咙。
They caught a Japanese devil by the throat with a rope.
例2:总统很高兴地一个接一个地拍了拍那些小孩的头。
One by one the President happily patted the kids on the head.
例3:警察拍了拍小偷的背，说:“跟我走一趟吧。”
The policeman tapped the thief on the shoulder，saying ，“Come with me.”
例4:你怎么能嫁给他?论年龄，他可是你儿子辈儿的人。
How can you decide to marry him?He is no older than your son.
在英语中，动词加-er是常见的表达方式，是带有很强动感的名词，这个用法表示一个人的能力和特点，要比动词自然、简洁。请看下例:
例5:她可真能吃!
She is a real guzzler.
例6:他歌唱得好，毛笔字写得也不错。
He is a good singer and excellent calligrapher.
例7:能扮演这种角色的有好几个人。
There were various possible players for the role.
例8:这位老猎人滑雪滑得好。
The old hunter is a good skier.
例9:我恐怕教不了你游泳，我弟弟比我教得好。
I'm afraid I can't teach you swimming.My brother is a better teacher than I.
例10:他不抽烟，可他爸爸却一支接一支抽个不停。
He is a non-smoker，but his father is a chain-smoker.
例11:他有酒量。
He is a great drinker.
例12:他这个人真能说。
He is a great talker.
例13:他酷爱古典音乐。
He is an ardent lover of classic music.
例14:这个小学生文章写得不错。
This pupil is a good writer.
例15:他曾经统治那个地区长达20年之久。
He was the ruler of that region for as long as 20 years.
例16:他教书已经30年了。
He is a teacher of 30 years.
例17:这个工厂长期亏损。
This factory is a chronic money loser.
例18:我同生长在南方的人合不来。
I don't usually get on well with southerners.
4.压缩调整
例1:他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，时机正合适。
He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.
例2:我们老师没有表露自己的感觉，只是观察、思索，这是他的特点。
Characteristically，our teacher concealed his feelings and watched and learned.
例3:他满以为问题会自然而然地得到解决，这是不合情理的事。
Illogically，he expected the problem can be solved naturally.
例4:他感到语法是语言的主要支柱，这个想法非常正确。
He has a correct thought that grammar is the backbone of a language.
例5:他在50岁时还想出国深造，可是希望落空了。
At the age of 50，he hoped in vain to go abroad to get further education.
例6:他的身体虽弱，但思维健全。
He is physically weak but mentally sound.
以上所表述的只是汉英互译中结构转换的一部分，其他更为细微的转换要视所译文本的具体语境而定。详细的转换还要在后几章中论述。
思考题
1.在翻译中为什么要进行结构转换?
2.语法结构转换是否与再创作为同一概念?
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