第1单元 经济全球化
Unit 1 EconoMic G lobalization
Text A
Ⅰ．课文导读
经济全球化，有利于资源和生产要素在全球的合理配置，有利于资本和产品在全球流动，有利于科技在全球性的扩张，有利于促进不发达地区经济的发展，是人类发展进步的表现，是世界经济发展的必然结果。但它对每个国家来说，都是一柄双刃剑，既是机遇，也是挑战。特别是对经济实力薄弱和科学技术比较落后的发展中国家，所遇到的风险、挑战将更加严峻。进入21世纪以来，经济全球化与跨国公司的深入发展，既给世界贸易带来了重大的推动力，同时也给各国经贸带来了诸多不确定因素，使其出现许多新的特点和新的矛盾。
Ⅱ．Text
Although globalization is discussed everywhere—television shows，Internet chat rooms，political demonstrations，parliaments，management boardrooms[1]，and labor union meetings—so far there is no widely accepted definition．In fact，its definition continues to broaden．Now，for example，social scientists discuss the political，social，environmental，historical，geographical，and even cultural implications[2]of globalization．Some also speak of technological globalization，political globalization，and the like．
However，themost common definition and the one used in international business is that of econoMic globalization—the international integration of goods，technology，labor，and capital; that is，firms implement[3]global strategieswhich link and coordinate their international activities on a worldwide basis．
There are fivemajor kinds of drivers[4]，all based on change，that are leading international firms to the globalization，namely(1) political，(2) technological，(3) market，(4) cost，(5) competitive drivers:
(1) Political driver．There is a trend toward the unification and socialization of the global community．Preferential[5]trading arrangements，such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and the European Union，that group several nations into a single market have presented firmswith significantmarketing opportunities．Many havemoved swiftly to enter either through exporting or by producing in the area．
Two other aspects of this trend are contributing to the globalization of business operations: (a) the progressive reduction of barriers to trade and foreign investment by most governments，which is hastening the opening of new markets by international firms that are both exporting to theMand building production facilities in them，and(b) the privatization[6]ofmuch of the industry in formerly communist nations and the opening of their economies to global competition．
(2) Technological driver．Advances in computers and communications technology are permitting an increased floWof ideas and information across borders，enabling customers to learn about foreign goods．Cable TV systems in Europe and Asia，for example，allow an advertiser to reach numerous countries simultaneously，thus creating regional and sometimes global demand．Global communications networks enable manufacturing personnel to coordinate production and design functions worldwide so that plants in many parts of the world may be working on the same product．
(3) Market driver．As companies globalize，they also become global customers．For years，advertising agencies established offices in foreignmarketswhen theirmajor clients entered those markets to avoid having a competitor steal the accounts．Likewise[7]，when an automaker，about to setup a foreign plantwhere therewas no tire factory，asked a tire company if itwas interested in setting up a plant in this new market，the response was，“When do you want us there？”It is also quite common for a global supplier tomake global supply contractswith a global customer．
(4) Cost driver．Economies of scale to reduce unit costs are always a management goal．Onemeans of achieving theMis to globalize product lines to reduce development，production，and inventory[8]costs．The company can also locate production in countrieswhere the costs of the factors of production are lower．
(5) Competitive driver．Competition continues to increase in intensity．New firms，many froMnew ly industrialized and developing countries，have entered world markets in automobiles and electronics，for example．As you sawin the opening incident，import penetration[9]has increased markedly for five of the six major trading nations over the past29 years．Another competitive driving force for globalization is the fact thatmany companies are defending their home markets froMcompetitors by entering the competitors'homemarkets to distract them．
The result of this rush to globalization has been an explosive grow th in international busi-ness．
The primary evidence for globalization is the rapid grow th in the volume[10]of cross-border trade and investment that we have witnessed over the last three decades．The most recent data froMthe World Trade Organization and the United Nations indicate that in recent years the grow th in cross-border trade and investment has accelerated[11]，suggesting that the world ismoving evermore rapidly toward a global grow th．
Is the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent global economy a good thing？Many influential econoMists，politicians，and business leaders seeMto think so．They argue that falling barriers to international trade and investment are the twin engines that are driving the global economy toward ever-greater prosperity．They maintain that increased international trade and cross-border investmentwill result in lower prices across the border for goods and services．They believe that globalization stimulates economic grow th，raises the incomes of consumers，and helps to create jobs in all countries that choose to participate in the global trading system．
The arguments of those who support globalization have considerable foundation．Nevertheless，despite the existence of a compelling body of theory and evidence[12]，over the last few years globalization has been the target of a growing number of critics．
One frequently voiced concern[13]is that falling barriers to international trade destroy manufacturing jobs in wealthy advanced economies such as the United States．The basic thrust[14]of the critics'argument is that falling trade barriers allow firms to move theirmanufacturing activities offshore[15]to countrieswhere wage rates aremuch lower．
Supporters of globalization reply that critics such as Barlett and Steele miss the essential point about free trade—the benefits outweigh the costs．They argue that free trade results in countries specializing in the production of those goods and services that they can producemore efficiently，while importing goods that they cannot produce as efficiently froMother countries．When a country embraces[16]free trade there is always some dislocation[17]—lost textile jobs at Harwood Industries，for example—but the whole economy is better off as a result．In thismanner，supporters of globalization argue that free trade benefits all countries that adhere to a free trade regime．
A second source of concern is that free trade encourages firms froMadvanced nations to movemanufacturing facilities offshore to less developed countries that lack adequate regulations to protect labor and the environment froMabuse by the unscrupulous[18]．One pointoftenmade by critics is that adhering to labor and environmental regulations significantly increases the costs of manufacturing enterprises and puts theMat a competitive disadvantage in the globalmarketplace vis-à-vis[19]firms based in developing nations that do not have to comply with such regulations．If this is the case，onemight expect free trade to lead to an increase in pollution and result in firms froMadvanced nations exploiting the labor of less developed nations．
Supporters of free trade and greater globalization express serious doubts about this scenario．For a start，they point out that tougher environmental regulations and stricter labor standards go hand in hand with econoMic progress．Furthermore，supporters of free trade point out that it is possible to tie free trade agreements to the implementation of tougher environmental and labor laws in less developed countries．Moreover，business firms are not the amoral[20]organizations that critics suggest．The vastmajority of business enterprises are staffed by managers who are comMitted to behave in an ethical[21]manner．
A final concern voiced by critics of globalization is that in today's increasingly interdependent global economy，econoMic power is shifting away froMnational governments and toward supranational organizations such as theWTO，the European Union，and the United Nations．In this manner，claiMcritics，the ability of the national state to control its own destiny is being limited．Many economists and politicians argue that bodies such as the United Nations and theWTO exist to serve the collective interests ofmember-states，not to subvert[22]those interests．Moreover，supporters of supranational organizations point out that in reality，the power of these bodies rests largely on their ability to persuade member-states to take a certain action．If these bodies fail，those stateswillwithdraw their support．In this view，real power still resideswith[23]individual nation states，not supranational organizations．
Ⅲ．Notes
1．North American Free Trade Agreement(北美自由贸易协议)．NAFTA is an agreement signed by the governments of Canada，Mexico and the United States，creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America．The agreement came into force on January 1，1994．It superseded the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreementbetween the U．S．and Canada．In terms of combined GDP of itsmembers，as of 2010 the trade bloc is the largest in the world．The North A-merican Free Trade Agreement has two supplements，the North American Agreement on Environment Cooperation(NCAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC)．
2．European Union(欧洲联盟)．EU is a unique econoMic and political body between 27 European countries．It has delivered a century of peace，stability and prosperity，helped raise living standards，launched a single European currency，and is progressively building a single Europe-widemarket in which people，goods，services and capitalmove among Member States as freely aswithin one country．
3．Barlett and Steele．Donald L．Barlett and James B．Steele are one of themost widely acclaimed investigative reporting teams in American journalism．They have worked together for more than three decades，first at The Philadelphia Inquirer，(1971—1997) where they won two Pulitzer Prizes and scores of other national journalisMawards，then at Timemagazine，(1997—2006) where they earned two National Magazine Awards，becoming the first journalists in history to win both the Pulitzer Prize for newspaper work and itsmagazine equivalent formagazine reporting，and now at Vanity Fair as contributing editors．They also have written seven books．
4．Harwood industries(哈伍德工业公司)．Based in Tyler，Texas，Harwood Industries Inc．manufactures products，components and accessories for the racing and street performance industry．Operating for over 35 years，the company's products range includes hoods，body panels，scoops，carbon fiber，lexan windows and accessories such as scoop plugs，hood springs and cow l panel．Its operation includes product design，construction，packaging and shipment and it also offers servicing andmaintenance support．Harwood Industries Inc．has also received various awards for its products，including National Hot Rod Association(NHRA) Best Engineering Awards and Composite Industry Awards．
Ⅳ．Useful Expressions
1．contribute to:有助于，促成;是……的部分原因
2．increase in intensity:增加强度
3．participate in:参加
4．one frequently voiced concern:一个常常被提到的忧虑
5．The benefits outweigh the costs:利润超过成本
6．be better off:境况好起来
7．advanced nations:先进国家;发达国家
8．for a start:首先
9．member-states:成员国
10．rest largely on:主要依赖于……
11．reside with:归于;属于……
Ⅴ．Reading Comprehension
Questions
1．What is the definition of economic globalization？
2．What are the five drivers that promote globalization of international firms？
3．What is the primary evidence for globalization？
4．What are the voiced concerns about globalization by the critics？
5．What are the advantages of globalization according to the supporters？
Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false．
1．Globalization is a relatively new phenomenon． ( )
2．The definition of globalization denotes an integration of goods，technology，labor and capital among different countries． ( )
3．Advanced technology makes it possible that many companies over the world may be working on same product，so it puts theMat a competitive disadvantage in the globalmarket．( )
4．The Internetand network computing enable small companies to compete globally because they make possible the rapid floWof information regardless of the physical location of the buyer and seller． ( )
5．Trade barrier is not a threat to the company's business． ( )
6．Multinational company can take their capital and leave to invest in lower-wage countries． ( )
7．Globalization is the automatic and unstoppable consequence of the emergence of new technologies． ( )
8 Globalization concedes that thewage rate enjoyed by unskilled workers inmany advanced econoMies has declined in recent years． ( )
9．The writer of this article is in favor of globalization rather than against it． ( ) 10．Globalization is a double-edged sword．It is predicted that its promise will exceed．( )
Ⅵ．Discussion
Whatmeasures can be taken to gain the best interests for a country out of globalization？
Text B
BEC Reading Texts
PART ONE Questions 1—8
·Look at the statements below and the five extracts about globalization froMan article．
·Which extract(A，B，C，D or E) does each statement(1—8) refer to？
·For each statement(1—8)，make one letter(A，B，C，D or E) on your Answer Sheet．
·You will need to use some of these lettersmore than once．
1. The Linder theory deduces that international trade inmanufactured goodswill be greater between nations with siMilar levels of per capita income than between those with dissiMilar levels of per capita income．
2. It is about absolute advantage．
3. Somemanagement theorists argue that firms that enter the market first(firstmovers) will not soon doMinate it．
4. It can be concluded that a nation having absolute disadvantages in the production of two goodswith respect to another nation has a comparative advantage in the production of the good in which its absolute advantage is less．
5. The First Mover Theory were flawed because they were based on surveys of surviving firms and didn't include a large number of the true pioneers．
6. The goods thatwill be traded are those for which there is an overlapping demand．
7. We infer that Japan had a comparative advantage in producing automobiles．
8. No single country can do everything well．
A. AdaMSmith claimed thatmarket forces，not government controls，should deterMine the direction，volume，and composition of international trade．He argued that under free，unregulated trade，each nation should specialize in producing those goods it could producemost efficiently．Some of these goods would be exported to pay for imports of goods that could be produced more efficiently elsewhere．
B. Ricardo demonstrated that even though a nation held an absolute advantage in the production of two goods，the two countries could still trade with advantages for each as long as the less efficient nation was not equally less efficient in the production of both goods．Note that the United States has an absolute advantage in producing rice and automobiles．Compared with the United States，Japan is less inefficient in automaking than in producing rice．
C. Swedish econoMist，Stefan Linder's demand-oriented theory stated that customers'tastes are strongly affected by income levels，and therefore a nation's income per capita level determines the kinds of goods they will demand．Because industry will produce goods tomeet this demand，the kinds of productsmanufactured reflect the country's level of income per capita．Goods produced for domestic consumption will eventually be exported．
D. Some countries have special strengths thatmake theMthe best place in the world for certain industries．This gives theMan absolute advantage relative to competitors in other nations．Some countries can produce productsmore efficiently than others，giving theMa comparative advantage．However，these advantagesmay change over time．
E. Itwas an American firm，Ampex，thatmade the first VCRs，but because it charged so much($ 50，000)，it sold only a few．Sony and Matsushita saw themarket potential and worked for 20 years to make one to sell for$ 500．They reached that goal and cornered themarket．The authors argue that the early success has gone to the companies that entered themarket on average 13 years after the“firstmovers”．
PART TWO
Questions 9—14
·Read the text about body language in cross-cultural situations
·Choose the best sentence to fill each of the gaps．
·For each gap(9—14)，mark one letter(A-H) on your Answer Sheet．
·Do not use any lettermore than once．
Beware of Body Language in Cross-Cultural Situations
As the trade barriers come down in Europe and contact is increased，cross-culturalMisunderstandings are bound to rise．As often as not，many of the Misunderstandings in communicationswill arise not froMwhat is said，(9)．．．
Attaining fluency in a foreign language is often only half the battlewhen it comes tomastering effective cross-cultural communications．(10)．．．This“silent language”，or the actions that accompany our words，includes such dimensions as touching，distance between speakers，facial expressions，speech inflection or volume，pauses，aswell as hand and arMgestures．(11)．．．
Very seldoMdo we speak withoutan accompanying action in which hands invariably play a crucial role．
(12)．．．The Italians and the French are renowned for relying heavily on hand gestures to replicate ormimic ideas that they are simultaneously communicating in words．Germans often raise their eyebrows in recognition of a clever idea．(13)．．．
The French have some of themost expressive hand gestures．To symbolize exquisiteness，a Frenchman pinches his fingertips，raises theMto his lips，and softly tosses a kiss into the airwith his chin held high．(14)．．．，he's warning“something smells bad，”“be cautious，”“we can't trust these people．”
Very similar is the Italian gesture of tapping the side of the nose with the forefinger．Its meaning:Take care．There is danger ahead．They are getting crafty．In the Netherlands，this gesturemeans I'Mdrunk or you're drunk．In England，a forefinger tap on the side of the nosemeans conspiracy or secrecy．
A. The same expression in Britain is a sign of skepticism
B. but froMa lack of awareness of the various interpretations different cultures ascribe to nonverbal forms of behavior
C. Culture has a powerful impact on people's behavior
D.Of equal，and at times，greater importance is the know ledge of nonverbal communication，or body language
E. On the other hand，if a Frenchman rubs the base of his nose with his forefinger
F. A good way to become more aware of cross-cultural differences is to look at oneself through the eyes of people froMother cultures
G. Even clothing and colors are symbolic and have differentmeanings depending on the part of the world
H. The use of gesticulations varies according to culture
PART THREE
Questions 15—20
·Read the following article on the reason why U．S．wants to importmore shoppers to boost flagging economy，
·For each question(15—20) mark one letter(A，B，C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose．
The United States has long imported its food and fuel，its cars and clothes．Now the faltering economy has sparked a push for another type of import:shoppers．
For the first time，lawmakers，businesses and even White House officials are courting consumers froMcash-rich countries such as China，India and Brazil to fill the nation's shopping malls and pick up the slack for penny-pinching Americans．They are wooing travelers with enticements such as coupons，beauty pageants and promises of visa reform．The payoff，they say，could be significant:1．3 million new jobs and an$ 859 billion shot in the arMfor the economy over the next decade．
“They're their own little stimulus program，”said David French，senior vice president for government relations at the National Retail Federation，a trade group．The trend underscores the depth of the United States'reliance on countries once considered to be at the bottoMof the global toteMpole．The nation already counts on China and other countries tomanufacture its goods，creating a$ 45 billion trade imbalance that is paid for withmoney borrowed froMtheir coffers．NoWofficials are encouraging foreign travelers to buy some of those products back—and a growing number are happy to oblige．
Guo Hui，37，who lives in Beijing，recently returned home froMa two-week tour of Yellowstone National Park，Houston and Los Angeles．He estimated he spent$ 2，000 to rent a car and pay for gas and lodging for himself and hiswife．Then there was the Ed Hardy T-shirt，the Apple laptop，the HP laptop，even baby food and formula for his child，totaling an additional$ 6，000．
Still，Guo said prices are significantly cheaper than in China—a pair of Adidas sneakers costs only$ 25 at a U．S．outletmall．“For that price in China，you can't even buy counterfeits，”he said．
In contrast，spending by American shoppers—long considered the engine of the nation's economy—has slowed to a craw l as faMilies struggle under high unemployment rates and depressed home prices．The U．S．gross domestic product last year grew an anemic 3 percent，while China's and India's shot up 10 percent．Brazil's clocked in at about7．5 percent．
Those shifting dynaMics have spawned amovement to encourage foreigners to spend their new found wealth in the United States，placing the country in the unfaMiliar role of supplicant．O-ver the summer，President Obama's jobs council deemed international travel among the“low-hanging fruit”for stimulating the economy．The Corporation for Travel Promotion，a public-private partnership created by Congress last year，will announce nextmonth the first U．S．advertising campaign to promote the nation as a tourist destination．Rebecca Blank，the acting commerce secretary，called tourisMa key component of“America's exports success story．”
15. What does America want to import froMother countries recently？
A. food and clothes
B. raw materials
C. travelers
D. labor forces
16. Why did America prefer consumers froMChina，India and Brazil？
A. Because the consumers froMthose countries often pay for goods in cash．
B. Because they have strong purchasing power．
C. Because they find the quality of goods in America is better than that in their native countries．
D. Because they hope that they can get preferential terms for visa．
17. What can we learn froMparagraph 4＆5？
A. Chinese travelers are often purchasing when traveling in America．
B. Chinese travelers are very fond of American brands．
C. There are various goods for travelers to choose when shopping．
D. Chinese travelers are sensitive to price．
18. Which statement is not true about American buyers？
A. American buyers can't afford goods because of depressed home price．
B. American buyers prefer goods of foreign countries．
C. Many Americans are facing a serious probleMof unemployment．
D. American buyersmade great contribution to American economy in the past．
19. Why is tourisMcalled a key componentof“America's exports success story”in the last paragraph，according to Rebecca Blank？
A. The purchases of foreign shoppers are counted as exports on the country's balance sheet．
B. American exports a large number of goods to China，India and Brazil．
C. American economy has been recovered by foreign shoppers．
D. American economy largely relies on China and other countries to manufacture goods and export to America．
20. What benefits can America get froMimporting shoppers according to the passage？
A. There aremore new jobs．
B. American people have greater confidence in boosting their economy．
C. TourisMpromotes the national consumption．
D. Both A and B．
PART FOUR
Questions 21—30
·Read the article below about hiring．
·Choose the correctword to fill each gap froMa，B，C or D．
·For each question(21—30)，mark one letter(A，B，C or D) on your Answer Sheet．
W hat Can You Ask W hen You're Hiring
Once upon a time，if a job applicant was sitting on the other side of your desk，you (21)．．．ask her abouther disabilities and what itmight take to accommodate her in your company．This was true even if the applicant's disability was obvious because she was in a wheelchair or using a seeing-eye dog．(22)．．．the applicant herselfmade reference to her disability，the employer was(23)．．．in what he could ask．
(24)．．．things changed in October 1995．Ten Equal Employment Opportunity Commission revised its guidelines for the American with Disabilities Act(ADA)．with the new guidelines in place，it is(25)．．．for employers tomake inquiries about obvious disabilities or ask questions if the applicant(26)．．．she is disabled or will require reasonable accommodation．
The idea behind the new guidelines，called“ADA Enforcement Guidance:Pre-employment Disability-Related Questions and Medical Examinations，”is to allow employers to address the accommodation issue at the(27)．．．interview stage．However，the guidelines do not allow an employer to go on archeological digs through their applicants'pasts．For example，an applicant's workers-compensation history can be(28)．．．territory．And some questions about drug and alcohol use are off-limits，(29)．．．others are not．An employermay ask about current illegal use of drugs，because it's not protected under the ADA．On the other hand，the employer needs to be very careful asking about drinking habits-information on how much the applicant drinks could indicate alcoholism，and(30)．．．is protected．
The guidelines are available in a question-and-answer format froMthe EEOC．Asking the right questions at an early stage of the job-application process could save you，and your applicant，a lot of bother later on．
21. A. mustn't B. mightn't C. couldn't D. needn't
22. A. However B. Even if C. If D. If only
23. A. restricted B. limited C. confined D. bound
24. A. But B. As C. Although D. Since
25. A. probable B. imaginable C. feasible D. possible
26. A. reveals B. opens C. demonstrates D. discloses
27. A. initial B. primary C. first D. beginning
28. A. awkward B. sensitive C. tricky D. confidential
29. A. as B. while C. when D. even though
30. A. this B. so C. which D. that
PART FIVE
Questions 31—40
·Read the article below about expert systems in the workplace．
·For each question 31—40，write one word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet．
Expert SysteMs in the Workp lace
Science fiction writers have long imagined computerswith humanlike intelligence，machines that actually think(31)．．．themselves．Well，they're here，and they're called expert systems．If you've(32)．．．for a loan or a credit card recently or even had a can of Campbell's soup，you may already have benefited(33)．．．them．
Like many computer programs，expert systems function primarily by going through hundreds of“if．．．then”(34)．．．，doing the kinds of simple“thinking”thatwe use to run our lives．But expert systems tackle questionsmore sophisticated than“Should Iget up now？”They help American Express decide whether to issue someone a credit card and they enable Hew lett-Packard to find flaws in faulty disk drivers in 30 seconds(35)．．．than in days．They also help make scores of decisions at Digital Equipment Corp．，ranging froMhow shifts in demand will affect production and inventory，to which accessories a customer will need with amainframe order．
Computer can do all this(36)．．．they are programmed with facts about their subject and with rules that human experts use to make decisions based on those facts．These facts and rules make up the system's“know ledge base，”(37)．．．is，ideally，similar to the heedful of experiences and information thata human expert carries around．In fact，that's(38)．．．know ledge bases come from．A“know ledge engineer”endlessly questions human experts，trying to determine the facts and rules that the human uses to make a decision．The engineer then programs the computer's know ledge base to mimic the human's．If all goes well，the computer becomes the novice(39)．．．best friend，helping the employeemake difficult decisions(40)．．．calling in the boss or waiting until the technician is free．
PART SIX
Questions 41—52
·Read the text below froMa report about competition．
·In most lines(41—52)，there is one extra word．It either is grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text．Some lines，however，are correct．
·If a line is correct，write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet．
·If there is an extra word in the line，write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet．
Here Comes The Competition
41. The Wadson Company is a management research firMwhich headquartered in New Jersey．The company was recently hired by a large conglomeratewith awide range of products，ranging from
42. toys to electronics and financial services．This conglomerate wants Wadson to help theMidentify
43. an acquisition target．The conglomerate is not willing to spend up to$ 2．5 billion to buy amajor
44. company atanywhere in theworld．One of the things the research firMdid was to identify the amount of foreign direct investment in the United States by overseas companies．The research group also compiled a list ofmajor acquisitions by non-U．S．firms．It gathered these data to show
45. the conglomerate in the types of industries and companies that are currently attractive to the international buyers．“If we know what outside firms are buying，”the head of the research firm
46. noted，“this can help us identifying out similar overseas businesses thatmay also have strong
47. grow th potential．In thisway，although wewill not confine our list of recommendations to U．S
48. firms only．”In terms of direct foreign investment by industry，the researchers had found that the
49. greatest investmentwas being made in manufacturing．Then，in descending order，they came wholesale trade，petroleum，real estate，and insurance．On the basis of this information，the
50. conglomerate has had decided to purchase a European firm．“The best acquisitions in the United States have already been picked，”the president told the board of directors．“However，I'm
51. convinced that there are highly profitable enterprises in Europe thatare ripe for the taking over．
52. I'd particularly like to focusmy attention on France and Germany．”The board gave to the president its full support，and the research firMwill begin focusing on potential European targetswithin the next30 years．
【注释】
[1]boardroom:董事会会议室
[2]implications:内涵
[3]implement:实施;执行
[4]driver:驱动器
[5]preferential:优惠的;优先的
[6]privatization:私有化
[7]likewise:也;同样的
[8]inventory:库存
[9]penetration:渗透;打入(某一地区或国家市场)
[10]volume:份量;容量
[11]accelerate:(使)加快
[12]a compelling body of theory and evidence:一系列令人信服的理论和事实根据
[13]concern:忧虑;担心
[14]basic thrust:要旨
[15]offshore:境外的
[16]embrace;(欣然)接受;(乐意)采取
[17]dislocation:混乱;紊乱
[18]unscrupulous:肆无忌惮的;无道德原则的
[19]vis-à-vis:面对面地
[20]amoral:不属于道德范畴的
[21]ethical:道德的
[22]subvert:破坏;搅乱
[23]reside with:(权利、权力等)归于;属于
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