武夷山概况

一、武夷山概况

各位团友，欢迎来武夷山旅游!武夷山位于福建省西北部的武夷山市市郊。武夷山最高峰是位于福建和江西交界处的黄岗山，海拔2158米，是福建、江西两省的最高峰。海拔最低处约200米左右。武夷山脉是一条天然屏障，挡住了西北方向的冷空气，同时也留住了产生于海面的暖湿气流，形成了暖湿多雨雾的气候。低海拔地区年均气温在12到18摄氏度之间。武夷山相对来说未受污染，于1999年被联合国教科文组织列入“世界自然遗产和文化遗产名录”，列入“世遗”的区域总面面积999.75平方公里，全区划分为中部的九曲溪生态保护区、西部的武夷山国家自然保护区、东部的自然与文化景观保护区以及位于这三个保护区东南侧15公里外的城村闽越王城遗址等4个保护区。核心区域外围还有278.88平方公里的缓冲区。武夷山有14个村镇，人口24 500人，主要分布于九曲溪生态保护区和武夷山国家风景区。武夷山出产多种茶叶，著名的大红袍和正山小种就发源于武夷山。不过，扩大茶叶种植引起的水土流失也给武夷山的管理工作提出了一道难题。

历史

武夷山有着丰富的史前传说。相传尧帝时期，彭祖来到武夷山居住。当时的建溪水流湍急，时常泛滥。彭祖的两个儿子，彭武和彭夷，带领人们凿山挖渠，开出今天的九曲溪，并在山边开荒耕种。为了纪念彭氏兄弟，人们把这座山命名为武夷山。

考古发现，武夷山的山坡上早在夏朝时期就有人类居住。商周时期，居住在武夷山的是少数民族，即原住民部落，秦朝开始有较大规模的外来部落移民。随着汉朝建立起强大的帝国，武夷山也正式纳入中央管辖，武夷山的统治者成了汉朝的诸侯。位于城村的汉城即建于公元前1世纪，是当时的行政管理中心。武夷山也从此被尊为“圣山”。在随后的几世纪里，圣人贤士、文人墨客纷至沓来，在风景优美的地方建起了寺庙、书院，潜心读书修行。为了保护武夷山的优美环境，唐玄宗于748年发布法令，禁止渔猎砍伐，对武夷山的保护一直持续到现在。

文化

武夷山一直是中国文人墨客的隐居养心之所。早在秦汉时期就有诗人画家光临，这在当时不便的交通条件下尤其显得难得。

武夷山原先是一个道教圣地，但佛教在武夷山也占一席之地，到17世纪，佛教在武夷山的影响开始超过了道教。南宋时期，朱子理学在武夷精舍内蕴育成熟。武夷精舍始建于1183年，朱熹就是在这里发展完善了他的新儒学。新儒学是对逐渐走向停滞的先秦儒学的新发展，几百年来控制着亚洲各国的哲学和政治。武夷山在其后的几百年中也一直是一个知名的学术中心，吸引着众多文人墨客、圣人雅士。

武夷山的文化遗存主要集中在武夷山最东侧的两个地方。九曲溪下游北侧的绝壁岩洞中，现存18处架壑船棺，安放在虹桥板上，距今近四千年依然保存完好。但历代所建的35所书院、60座寺庙大多淹没在红尘之中，仅有少量遗迹。另外还有一些古墓遗迹，最古老的建于商代。摩崖题刻则大都保存完好。武夷山有着源远流长的茶文化，有11到16世纪之间在这里设置的御茶园为证。

另一个文化遗迹的集中地是汉城，即闽越王宫殿遗址。这是全国保存最完整的西汉古城遗址。古城依山而建，城墙外围建有护城河，城内分为四大建筑群。汉城遗址出土了大量陶器及青铜器，依稀再现两千多年前城内人们的生活场景。

风光

武夷山是华夏山褶皱体系的一部分，经历了剧烈的火山活动，形成巨大断层结构，经过侵蚀、风化、崩塌作用，最终形成了今天的景致，岩洞遍布，溪水蜿蜒，流淌于众多柱状圆顶的峰峦之中。武夷山脉西侧的山峰是典型的火山岩，或火成岩，而东侧的山峰却是红色的砂石构成，山壁陡峭，但峰顶平坦，著名的九曲溪就在这峰峦岩壑间萦回环绕。

自然保护区

武夷山躲过了三百万年前第四纪冰川的浩劫，是古代孑遗植物的天然避难所，生物的多样性可与伊甸园媲美，吸引了众多19世纪欧洲、美国、日本的生物学家。法国神父大卫多次光顾，收集了15万个动植物标本。

武夷山自然保护区位于武夷山北部的高山之上，是世界上同纬度地区面积最大最完整的中亚热带森林生态系统。联合国教科文组织于1987年将武夷山列为国际生物圈保护区网的成员，是世界A级自然保护区。

武夷山发育有明显的植被垂直带谱，包含多个植被类型。最重要而且分布最广的植被类型是常绿阔叶林，随着海拔的升高逐渐出现针叶阔叶混交林、温性针叶林、中山苔藓矮曲林带和中山草甸。最常见的树种有山毛榉、月桂、白玉兰、金缕梅。

武夷山动物种类异常丰富，而且拥有大量珍稀物种，这在国际上已是共识。脊椎动物中有49种为中国特有，有些则是武夷山所独有的，比如挂墩鸦雀、崇安髭蟾(角怪)、崇安斜鳞蛇。其他稀有动物还有华南虎、云豹、黑麂、苏门羚、白颈长尾雉(又称中国黑背鸡)、蝾螈等。

武夷山自然保护区现在不开放旅游，但游客可以参观保护区附近的蛇博园。武夷山是中国“蛇的王国”，早期居住在福建的闽越人就是一个崇蛇的民族，至今福建仍然有一些供奉蛇神的寺庙。武夷山蛇博园是全国最大的拟态蛇园，武夷山的蛇种类丰富，达62种，占全国蛇种类的三分之一以上。园内设有研究所，重点研究蛇类繁殖、蛇产品开发及蛇伤治疗。

Chapter 8 Nanping City

Overview of Wuyi Mountain

Ladies and gentlemen，welcome to Wuyi Mountain.The Wuyi Mountain area is a beautiful mountain resort on the border of the city of Wuyishan in the northwest of Fujian province.The highest peak in the area is Huanggang Peak，with an altitude of2，158 meters on the border of Fujian and Jiangxi，making it the highest point of both provinces;the lowest altitude of the mountain is around 200 meters.The Wuyi Mountains act as a natural protective screen against the inflow of cold air from the northwest and retain warm moist air originating fromthe sea.As a result，the area has a war mand humid climate with high rainfall and common fogs.Lower altitudes experience annual temperatures that range from12 to 18°C.The area is relatively pollution free.In 1999，Wuyi Mountain entered UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Sites，both natural and cultural.The world heritage site has a total area of 999.75 sq km that in voles four core parts:the Nine－Bend Stream Ecological Protection Area in the center，flanked by the Wuyishan National Nature Reserve to the west and the Wuyishan National Scenic Area to the east.The fourth part，the Protection Area for remains of the ancient Han Dynasty is located in a separate area about15kmto the south－eastof the others.The core parts are surrounded by an additional transition zone of278.88 sq km.There exist 14 villages in the Wuyi Mountain with a population of24，500.The villages scatter primarily in the Nine－Bend Stream Ecological Protection Area and the Wuyishan National Scenic Area.Many types of tea are produced around the Wuyi Mountains.The most famous are Dahongpao tea and Zhengshan Xiaozhong，known as Lapsang souchong in overseas market.However，increased tea cultivation has caused water and soil loss，which becomes a challenge formanagement.

History

Wuyi Mountain boasts a wealth of legendary history from the prehistoric period.Some 5，000 years ago，during the reign of Emperor Yao，Peng Zu came to live in today’s Wuyishan City.The Jian River was then a rushing torrent and constantly flooded the surrounding area.Peng Zu’s two sons，PengWu and Peng Yi，led people to cut through the mountain and thus created the picturesque Jiuqu Stream，or Nine－bend Stream，and at the same time reclaimed the surrounding land for farming.To commemorate the Peng brothers，the mountain was named Wuyi，incorporating the two brothers’names.

According to Chinese archaeological discoveries，human settlement on the slopes of Wuyi Mountain can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty，around the late 3rd millennium BC.During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties，from the 16^thto the 3rd centuries BC，the population here was some minorities，or the aboriginal tribes.During the Qin Dynasty，late 3rd century BC，there was considerable migration of tribal groups into the region.With the consolidation of the Chinese Empire by the Han Dynasty，which stretched fromlate 3rd century BC to early 3rd century AD，Wuyiwas fully incorporated into the state system，its ruler becoming a vassal of the Han Emperor.The ancient city of Chengcun was builtnearby in the 1st century BC，which served as the capital and administrative center of the region.It was at this time that Wuyi Mountain acquired its status as a sacred mountain.In the centuries that followed，many sages and scholars thronged to this scenic area and built academies and monasteries in the mountains where they found conducive to their study or contemplation.To ensure that the beauty of the environment was not degraded，Tang Emperor Xuan Zong issued a decree in 748 AD，forbidding fishing and the felling of trees，a sanction that survives to this day.

Culture

Wuyi Mountain has been a favorite retreat for Chinese literatiover the centuries.As far back as the Qin and Han Dynasties around two thousand years ago，it is known to have been visited by poets and painters.This is particularly remarkable in light of the arduous journey in those days.

Wuyi Mountain was first a centre of Taoism，but Buddhism also developed alongside，and by the 17^thcentury had largely superseded Taoism.During the Southern Song Dynasty，Zhu Xi developed and systemized the doctrines of NeoConfucianism in his famous Wuyi Jingshe Academy，whose construction started from1183.The Neo－Confucianism revitalized stagnant Confucianism developed since the Pre－Qin Period，and dominated Asian philosophy and government for centuries.The intellectual renown of Wuyi Mountain has continued to attract scholars，sages，artists，and writers throughout the subsequent ages.

The cultural elements of Wuyi Mountain mainly lie in the two areas in the extreme east of the mountain.One is the Nine－bend River area.In the lower stretches of the river and the mountainous area to the north，there exist18 wooden boat coffins in rock shelters high on the steep cliffs，supported on the so－called Hongqiao boards.They boast a history of4000 years，yet are still well preserved.However，most of the 35 ancient academies and the 60 temples and monasteries have fallen into ruin，with some relics left behind.There are also a number of tombs，the oldest dating back to the Shang Dynasty，around the late 2nd millennium BC.Most inscriptions on rock faces are intact.In addition，Wuyi Mountain is also characterized by its tea culture with a long history.There is still evidence to show that in the 11th to 16th centuries there was an imperial tea farm here，producing tea for the imperial court.

The second ancient cultural relic is the archaeological site of Hancheng，the ruins of the Minyue King’s palace.It is the best preserved ancient city ruins from the western Han Dynasty.The city was built in the 3rd century BC along the mountain.Outside the city wall，there is a moat protecting the city.Four large building complexes have been discovered in the interior and a large number of pottery and bronze ware have been unearthed，giving us some clues of what life was like over two thousand years ago.

Landscape

The region is part of the Cathayshan fold systemand has experienced intensive volcanic activity and the formation of large fault structures，which were subsequently subject to erosion，weathering and collapse.These have led to the formation of a landscape characterized by winding river valleys flanked by columnar or dome－shaped cliffs as well as cave systems.Peaks in the western portion of the Wuyi Mountains typically consist of volcanic or plutonic rocks，whereas peaks and hills in the eastern area are made up of red sandstone with very steep slopes but flat tops.The Jiuqu Xi or Nine－bend Stream，which is about 60 kilometers in length，meanders in a deep gorge among these hills.

Wuyi Nature Reserve

Wuyi is known as the natural sanctuary for relic plants.Its ecology has survived from before the Ice Age around 3 million years ago，and the biological diversity of Wuyi probably rivals Eden itself.It was one of the favorite stamping grounds of European，American and Japanese naturalists in the 19^thcentury.French Missionary Father Armand David was a frequent visitor.He alone collected 150 thousand specimens from Wuyi Mountain.

Wuyi Nature Reserve was designated in 1979，on the highest section on the north of the Mountains.It is the single biggest and the most comprehensive surviving semi－subtropical forest systemat this dimensionality in the world.It is within the World biosphere Protection Network of the United Nations and is ranked Class－Aglobal nature reserve.

The flora here includes a wide range of vegetation types，with differences largely associated with elevation.The most extensive and important vegetation types are the evergreen broadleaved forests.As the altitude elevates，the vegetation changes gradually from broadleaf and coniferous forests，warmconifer forest，semi－mountain mossy dwarf forest to semi－mountain meadow steppe.The most common tree families are Beech，Laurel，Camellia，Magnolia and Witch－hazel.

The known fauna of Wuyi Mountain has received international recognition for its high diversity and large numbers of rare and unusual species.Among the vertebrates，49 species are endemic to China and some of them are endemic to this locality，such as a bird called David’s Parrot Bill，Chong’an Mustache Toad，and Chong’an Oblique－scale snake.Other rare and important species in the area of Wuyi Mountain include south Chinese tiger，clouded leopard，black muntjac，mainland serow，Elliot’s Pheasant also known as the Chinese black－backed pheasant，and the Chinese giant salamander.

The Nature Reserve is not open to tourists，but tourists can visit the Snake Zoo near the Nature Reserve.Wuyi is the snake kingdom of China.Ancient Minyue people in Fujian worshipped snakes.And some temples are dedicated to serpent worship even today.Wuyi Snake Zoo is the country’s largest snake zoo，boasting 62 kinds of snake，which accounts for one third of China’s snake species.The enclosures are designed to resemble their natural habitats.Attached to the zoo is a research institute，which focuses on snake breeding，snake product development and snake bite treatment.

Vocabulary:

barrier　　　n.屏障

altitude　　　n.高度

humid　　　adj.湿润的

buffer　　　n.缓冲区

torrent　　　n.奔流;倾注

excavate　　　vt.挖掘

ecological　　　adj.生态的，生态

legendary　　　adj.传说的

conducive　　　adj.有益的;有助于…的

contemplation　　　n.沉思

archaeological　　　adj.考古学的

incorporate　　　vt.吸收;结合

degraded　　　adj.退化的

commemorate　　　vt.庆祝，纪念

vassal　　　n.诸侯