养成正确的阅读习惯

第一章　养成正确的阅读习惯

在考试中，考生需要在既定的时间内完成大量的阅读任务，因此仅有坚实的语言基础还远远不够，考生还需培养正确的阅读习惯，掌握一定的阅读技巧和方法，从而在保证阅读的正确率的基础上提高阅读速度。本篇旨在帮助考生训练并养成正确的阅读习惯和阅读方法。

一、克服不良的阅读习惯

想要养成正确的阅读习惯，首先要克服不良的阅读习惯。在有效阅读时，眼的快速接受活动和脑的紧张处理活动应是同时进行的整体活动。一切外来的活动参与都是多余的，它对阅读非但没有帮助，反而会减慢阅读速度，分散阅读注意力。许多未受过良好阅读训练的人往往有很多不良的阅读习惯，例如：

1.转头阅读

这种不良习惯表现在阅读时，读者随着眼球视线的移动头也跟着视线移动。这种毛病主要是学生阅读时始终把自己的鼻尖对准他正在阅读的每个词。这样他顺着词一行一行往下读时，头也随之往来不断地移动。另外，这个毛病的出现还有可能是因读者坐姿不正确，眼睛离书本距离过近。美国哈佛医学院眼科学教授David Millei提出，“正常人在阅读距离为33厘米时，眼睛可以看到长度中等的词三个”。因此，只要坐姿距离正确，眼球移动视线跨度完全能够扫过书本，用不着借助颈部的移动。

2.指词阅读

这种不良习惯表现为，学生在阅读时经常用手指、铅笔或米尺等其他东西指着词一个一个地看。这种表象多数出现在阅读能力比较差的阅读者中，他们为了注意力集中，不让视线左右复视，往往借助于某种东西控制自己的视线，并且依赖这种东西引导自己的阅读。很显然，这种阅读方式不仅会减慢阅读的速度，而且会使学生的注意力实际上是集中于一个个的单词上，很难抓住句子的实际含义。一般的读者完全不需要用手或其他东西帮助阅读，他们的眼睛完全能在书页上逐行移动。

3.出声阅读

它的主要表现形式是：学生在阅读时把所看到的每个词都一个一个地轻声读出来，近似喃喃自语（并非朗读）。还有一种表现形式，即读者阅读时虽然不发出轻微的声音，但是他的嘴唇、舌、喉头却默默地活动，此种形式的弊病主要是使阅读速度受到了说话速度的限制。由于发音器官参与了阅读，读者一部分注意力转移到如何声读某个词，读错了还可能会重读。因而，逐词念出来如同指词阅读一样，容易分散阅读注意力，并且也影响对文章的篇章理解。

4.重复阅读

这是指读者在阅读的过程中，眼睛的视线短暂地停留在某几个词上，或者来回反复地看几个词。这种现象的发生往往是读者在阅读中碰到了生词，一下子给卡住了，或者是不理解短语或句子的意思，也有可能因为阅读速度过慢导致看到后面忘了前面，整个意思连不起来。为了完全搞清楚整句的意思，重读一遍是很有必要的，不过不宜过于频繁，否则很有可能养成重复阅读的不良习惯。

以上这些不良的阅读习惯都会影响考生的有效阅读，大大降低考生的阅读速度，因此考生应该首先纠正这些习惯。

二、养成正确的阅读习惯

对于考生来说，克服逐词阅读、养成按意群阅读的良好的阅读习惯是非常必要的。众所周知，一个句子的意思是由一个个相互联系的语义单位所组成。因此，一个高效的阅读者在阅读时，他两眼的注视点不是在单个的单词上，而是集中在一个具有特定意义的较大语言单位上。也就是说，他是根据句子中出现的一个个完整的、有意义的意群进行阅读。采用这种阅读法，阅读者停顿的注视点比逐词阅读大大减少，从而可以大大提高阅读速度，而且按照意群阅读，可以给读者形成一个更大、更完整的句意概念，从而极大地提高了阅读理解率。一般来说，可以按照句子的一般语法结构把它划分成以下意群视读单位：

1.短句

a.How are you？

b.Here it is.

c.It’s 12 o’clock.

2.名词短语

a.an old man

b.boys and girls

3.介词、不定式、分词短语

a.in the morning

b.to be honest

c.frankly speaking

d.greatly influenced by his teacher

4.动词短语

a.break out

b.take the place of

c.give up

5.主谓结构

a.The boy is sitting between his father and mother.

b.He has been studying for hours.

c.It is supposed to be true.

6.动宾结构

a.help him

b.try to stop

c.enjoy your time

7.系表结构

a.sound interesting

b.look pretty

c.is nice

8.动状结构

a.run fast

b.stand outside

c.study very hard

9.从句

a.Could you tell me where the dean is？

b.If I were you，I wouldn’t believe this.

c.What he told you is true.

意群单位的划分不是绝对的。初练者注视的意群单位可以小一些，注视的次数可以多一些。随着训练的增加、技能的提高，注视面可以逐渐扩大，停顿的次数逐渐减少。

训练按意群阅读的方法如下：

方法一

用挖有一个长方形孔的卡片盖住词组。然后用卡片由上往下迅速移动，注意迅速阅读孔里露出来的词组。这样读完一组词组后，接着回答下面的问题。用“∨”表示你所选择的答案。你能在两分钟内读完下列十组词组，并回答六个以上的问题吗？你可以反复练习，不断提高你成组阅读的习惯。第一组例解：

all objects

　　all places

　　all people

　　all pipes

　　all lamps

　　　　What have you learned？

　　books_______

　　papers_______

　　places___∨___

for example

　　in general

　　in conclusion

　　on purpose

　　in the end

　　at command

　　　　What has not been mentioned？

　　instance＿＿＿

　　general＿＿＿

　　conclusion＿＿＿

at large

　　at last

　　at length

　　at night

　　at noon

　　at random

　　in common

　　in abundance

　　in appearance

　　in addition

　　　　What has been mentioned？

　　charge＿＿＿

　　combination＿＿＿

　　random＿＿＿

in detail

　　in English

　　in earnest

　　in essence

　　in front

　　in number

　　in point

　　in position

　　no matter

　　nothing else

　　　　What has not been mentioned？

　　number＿＿＿

　　earnest＿＿＿

　　abstain＿＿＿

at a disadvantage

　　at a distance

　　at full speed

　　break the record

　　by any means

　　by all accounts

　　　　What has been mentioned？

　　might＿＿＿

　　equation＿＿＿

　　speed＿＿＿

by the hour

　　by the way

　　catch up with

　　close the switch

　　come in contact

　　come into fashion

　　　　What has not been mentioned？

　　switch＿＿＿

　　fashion＿＿＿

　　reason＿＿＿

the windows are close

　　the door is open

　　the lights are off

　　at a different time

　　in a different direction

　　at a different speed

　　　　What has been mentioned？

　　experiment＿＿＿

　　room＿＿＿

　　lights＿＿＿

a row of columns

　　all large buildings

　　test the experimenter

　　the bottom is thick

　　the top is dark

　　the walls are stone

　　　　What has not been mentioned？

　　bottom＿＿＿

　　columns＿＿＿

　　stairs＿＿＿

about3 years ago

　　a very useful metal

　　the most useful metal

　　less and less useful

　　of all the alloys

　　to make it stronger

　　　　What has been mentioned？

　　years＿＿＿

　　months＿＿＿

　　weeks＿＿＿

from side to side

　　oil trade of tomorrow

　　synthetic food from coal

　　from within the earth

　　high on the list

　　oil in the sea-bed

　　　　What has not been mentioned？

　　side＿＿＿

　　girl＿＿＿

　　food＿＿＿

方法二

将短文中的句子分成若干个意群，意群与意群之间用斜线分开，这样考生可以训练自己对意群的敏感性。例如：

（1）

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation（APEC）/should play an even more important role/ in promoting regional economic growth and prosperity，/said by President Jiang Zemin/ yesterday.

The region’s biggest informal forum APEC/recognizes“the reality of diversity in the region/and holds the key to/the success of its member economies/through closer cooperation”，/he said/during the meeting of leaders/from APEC member economies.

The Ninth APEC Economic Leaders’Meeting/concluded yesterday/in Shanghai/as eight months of multilevel gatherings/culminated with a joint declaration/addressing the global economic pains and efforts/to balance globalization.The group also issued a statement/ contemning terrorism/as symbolized by the Sep.11 terrorist attack/on the United States.

The leaders clad/in traditional Chinese silk attire，/concluded their annual gathering yesterday/with a vision for a bright future/in defiance of the current hardships/and promises for closer cooperation.

“The meeting has attained/all its expected goals”，/Jiang told reporters/during a press conference.“APEC members are satisfied with/the achievements of the meeting，/believing that it is a meeting/of great significance/and far-reaching impact.”

By hosting this year’s APEC meetings/on the brink of/its pending entry into WTO，/ China has demonstrated/its commitment to its opening up/and reform policies，/Jiang said.

（2）

Exchange a glance/with someone，/then look away.Do you realize/that you have made a statement？Hold the glance/for a second longer，/and you have made a different statement.Hold it/for 3 seconds，/and the meaning has changed again.For every social situation，/there is a permissible time/that you can hold a person’s gaze/without being intimate，rude，or aggressive.If you are on an elevator，/what gaze-time/are you permitted？To answer this question，/consider what you typically do.You are very likely to/give other passengers/a quick glance/to size them up（打量）/and to assure them/ that you mean no threat.Since being close to another person/signals the possibility of interaction，/you need to/emit a signal/ telling others/you want to be left alone.So you cut off eye contact，/what sociologist Erving Goff man（1963）calls/“a dimming of the lights”.You look down/at the floor，/at the indicator lights，/anywhere but into another passenger’s eyes.Should you break/the rule against staring at a stranger/on an elevator，/ you will make the other person/exceedingly uncomfortable，/and you are likely to/feel a bit strange yourself.

If you hold eye contact/for more than 3 seconds，/what are you telling another person？Much depends on/the person and the situation.For instance，/a man and a woman/ communicate interest in this manner.They typically/gaze at each other/for about 3 seconds/ at a time，/then drop their eyes down/ for 3 seconds，before letting their eyes meet again.But if one man/ gives another man/a 3-second-plus stare，/he signals，“I know you”，/“I am interested in you”，/or“You look peculiar/and I am curious about you.”This type of stare/ often produces hostile feelings.

（3）

In the old days，/children were familiar with/birth and death/as part of life.This is perhaps/the first generation of/American youngsters（年轻人）/who have never been close by/during the birth of a baby/and have never experienced/the death of a family member.

Nowadays/when people grow old，/we often send them to nursing homes.When they get sick，/we transfer them to a hospital，/where children are forbidden/to visit terminally ill patients/even when those patients are their parents.This deprives（剥夺）the dying patient of/significant family members/during the last few days of his life/and it deprives the children of/an experience of death，/which is an important learning experience.

Some of my colleagues and I/once interviewed and followed/approximately 500 terminally ill patients/in order to find out/what they could teach us/and how we could be of more benefit，/not just to them/but to the members of their families as well.We were most impressed by/the fact that/even those patients/who were not told of their serious illness/were quite aware of/its potential outcome.

It is important/for family members，and doctors and nurses/to understand these patients’communications/in order to/truly understand their needs，fears，and fantasies（幻想）.Most of our patients/welcomed another human being/with whom they could talk openly，honestly，and frankly/about their trouble.Many of them/shared with us/their tremendous need/to be informed，/to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition/and to be told when the end was near.We found out/that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly/ were better able to/cope with the approach of death/and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance/prior to death.